DOCSLIB.ORG

Suicide in Guyana: a Sociological Analysis∗

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Suicide in Guyana: a Sociological Analysis∗ Suicide in Guyana: A Sociological Analysis∗ Duane Edwardsy April 22, 2016 Abstract Guyana is currently listed among the five countries internationally with the highest suicide rates. The traditional sociological theories are inadequate when used to assess the high rate of suicide in Guyana. Data on suicide in Guyana goes against the dominant sociological explanations in every way possible. Against Durkheim's solidarity theory, suicide occurs predominantly among the group with the highest levels of social, political and religious soli- darity. And against the imitation and diffusion theories of suicide, the suicide rate is largely restricted among one ethnic group in Guyana. This paper takes a sociological approach to the study of suicide in Guyana by examining data collected by the Ministry of Health. The data is used to question the theoretical accuracy and applicability of dominant theories of suicide in relation to Guyana. It also analyses the historical and cultural specificities and peculiarities of the three dominant ethnic groups in Guyana and concludes that the high rate of suicide among one ethnic group results from a combination of social and cultural factors. The social factors have to do with the specific way in which the ethnic subsystem relates with the larger social system, while the cultural factors relates to intraethnic cultural prescriptions which are facing strain from the larger cultural system. Keywords: Suicide in Guyana, Theory of Suicide, Durkheim, Tarde, Suicidology ∗This paper was prepared for presentation at Guyana's Golden Jubilee Symposium Series, May 2016, Georgetown, Guyana yDuane Edwards is currently a graduate student at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Email: [email protected] 1 Introduction For the year 2012, the World Health Organisation lists Guyana as the country with the highest suicide rates out of over 150 countries. This is definitely not good news for a small country with a small population and with hardly the financial and institutional resources to combat such a public epidemic. The other countries with significantly high suicide rates are located in Africa and Asia. In fact, Guyana and Suriname are the only two countries in the Caribbean region with suicide rates above the 15 per 100,000 threshold. In the words of the Director General of the World Health Organisation (World Health Organization, 2014), this level of suicide in any country is enough to brand suicide a public health problem and to occasion studies into its causes and consequences. This paper seeks to make its modest contribution towards understanding this problem in Guyana. In so doing it subjects data on suicide in Guyana to a sociological analysis utilising the dominant theoretical frameworks in suicidology. This paper is divided into three main sections. The first section gives brief exposition of the dominant theories of suicide in sociology. The theories of Durkheim and Tarde will be explored with the hope that they can tell us something about suicide in Guyana. In the following section, data on suicide in Guyana will be used to test the validity of the hypotheses generated from the theories of suicide provided by Durkheim and Tarde. And, in the last section the social and cultural systems in Guyana will be subjected to a critical analysis with the hope that such an analysis can reveal more about suicide in Guyana than what the theories of Durkheim and Tarde can. 2 Durkheim's Theory of Suicide In his classic study of suicide, Durkheim proposed several hypotheses relating to the rela- tionship between social integration and suicide. In this study Durkheim developed a typology of suicide and argued that different types of suicides have different relationships with social solidarity and social regulation. Altruistic suicide and egotistic suicide, he argues, varies pos- itively and negatively with social solidarity. Another type of suicide identified was anomic suicide which varies negatively with social order (Durkheim, 1951). The interesting thing about Durkheim's effort is that it leaves us with testable hypotheses amenable to quanti- tative analysis. In fact, Durkheim had tested his hypotheses with data culled from French departments in his days the result of which led to the confirmation of his hypotheses. 1 It is interesting to note that Durkheim's theory of suicide represents a special case of his general sociology. Arguing about the rules of sociological method, Durkheim insists that the proper concern of sociology should be with social facts (Durkheim, 1982). He distinguishes social fact from psychological and other facts and sets aside social facts as the subject matter of sociology. Social facts he argues are those facts which though external to us have tremendous influence on the way we act as social beings. Durkheim's social facts are like Berger's first order social institutions which impose themselves on us by their very facticity; they need no external sanctions (Berger and Luckmann, 1991). Economic exchange can be used as a good example of a social fact. Exchange via money