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Novembre 2002 CAHIERS LEON TROTSKY Revue editee par l'Institut Leon Trotsky L'Institut Leon Trotsky a pour but de promouvoir l'oeuvre de Leon Trotsky sous ses divers aspects [ ... ], preparer la publication en langue fran~aise des OEuvres de Leon Trotsky [ ... ] editer les Cahiers Uon Trotsky destines a etablir un lien entre toutes les personnes interessees par les travaux de l'Institut [ ... ] et a permettre la publication de textes et documents concernant l'auteur et le mouvement ouvrier mis au jour au cours de recherches, regrouper ou recenser toute information, documentation ou archives concernant Trotsky et son OEuvre. (Extraits des statuts de l'Institut, association selon la loi de 1901). BUREAU DE L'INSTIIUf LEoN 1RCTfSKY Pierre Broue, president et directeur scientifique, Gilles Vergnon, secretaire, Redaction des Cahiers : Pierre Broue, BP 276, 38407 Saint Martin d'Heres Cedex Administration des Cahiers : Luc Aujame, 477 chemin du Puits, 69210 Fleurieux siur l'Arbresle ABONNEMENT Abonnement de soutien : 45 € , 53 € et plus Etudiants demi tarif pour les moins de 25 ans, sur presentation de la carte d'etudiant •France : 4 Nos (Ian) 23 € Particuliers : • France : 4 Nos (Ian) 45 € • Etranger: 4 Nos (lan) 53 € • France : 8 Nos (2ans) 90 € • Etranger: 8 Nos (2ans) 106 € Institutions •France: 4 Nos (Ian) 60 € • Etranger: 4 Nos (lan) 68 € • France : 8 Nos (2 ans) 120 € • Etranger: 8 Nos (2 ans) 132 € Tous les anciens numeros des Cahiers sont actuellement disponibles au prix unitaire de 7 € pour les abonnes (prix public de 12 € ) + frais de port. Petite collection du N° 1 a 20 : 90 € ( + 7 € de frais de port) Moyenne collection du N° 1 au 40: 230 € (+ 12 € de frais de port) Grande collection du N° 1 au 75 : 380 € (+ 16 € de frais de port) Pour l'etranger les prix indiques ne sont valables que pour des paiements en euros sur une banque fran~aise ( ou correspondante) ou par mandat postal international, sinon les frais bancaires s'elevent a 15 €. Ainsi tout paiement en monnaie etrangere doit etre majore de 7 € (frais de change) et tout paiement sur une banque etrangere de 7 € (commission pour la banque) Reglement a !'administration des Cahiers Leon Trotsky par cheque bancaire OU postal libelle a l'ordre de ILT a adresser a Luc Aujame - 477 chemin du Puits, 69210 Fleurieux sur l'Arbresle, France N° ISSN 0181 - 0790 Commission paritaire 61601 Directeur de la publication : Pierre Broue n° 78 Novembre 2002 Presentation . 3 ARTICLES ET ETUDES Ludvik Hass - Le trotskysme en Pologne avant 1945 ....................................... 5 John Archer -C.L.R. James en Grande-Bretagne (1932-1938) ......................... 53 Ted Crawford - Nils Kaare Dahl .................................................................. 71 Nils Kaare Dahl (resume de Miles Jones) -La tragedie norvegienne ........................................................ 79 Paolo Brini - Bas les pattes devant Antonio Gramsci ! . 8 9 Pierre Brom.~ -L'Intemationale Communiste et les Brigades intemationales ....... 105 - Exil et terre d 'asile . 119 LES DEPARTS - Robert Cheramy ................................................................ 12 7 Photo de couverture: C.L.R. James (1901-1989). Voir l'article de John Archer, p. 53 Présentation Les Cahiers ont emprunté à Revolutionary History un article de John Archer sur les années britanniques de la formation de C.L.R. James : fragment d’une biographie longtemps rêvée mais pas achevée. Et pour nous aussi un hommage supplémentaire à notre vieil ami John Archer, historien et militant. Son érudition et son immense talent font revivre, à travers le conflit, les trois groupes principaux des trotskystes britanniques à cette époque et les problèmes posés par l’entrisme : ses contradictions et les rêves qu’il nourrit. Nous avons à plusieurs reprises abordé la question de la politique militaire du prolétariat dans des articles historiques, et notamment nous avons parlé déjà du rôle militaire du dirigeant norvégien Nils Kaare Dahl et nous y revenons ici à la demande de lecteurs intéressés. Nous publions donc, pour répondre cette demande, une biographie de NK Dahl par Ted Crawford et un résumé de son livre sur la guerre par Mike Jones. Une correspondance d’Italie, nous a été adressé par un camarade ouvrier de Modène, Paolo Brini, responsable dans le syndicat CGIL des métallos. Exemple rare et precieux du travail militant, partie de cet « intellectuel collectif » cher à Gramsci. Nous espérons qu’il aura beaucoup d’émules. Nous publions aussi une communication sur les Brigades internationales faite il y a plusieurs années dans un colloque genevois par notre camarade Pierre Broué. Ludvik Hass Le trotskysme en Pologne avant 1945 Jamais le climat n’a été plus favorable à l’étude de l’histoire du trotskysme en Pologne, plus exactement la poursuite du bolchevik-léninisme. Après 1956, l’historiographie du mouvement ouvrier polonais, tout en ramenant à la surface dans la mémoire de la société les noms de quelques communistes qui ont été victimes du stalinisme, et