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What Is an Astronomer?

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What Is an Astronomer? What does an Astronomer do? “REACH THE SKY” ERAS MUS+ PARTNERSHIP OCTOBER, 2016 What is an astronomer? An astronomer is a scientist who focuses cialists who focus on galaxies, stars, planets, primarily on the study of space, which includes star-forming regions, the Sun, the search for the stars, the planets and the galaxies above us. life, or the origin and evolution of the Uni- The study of astronomy is the oldest of the nat- verse as a whole. Many astronomers are also ural sciences, and the only science in which you professors at universities or colleges and can only observe, and not physically touch what spend time teaching as well as doing research. is being studied. An astronomer will spend his Other astronomers help plan and support or her time analyzing data, writing research pa- space missions. pers or creating computer programs that allow The European Space Agency (ESA) is Eu- a more effective search for the data collected. rope's gateway to space. Its mission is to The bulk of an astronomer's job focuses shape the development of Europe's space heavily on research, as he or she is looking to capability and ensure that investment in space discover things about the solar system that continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of would be considered scientific breakthroughs. Europe and the world. ESA is an international There are different aspects to astronomy, and organisation with 22 Member States. Austria, most astronomers will concentrate only on one Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, particular area. Some examples of these areas Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, could be solar astronomy, planetary astronomy, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, or the study of stars and/or galaxy formations. Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, PARTNERS: Observational astronomers use a spacecraft or a Sweden, Switzerland and the United King- digital camera attached to a telescope in order I Liceum Ogolnoksztalca- dom. Canada takes part in some projects to test a theory or answer a question. Theorists ce im. Marcina Kromera under a Cooperation agreement. Bulgaria, try to understand the processes responsible for Gorlice, Poland Cyprus, Malta, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and a star's appearance. Slovenia have cooperation agreements with Franjo Malgaj Primary Workplaces for astronomers can vary. Typi- ESA. School Šentjur, Slovenia cal classroom settings are common for those Still, the ultimate goal for any astronomer, Mustafa Gürbüz Necat who teach. Observatories are also typical work- however, is almost certainly a career at Bayel Anadolu Lisesi places and provide astronomers with labs. As- NASA. NASA is a United States government from Gaziantep, Turkey tronomers are scientists who study the Uni- agency that is responsible for science and IES Magallanes from verse and the objects within it. There are so technology related to air and space. many interesting things to learn about within the Granadilla de Abona, Spain Universe that astronomers often become spe- (Csaba Brezan, ”Gheorghe Lazăr” Lyceum, Pecica, Romania) P A G E 2 Hall of European Astronomers—Antiquity Pythagoras of Samos (~580-500 BCE) Pythagoreans recognized the existence of irrational numbers and were interest- Most famous for his theorem, little is ed in the relationship between music known of his actual work. He founded a and mathematics. school (some would call it a cult) of Pythagoras developments in astrono- natural philosophy and mysticism that my built upon those of Anaximander attracted many followers. The Pythago- from whom, apparently, came the idea reans lived by a strict regimen including of perfect circular motion. The Pythago- vegetarianism, silence for the first 5 reans believed that the planets were years of membership, and anonymity attached to crystalline spheres, one for with respect to personal accomplish- each planet, which produced the Music ments (so that it is difficult to know of the Spheres. These spheres were what to ascribe to Pythagoras as op- centered on the Earth, which was itself posed to his followers). The Pythagore- in motion. Pythagoras is also credited an Theorem was actually known to the with recognizing that the "morning star" Pythagoras of Samos early Babylonians, but it may be that and "evening star" are both the planet Pythagoras was the first to prove it. The Venus. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Aristotle was a student of Plato, founding his thagoras' model of concentric spheres own school of Natural Philosophy, the Lyce- for the planets, but deduced that the um, in Athens about 335 BCE. Earth must be immobile. He also be- Using only philosophical speculation (he did lieved that celestial bodies were com- no scientific observations), Aristotle believed posed of ether (in addition to the four that the universe is spherical, finite, and cen- other basic elements believed to exist at tered around the Earth. Aristotle, like many that time, earth, air, fire, water). Aristo- others of his time, believed that the circle tle's ideas were adopted by the Church was the "perfect" shape, so the universe and were not tested for over a thousand Aristotle must be spherical, and all the orbits in it years, until Galileo, who was tried for must also be circular. Aristotle adopted Py- heresy when his experimentation showed Aristotle to be wrong. Astronomy Aristarchus of Samos (~310-230 BCE) is the oldest of the Aristarchus concluded that the Solar System must be heliocentric, following his sciences. When geometrical estimates of the relative sizes and distances of the Earth, Moon and Stoneage humans Sun. His geometrical methods were perfectly correct, but the required observa- tions of the exact time of first and third quarter Moon turned to an agrarian and the duration of lunar eclipse were beyond the in- way of life and began strumental capabilities of his era. He calculated that to settle into the Sun is about twenty times farther away than the communities, their Moon, about 20 times larger than the Moon and ten times bigger than the Earth. Unfortunately, all of Aris- interest must naturally tarchus work was lost in the great fire in Alexandria have turned to the which destroyed the magnificent library and its rec- "heavens". ords of Greek science and culture. A lunar crater bears Aristachus of Samos his name in recognition of his accomplishments. Hall of European Astronomers—Antiquity P A G E 3 Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276-197 BCE) Eratosthenes was a Greek scholar who was the first per- son to determine the circumference of the Earth. He compared the midsummer's noon shadow in deep wells in Syene (now Aswan on the Nile in Egypt) and Alexan- dria. He properly assumed that the Sun's rays are virtu- ally parallel (since the Sun is so far away ). Knowing the distance between the two locations, he calculated the circumference of the Earth to be 250,000 stadia. Exactly how long a stasia is is unknown, so his accuracy is uncer- Eratosthenes tain. He also accurately measured the tilt of the Earth's axis and the distance to the sun and moon, and devised Eratosthenes Calculating the a method for determining the prime numbers up to a Circumference of the Earth given number (the Sieve of Eratosthenes). Claudius Ptolemaeus (~85-165AD) Ptolemaeus, Alexandrian (Greek) mathematician, geographer, and as- tronomer, developed the most sophis- ticated mathematical model of the motions of the Solar System based upon the geocentric (Earth-centered) model and the principle of perfect cir- cular motion. His model was quite complex in order to follow the details Ptolemy of planetary motions, requiring circles (epicycles) upon off centered circular orbits. His major astronomical work is known as The Almagest. Here's how epicycles work to produce retrograde motion. Ptole- Ptolemayc system my's Geography remained the principal work in that field until the time of Columbus. Hipparchus (190-120 BCE) Early astronomers, in different civiliza- Hipparchus (190-120 B.C.) was an ancient Greek astronomer tions, used the who compiled first-known catalogue of stars and first map of observed motion of the skies. He listed 850-1,000 stars, organized by constella- the stars, the Sun, Moon and planets tion. He noted each star's position and brightness (he rated as the basis for the brightness on a scale from 1 to 6, the brightest being 1). clocks, calendars Hipparchus also devised the system of epicycles, an Earth- and a navigational centered system in all celestial objects moved in perfect cir- compass. The cles around the Earth. Greeks developed He also founded trigonometry. models to account Hipparcus for these celestial (Page 3 and 4 realized by Karina bleicziffer and Iulia Pentek, “Gheorghe Lazăr” motions. Lyceum, Pecica, Romania ) P A G E 4 Hall of European Astronomers—Middle Ages Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Nicolaus Copernicus was an amateur Polish astronomer who developed Nicolaus Copernicus the revolutionary Copernican sys- tem, a model of the solar system in which all the planets orbit the sun. “To know that we His ideas overturned the old Ptole- know what we know, maic system. His seminal work was and to know that we “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelesti- do not know what we um” (“On the Revolutions of the do not know, that is Celestial Spheres”), published in true knowledge.” 1543. The Solar System as Copernicus saw it (Nicolaus Copernicus) (and Galileo proved) Tycho (Tyge) Brahe (1546-1601) Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) Tycho (Tyge) Brahe (1546-1601) Giordano (Filippo) Bruno (1548- was a Danish astronomer who 1600) was an Italian philoso- made extensive and seminal calcu- pher, poet, and priest who lations of the orbits of the planets. His work (done without a tele- spread the ideas of Copernicus scope) was the basis upon which as well as his own ideas that Kepler made his revolutionary there were an infinity of worlds orbital formulas.
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