as a legal tender and as a medium of exchange is an institutionalized reality. If one intends to make a purchase with leaves from a tree or some other material the exchange will not occur and the person will not get what s/he wants. If the thing s/he wants is highly needed, then s/he will have to find some way of getting money in order to effect the purchase. Let's say s/he tries to get it by some other means such as printing counterfeit money or thieving it, s/he will then have to face the sanctions of the second order institutions if s/he gets caught. So, while first order institutions impose themselves by their very facticity, second order institutions require sanctions. Durkheim's social facts are therefore first order institutions, and social integration and regulation are examples of social facts. The nature of social facts in any society influences other phenomena in those societies such as birth and death rate, the level of insanity, political and economic issues. His theory of suicide then is a specific example of how the nature of social facts in various countries influences the rates of suicide in those countries. 3 Tarde's Theory of Suicide The other dominant sociological theory of suicide evolves from Tarde's argument that imitation rather than social fact is a more important social phenomenon and can better account for the clustering of suicide than social integration can. Similar to Durkheim, Tarde's theory of suicide is a special case of his general sociology. Tarde argues that as in the natural sciences, the social sciences should consist in '...view- ing any fact whatsoever under three aspects, corresponding, respectively, to the repetitions, oppositions, and adaptations which it contains, and which are obscured by a mass of vari- ations, dissymmetries, and disharmonies' (De Tarde, 1899, 9). Repetition, the first link in these three important subject matter has been the focus of Tarde's sociology. For him social phenomena develop as a result of social repetition. This means that the acts of social being 2 Regions 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total 1 0 0 1 3 3 7 2 20 22 16 13 19 90 3 34 12 8 35 38 127 4 58 80 84 53 45 320 5 20 4 7 17 12 60 6 60 66 50 74 63 313 7 3 0 2 3 0 8 8 1 0 0 0 0 1 9 2 0 1 0 1 4 10 3 2 2 4 5 16 Total 201 186 171 202 186 946 Table 1: Frequency table of suicide by regions between the years 2003 - 2007 should be interpreted not on account of the facticity that social facts exercise over their actions but on account of the social influence that the actions of others have over their own actions (De Tarde, 1899). If Tarde is correct, imitation effect should produce clustering above and beyond the cluster- ing of social integration (Baller and Richardson, 2002). This means that contiguous regions should show similar patterns of suicide whether or not those regions have similar levels of social integration. Different ethnic groups living in close proximity in one region should also display similar trends in suicide rate but different from the same ethnic group living far apart. 4 A Test of Both Theories Suicide in Guyana, a country which ranks among the highest in global suicide rates, will be analysed using the theoretical frameworks of Durkheim and Tarde and the hypotheses generated from these frameworks. This will be done to see which of these theories provide a better understanding of suicide in Guyana. Towards this end, two specific hypotheses will be tested; the first generated from Durkheim's theory and the other generated from Tarde's theory. Durkheim's Hypothesis Suicide rates vary inversely with social integration 4.1 Data on suicide in Guyana The data provided in Table 1 and 2 was made available by the Stats Unit of the Ministry of Health, Guyana. It covers the period 2003 - 2007. Social Integration in Guyana The figures of social integration have been compiled from various sources. Political integration has been compiled from the results of the 2006 national elections in Guyana. An entropy 3 Ethnicity 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total African 12 18 15 21 12 78 Amrindian 11 2 3 5 10 31 East Indian 156 153 140 161 155 765 Portuguese 1 0 1 0 0 2 Other 16 13 12 14 9 64 Unknown 5 0 0 1 0 6 Total 201 186 171 202 186 946 Table 2: Frequency table of suicide by ethnicity between the years 2003 - 2007 Regions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Suicide rate 33.86 188.80 126.47 106.01 124.10 252.38 89.55 89.79 66.75 65.07 Political Integration 1.57 1.25 1.21 1.57 1.16 1.09 2.02 2.26 2.24 1.57 Social Integration 27.2 35.38 22.94 26.47 21.00 33.20 16.44 26.95 22.72 30.99 Religious Integration 0.54 1.40 1.49 1.17 1.44 1.44 0.95 0.84 0.13 0.68 Table 3: Table of suicide rate and various measures of social integration by regions test was carried out on the data to determine the level of voting entropy in each region.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • When the Victim Is a Woman