pour la même raison, a soigneusement recouvert toutes les traces de leurs rapports avec le trotskysme et même délibérément nullement mentionné certains de leurs noms. Il n’est pas étonnant que, même dans les années 80, on puisse trouver dans les pages des journaux et quelques écrits, non seulement de la vieille génération, mais aussi de la jeune, d’idées sur le trotskysme bien éloignées de l’ombre même de l’honnêteté d’un chercheur. Les manieurs de plume de l’usine du CC du POUP, des gens comme Janusz Janicki sont devenus experts de toutes les sortes de gauchisme sur une longue période et continuent impunément à roder tout autour. Certains historiens, par exemple comme Mieczyslaw Szyszka, qui ont discuté les conceptions de Trotsky, ont eu « une mauvaise influence sur le développement du mouvement syndical international et l’ont fait par l’intermédiaire de l’agence de groupes opportunistes ». Il lance ça sans la moindre citation ni référence et dans le manuel de Marek Pazdziora, on informe les étudiants des « conspirations trotskystes en URSS au cours des années 30 ». 6 CAHIERS LEON TROTSKY 78 Il n’est pas surprenant que même Mikhaïl Gorbatchev dans son discours pour le 70e anniversaire de la Révolution d’Octobre, ait fait référence à Trotsky comme un politicien rusé contre qui le noyau dirigeant du parti guidé par Staline a défendu le léninisme dans une lutte idéologique « parce que le trotskysme est un courant politique dont les idéologues […]sont en fait sur les positions capitalistes »1. Le correspondant à Moscou de Trybuna Ludu dans la première moitié de 1988 maintenait ses lecteurs dans la croyance de la permanence de ce système de pensée et de valeurs et prenait avec soin dans la presse soviétique toute voix lui donnant raison mais aucune le contredisant. Ainsi en règle générale, tous les historiens plus ou moins progouvernementaux qui ont étudié le mouvement ouvrier polonais dans la période de l’entre-deux guerres, se sont bornés à des affirmations générales au sujet de la lutte du PC polonais contre le trotskysme en gardant le silence sur le fait qu’il existait une organisation défendant ces idées- là. Son nom, « bolchevik-léniniste », a probablement été mentionné dans un seul travail et dans le contexte d’une publication de la déclaration sur la dissolution du PCP à l’été 1938. C’était la limite de ce qu’ils reconnaissaient, et, même encore, ce fut passé sous silence par un chercheur qui s’est plusieurs fois occupé de la destruction du PCP, même s’il écrivait à une époque où l’on ne se plaignait pas de l’intrusion du censeur. Un autre chercheur, et à d’autres égards chercheur honnête, n’a pas éprouvé le besoin de se familiariser avec la littérature occidentale là-dessus même quand elle était accessible dans son pays et a répété sans la moindre réserve les inventions des faussaires soviétiques. Dans un tel climat, la discussion du 26 mai 1988 organisée par le comité de rédaction du mensuel Z pola walki (Du champ de bataille) appelée « Le trotskysme dans le mouvement ouvrier » est devenue un événement important bien que le retard de sa publication ait signifié qu’il n’influençait pas notre historiographie. Bientôt non seulement la situation politique a changé complètement mais aussi le climat spirituel dans les cercles intellectuels. Quand les arguments staliniens contre les trotskystes manquèrent totalement, une autre variété d’anti trotskysme apparut, comme en URSS. Il s’agit de l’idée simple selon laquelle, par essence, Trotsky et les trotskystes ne diffèrent guère de Staline et des siens ; en fait, ils sont presque les précurseurs et s’ils avaient pris le pouvoir, ils auraient fait comme eux, sinon de façon plus cruelle et plus fanatique. Ce n’est LE TROTSKYSME EN POLOGNE AVANT 1945 7 pas nouveau et le prêtre Michal Poradowski qui vit à l’étranger, l’avait déjà expliqué à sa manière il y a quelques années. On comprend que l’histoire du trotskysme en Pologne ait été étudiée plus sérieusement par des étrangers à l’establishment du pays. Ce qui était probablement la première information à l’adresse des lecteurs polonais a été donné dans une interview en 1957 par Isaac Deutscher qui n’avait pas eu jusque là l’occasion de les toucher. Ce fut un peu élaboré par M.K. Dziewanowski2. Trois décennies passèrent avant la parution de nouvelles publications par des membres de la IVème Internationale. [L’auteur cite ici les écrits de Trotsky, Writings en anglais, Œuvres en français, les revues Revolutionary History, Cahiers Léon Trotsky, Cahiers du CERMTRI, ainsi que le reprint du Biulleten Oppositsii. Il faudrait ajouter aujourd’hui les Cahiers du Mouvement ouvrier]. Les débuts A l’automne 1923, une opposition a commencé à se former dans le PCR(b) qui, à la différence des précédentes, devint permanente en donnant naissance à un nouveau courant communiste qui exista dès lors à l’échelle internationale et fut connu sous le nom de « trotskysme » parce que la première initiative sérieuse pour le former a été prise par Léon Trotsky le N° 2 d’Octobre 1917.
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