La Rivalité Bretagne-Cornouailles, Dans Le Film Johnny Frenchman Comme Métaphore Des Ambiguïtés D

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La Rivalité Bretagne-Cornouailles, Dans Le Film Johnny Frenchman Comme Métaphore Des Ambiguïtés D Rencontres Bretagne/Monde anglophone Brittany and the English-Speaking World L'entente équivoque : la rivalité Bretagne/ Cornouailles, dans le film Johnny Frenchman comme métaphore des ambiguïtés de l'alliance franco-britannique pendant la guerre Robert KEYS [1] Traduit de l’anglais par Eva Tanquerel, Adèle Boulo et Véronique Rousseau. Abstract - Keywords - notes – cita+on Johnny Frenchman est une comédie romantique tournée en 1945, dont l'action se déroule à la fois en Bretagne et dans les Cornouailles anglaises. Le film est empreint d'un message idéologique dirigé vers le monde de l'après-guerre et les relations franco-britanniques. [2] Il a été réalisé par Charles Frend et produit par Michael Balcon aux studios Ealing à Londres. Le scénario, de T.E.B. Clarke, se focalise sur la rivalité et la possible réconciliation de deux familles ennemies et par extension de leurs villages, l'un en Bretagne, l'autre dans les Cornouailles anglaises, juste avant et pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. [3] Cette représentation de deux communautés ethniques distinctes mais perçues comme intégrées dans leurs identités nationales respectives fournit une perspective unique sur certaines conceptions britanniques à propos de l'identité et des hypothèses quant aux relations franco-anglaises pendant la guerre. [4] De nombreux aspects de ce conflit de communautés constituent une métaphore cinématographique illustrant des relations encore plus complexes issues des différentes périodes de guerre entre le Royaume-Uni et la France. L'attitude du gouvernement britannique envers le gouvernement français d'avant 1940 de même que ses relations ultérieures avec de Gaulle et le gouvernement français putatif en exil étaient rarement limpides. Elles se trouvèrent encore largement compliquées par des questions de légitimité, non seulement du gouvernement de Vichy mais aussi des dirigeants des Forces françaises libres et des mouvements de résistance, qui se développèrent dans la zone libre et dans toutes les zones occupées. [5] Cependant les 1 différences politiques majeures entre les deux pays, entre 1939 et 1945, ainsi que les conflits de personnalités impliquant des hommes politiques connus et influents, tels que Churchill, de Gaulle, Roosevelt et Eisenhower ou encore Reynaud, Pétain, Darlan et Laval, ne sont jamais mentionnés dans le film. [6] L'attitude officielle et officieuse de l'État britannique, dans le cadre d'un film traitant de la France, était un sujet d'autant plus difficile à aborder qu'il était soumis au contrôle du ministère de l'Information (MoI) et limité par le peu de liberté dont disposaient le réalisateur et les studios vis à vis des sujets politiques dits « sensibles ». Le risque que prenait n'importe quel producteur ou réalisateur, en s'emparant de sujets de guerre, est parfaitement illustré par le sort que connurent les deux films de guerre réalisés par Alfred Hitchcock en 1944 : Aventure Malgache et Bon voyage, dont la sortie en salle ne fut pas autorisée. [7] Bien qu'une partie du casting ait été composée d'acteurs français issus du Théâtre Molière de Paul Bonifas, qui entretenait des relations avec l'organisation de libération des Français libres, les films éveillèrent toutefois la suspicion du MoI (Ministère de l'Information) et des proches de de Gaulle. Ces derniers soupçonnaient certains acteurs d'entretenir des relations avec la Direction des opérations spéciales britanniques (SOE), et surtout avec sa section française. Le rôle présumé du Royaume-Uni (c'est à dire celui du SOE) dans l'assassinat de Darlan en 1943 restait sujet à controverses bien qu'il ait eu pour conséquence de fortifier la position de de Gaulle en tant qu'unique dirigeant actif. Le procès express de l'assassin par les autorités britanniques éveilla même les soupçons des États-Unis dont l'hostilité envers de Gaulle ne cessa d'augmenter jusqu'au débarquement. [8] La sortie du film Johnny Frenchman coïncida avec la libération de la France et la défaite du régime Nazi, période propice à l'oubli des rivalités amères du début de la guerre. [9] Le film s'intéresse aux Cornouailles et à la Bretagne, qu'il considère comme deux communautés distinctes, par bien des aspects, en marge de la vie moderne et des cultures nationales dominantes, aussi bien historiquement que géographiquement. [10] Le film observe les contradictions nées des intérêts conflictuels de ces deux communautés, exacerbés par un patriotisme local excessif issu pour une grande part de préjugés historiques. Ces querelles se résolvent dans le film, tant sur le plan communautaire que personnel, dans l’intérêt de l'identité nationale et implicitement de la coopération internationale nécessaire dans le monde de l'après- guerre. Ce film illustre la thématique volontiers développée par les studios Ealing, à savoir l'idée de « guerres d'individus » plutôt que de guerres de gouvernements ou d'États. L'illustration la plus parlante de cette idée se trouve dans un film plus ancien des studios Ealing, The Foreman Went to France, qui traitait de la réaction de la population à l'invasion, l'occupation, la collaboration et la Résistance pendant la guerre. [11] Johnny Frenchman met l'accent sur les choix moraux et émotionnels auxquels sont confrontés les gens ordinaires dans leur vie quotidienne, et leur impact sur la construction ou la destruction du tissu social. Le casting du film était composé de comédiens venus d'horizons très divers. Certains étaient des acteurs professionnels ou des stars issues des principaux studios britanniques, ou bien des 2 acteurs professionnels français comme Françoise Rosay et Paul Bonifas. D'autres encore n'étaient pas du tout comédiens et avait été recrutés parmi la population locale, les pêcheurs bretons et les membres des Français Libres. [12] La majeure partie du film fut tournée dans les Cornouailles, à Mevagissey, qui servit de décor à la fois pour le port imaginaire de Trevannick (Cornouailles) et celui de Lannec (Bretagne). Le film Johnny Frenchman célèbre la réconciliation de deux communautés antagonistes face à un ennemi commun et se termine sur un plaidoyer en faveur de l'établissement de liens solides et durables entre les alliés de la guerre dans la période de l'après- guerre. Les stars du film sont l'actrice Françoise Rosay (qui avait choisi de s'exiler en Suisse pendant la guerre) dans le rôle de Florrie Lannec et Tom Walls dans le rôle de Nat Pomeroy. [13] Les autres rôles principaux furent attribués notamment à la belle Patricia Roc dans le rôle de Sue Pomeroy, la fille de l'officier de port. Elle donne la réplique à l'acteur franco-canadien Paul Dupuis dans le rôle de Yan Kervarec ; rival d'un des pêcheurs du village, Bob Tremayne, joué par Ralph Michael. Les rôles secondaire²s furent attribués aux stars du cinéma locales : Bill Blewitt dans le rôle de Dick Trewhiddle, le postier de la localité de Mousehole, qui fut découvert à l'occasion du tournage d'un documentaire dans la région [14] et l'acteur français Paul Bonifas, qui avait déjà joué avec Bill Blewitt dans The Foreman Went to France, dans le rôle du préfet de Rouville. [15] Bonifas était également membre de la Résistance française. Lieutenant d'artillerie blessé au début de la guerre, il avait été évacué de Dunkerque. Il prêta souvent sa voix à Radio Londres (Les Français parlent aux Français) et fonda le Théâtre Molière. [16] Bien que l'intrigue du film fût jugée compliquée, le lieu de tournage fut, lui, vivement recommandé pour le réalisme des séquences sur la pêche et la remontée des chaluts et par rapport au souhait de conférer une authenticité historique et ethnographique à la description des deux communautés. [17] Ceci s’inscrit directement dans la lignée des techniques de montage utilisées par les réalisateurs de documentaires qui travaillaient pour le GPO film Unit sous la direction de John Grierson. [18] Ce film peut être vu comme une illustration de l'évolution des techniques des films documentaires britanniques, en particulier des films historico-documentaires qui utilisaient les talents d'acteurs de « vraies personnes ». Cette technique avait été développée par Harry Watt pour le documentaire The Saving of Bill Blewitt tourné en 1936, pour le GPO Film Unit, dans les Cornouailles. [19] Le savoir-faire du film documentaire dans la mise en scène de la population, ainsi que l'idéologie même du mouvement documentaire furent combinés aux méthodes de tournages de long métrage des studios Ealing pour créer ce que Balcon appelle : « notre technique docu- fiction » (« documentary-cum-fiction technique that we developed »). [20] De ce point de vue, on peut dire que Johnny Frenchman ainsi que les productions antérieures des studios Ealing,The Foreman went to France (avril 1942) et le film d'instruction The Next of Kin (mai 1942) commandité par le ministère de la Guerre, tous deux également tournés en Cornouailles (ainsi que le film de Cavalcanti Went The Day Well? de 1942), ont un style visuel très différent des films issus des studios d'Hollywood. [21] En ce sens, Johnny 3 Frenchman n'est pas un film de guerre typique. Il ne contient guère de scènes de combats militaires, bien qu'il soit fait allusion aux opérations secrètes du SOE entre les Cornouailles et la Bretagne. En effet, ces films représentent un rejet de l'approche des studios hollywoodiens et une alternative aux films antérieurs des studios Ealing comme Ships With Wings (novembre 1941) et aux élégants mélodrames britanniques produits par les studios Gainsborough. Malgré des craintes partagées sur l'invasion, la trahison et la dissidence, l'aspect documentaire ne fut que très peu repris dans d'autres longs métrages de guerre traitant de sujet tels que la résistance, la collaboration ou l'espionnage, comme par exemple : Pimpernel Smith, 1941 ; Secret Mission, 1942 ; Tomorrow We Live, 1943 (aka At Dawn We Die).
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