    Chapter Four 113 When the Victim is a Woman he demographics of armed violence are and suffering, especially given that violence T often described in general terms. Men— against women seldom occurs as an isolated especially young men—are determined incident. It is often the culmination of escalating to be most likely to kill and be killed. Women, it aggressions that in some cases lead to fatal out- is often said, are affected in different ways: as comes. Moreover, when a woman is killed, there victims, survivors, and often as single heads of are also frequently indirect casualties; perpetra- households. Yet on closer inspection these crude tors sometimes commit suicide while also taking WHEN THE VICTIM IS A WOMAN generalizations are found wanting. This chapter the lives of others, including children, witnesses, unpacks global patterns of armed violence directed and bystanders. Many women who endure abusive against women. It focuses on ‘femicide’—the and violent relationships also commit suicide in killing of a woman—as well as sexual violence order to end their misery. The sharp increase in committed against women during and following reported suicide and self-immolation among Afghan 1 armed conflict. women is attributed to severe forms of psycho- logical, physical, and sexual violence, including 2 Men generally represent a disproportionately forced marriage (MOWA, 2008, pp. 12–13). high percentage of the victims of homicide, while 3 women constitute approximately 10 per cent of The violent killing of any individual is a tragedy 4 homicide victims in Mexico, 23 per cent in the with traumatic knock-on effects; it generates far- United States, and 29 per cent in Australia (INEGI, reaching repercussions that reflect the victim’s 5 2009; FBI, 2010; ABS, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Murder in the 21St Century
    Mass Murder in the 21st Century: From Assumptions to Truths Meredith L. Ille 3 Acknowledgements For my dear Mother, Mary Lou Ille, my best friend and staunchest supporter. There are not enough words to express my gratitude and love. For my thesis committee members: Chairperson Dr. Shawna Cleary, for inspiring this thesis and seeing it through to the end; Dr. Elizabeth Maier, for taking the time and having such patience; And Dr. Burle Steelman, for his willingness to help and going above and beyond the call of duty. 4 Table of Contents Abstract 5 Introduction 6 Literature Review 9 Hypotheses 39 Methods 40 Results 43 Discussion 50 Conclusions 57 References 59 5 Abstract Mass murder is the killing of four or more people in one incident. There is a national lack of awareness of the most predominant type of mass murder. This thesis hypothesized that the majority of mass murders in the United States are mass murder familicides. It is further hypothesized that most mass murder familicides are committed by Caucasian men in their 30s and 40s. Data from two sources were used: the USA Today Behind the Bloodshed database, and the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) for the years 2006- 2016. It was also necessary to use supplemental data from media accounts where data was missing or in doubt. Mass murder familicides were tallied from both databases. They were then categorized to determine if mass murder familicide was the most common form of mass murder, testing hypothesis one. Ages and race of offenders were then tallied to determine support for hypothesis two, that most offenders were Caucasian and in their 30s and 40s.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional and Non Traditional
    TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL RELIGIOSITY PUBLISHED BY Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade 2019 Yugoslav Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (YSSSR), Niš. PUBLISHER Goran Bašić, Ph.D. Dragan Todorović, Ph.D. REVIEWERS Nonka Bogomilova, Ph.D., Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia Prof. Pavel Sergeevich Kanevskiy, Faculty of Sociology, Lomonosov Moscow State University Prof. Zorica Kuburić, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad SERIES Edited Volumes SERIES EDITOR Natalija Mićunović, Ph.D. Prepared as part of the project “Social Transformations in the European Integration Process: A Multidisciplinary Approach“ supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (III 47010) ISBN 978-86-7093-227-2 ISBN 978-86-86957-21-4 edited volumes edited TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL RELIGIOSITY (A Thematic Collection of Papers of International Significance) EDITED BY Mirko Blagojević, Ph.D. Dragan Todorović, Ph.D. Institute of Social Sciences and YSSSR | Belgrade and Niš 2019 Contents 6 156 Mirko Blagojević Kjell Magnusson Introduction: Religious Change – Religion and Nationalism in Bosnia, Traditional and Non-traditional Religiosity Croatia and Serbia – A Structural Equation Model 12 Dragoljub B. Đorđević 184 New Religious Movements: Typical Nada Novaković, Marijana Maksimović Characteristics of a Cult Social Development, Traditional Religion Movements and Migrants in Europe 26 Mijo Nikić, Marina Jurčić 206 The Challenge of New Religiosity Nataša Jovanović Ajzenhamer Max Weber on Russia and Orthodoxy: An 54 Analysis of the Collectivist Ethical Basis of Dragan Todorović Eastern Christianity Pentecostalism in Southeastern Serbia 226 76 Ольга Смолина Yuri Stoyanov Культурологические проблемы 5 Contemporary Alavi and Bektashi религиозной жизни украинских земель Religiosity in Turkey and Balkans- В Х – XVII ВВ.
    [Show full text]
  • Suicide Research and Prevention
    S U I C I D Volume 16 E R E S E A SUICIDERESEARCH: R C H SELECTED READINGS : S E Y. W. Koo, M. McDonough, V. Ross, D. De Leo L E C T E D R E A D I N G S V O L . 1 5 Y . W . K o o , M . M c D o n o u g h , V . R o s May 2016 — October 2016 s , D . D e L Australian Academic Press e o Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention www.aapbooks.com SUICIDE RESEARCH: SELECTED READINGS Volume 16 May 2016 — October 2016 Y. W. Koo, M. McDonough, V. Ross, D. De Leo Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention First published in 2016 Australian Academic Press 18 Victor Russell Drive, Samford QLD 4520, Australia Australia www.australianacademicpress.com.au Copyright © Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, 2016 . Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior permission from the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention. ISBN: 978 1 9221 1784 7 Book and cover design by Maria Biaggini — The Letter Tree. Contents Foreword................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments..............................................................................viii Introduction Context ..................................................................................................1 Methodology ........................................................................................2 Key articles Barak-Corren et al, 2016. Predicting suicidal behavior from longitudinal electronic health records ............................................................................9 Burns et al, 2016. Sex and age trends in Australia’s suicide rate over the last decade: Something is still seriously wrong with men in middle and late life ..............................................................................................12 Carroll et al, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS, MASS SUICIDE, and PEOPLES TEMPLE Scholarly Perspectives on a Tragedy
    NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS, MASS SUICIDE, AND PEOPLES TEMPLE Scholarly Perspectives on a Tragedy Edited by Rebecca Moore & Fielding McGehee III Studies in American Religion Volume 37 The Edwin Mellen Press Lewiston/Lampeter/Queenston Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data New religious movements, mass suicide and Peoples Temple : scholarly perspectives on a tragedy / edited by Rebecca Moore and Fielding M. McGehee III. p. cm. — (Studies in American religion ; v. 37) ISBN 0-88946-680-7 1. Peoples Temple. 2. Jones, Jim, 1931-1978. 3. Mass suicides- -Guyana. 4. Freedom of religion—United States. I. Moore, Rebecca, 1951- . II. McGehee, Fielding M. III. Series. BP605.P46S36 1989 289.9-dcl9 88-34382 CIP This is volume 37 in the continuing series Studies in American Religion Volume 37 ISBN 0-88946-680-7 SAR Series ISBN 0-88946-992-X A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. © Copyright 1989 The Edwin Mellen Press. All Rights Reserved. For more information contact The Edwin Mellen Press The Edwin Mellen Press Box 450 Box 67 Lewiston, NY Queenston, Ontario USA 14092 CANADA LOS 1L0 The Edwin Mellen Press, Ltd. Lampeter, Dyfed, Wales, UNITED KINGDOM SA48 7DY Printed in the United States of America Table of Contents Introduction 1 by Rebecca Moore and Fielding M. McGehee III The Peoples Temple as a Continuation and an 5 Interruption of Religious Marginality in A m erica by Judith M. Weightman Jonestown and the Scientific Study of Religion 23 by Barbara J. W. Hargrove Jim Jones and Crisis Thought: A Critique of 41 Established Religion by Stephen C.
    [Show full text]
  • Suicide and the News and Information Media
    Suicide and the news and information media A CRITICAL REVIEW Jane Pirkis and Warwick Blood February 2010 This critical review was written by Jane Pirkis and Warwick Blood. It is a review of an earlier critical review published in 2001. The work was commissioned by the Hunter Institute of Mental Health as part of the Mindframe National Media Initiative, with funding from the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. The critical review is available for download from the ‘resources’ section of the Mindframe website at www.mindframe-media.info © ISBN: 978-1-74241-166-8 Online ISBN: 978-1-74241-167-5 Publications Approval Number 6457 Copyright Statements: Paper-based publications © Commonwealth of Australia 2010 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney-General’s Department, Robert Garran Offices, National Circuit, Barton ACT 2600 or posted at http://www.ag.gov.au/cca Executive summary Background The question of whether media portrayals of suicide can lead to imitation has been debated for over two centuries, but it is only in the last 50 years or so that scientific studies have been conducted on this subject. This review considers studies of news and information media, both traditional (newspapers, television, books) and newer media (the Internet). It also considers mixed media. The current review constitutes an update of an earlier review of the news and information media (Pirkis & Blood, 2001a, 2001b).
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Murder and Suicide in Guyana
    Issues in Social Science ISSN 2329-521X 2016, Vol. 4, No. 1 An Examination of Murder and Suicide in Guyana Paulette Andrea Henry Department of Sociology, University of Guyana 95 Amsville Housing Scheme, New Amsterdam, Berbice, Guyana Tel: 592-650-7855/333-2097 E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 18, 2016 Accepted: March 13, 2016 Published: June 11, 2016 doi:10.5296/iss.v4i1.8892 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/iss.v4i1.8892 Abstract In addition to being remembered in what became known as the “Jonestown Massacre,” where more than 900 members of an American cult died in a mass suicide-murder under the direction of their leader in 1978, Guyana continues to receive global and local attention for the prevalence in suicide. The 2014 WHO report named Guyana as the country with the highest suicide rate per capita globally with recent suicide statistics showing 272 reports over a thirty-month period. Recently, the incidence of murder suicide has gained a lot of media attention, and seems to be linked to “crimes of passion” or intimate partner conflict, with men very often being the perpetrators. Particularly, East Indian men and young men are more prone to commit suicide, Through the analysis of both police and media reports and other literature, this study uses mixed methodologies in analyzing the number of murder -suicide over the last five years, characteristics of the perpetrators inclusive of ethnicity, relationships between killers and victims and the method used in the deaths in Guyana. The study paves the way for more in-depth analysis of the phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevention of Suicidal Behavior
    Prevention of suicidal behavior - 1 - Prevention of suicidal behavior Washington, D.C. 2016 Also published in Spanish: Prevención de la conducta suicida ISBN: 978-92-75-31919-2 PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Pan American Health Organization Prevention of suicidal behavior. Washington, DC : PAHO, 2016. 1. Suicide - prevention & control. 2. Behavioral Research. 3. Public Health Policy. 4. Americas. I. Title. ISBN: 978-92-75-11919-8 (NLM Classification: WM 165) © Pan American Health Organization, 2016. All rights reserved. The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to the Communications Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (www.paho.org/permissions). The Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. Publications of the Pan American Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights are reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Pan American Health Organization concerning the status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the Pan American Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • REVISTA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Vol
    DEPARTAMENTO DE SOCIOLOGÍA REVISTA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Vol. 33 - n.º 46 - ENERO-JUNIO de 2020 Suicidio y sociedad MONTEVIDEO - URUGUAY ISSN 0797-5538 - ISSN online 1688-4981 DOI 10.26489/rvs Revista de Ciencias Sociales / Departamento de Sociología. - v.1 n 1 (1986) - Montevideo: Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Departamento de Sociología, 2020 - Semestral. - V.33 n. 46 (2020) ISSN 0797-5538 ISSN online 1688-4981 DOI 10.26489/rvs 1. Suicidio 2. Prevención del suicidio 3. Factores de riesgo 4. Investigación interdisciplinaria 5. Sociedad contemporánea SDD 300 Catalogación en la fuente realizada por Hemeroteca, Biblioteca de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la República, Uruguay. La Revista de Ciencias Sociales es una publicación académica, de revisión por pares, que publica artículos inéditos de investigación en ciencias sociales, prioritariamente de sociología. Busca el desarrollo metodológico y teórico innovador, así como evidencia empírica original respecto de temas de interés nacional, regional e internacional vinculados a estas disciplinas. La Revista de Ciencias Sociales es editada semestralmente (enero-junio y julio-diciembre) por el Departamento de Sociología de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de la República, de Uruguay. Es heredera de los Cuadernos de Ciencias Sociales, que aparecieron desde 1971 hasta 1973. Con la recuperación de la democracia, en 1985, inició su Segunda Época, con el nombre Revista de Ciencias Sociales; comenzó a ser una revista arbitrada en 1986 y pasó a tener evaluación externa en el año 2000. Su publicación se convirtió en semestral a partir de 2010. La Revista de Ciencias Sociales tiene versión impresa y electrónica de acceso abierto (<https:// rcs.cienciassociales.edu.uy> y <http://cienciassociales.edu.uy/departamentodesociologia/inicio/ publicaciones/acceda-a-las-revistas-de-ciencias-sociales/>), y está orientada a académicos, investigadores y profesionales de la sociología y otras disciplinas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Killing of Children
    GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE Killing of children and young adults 2019 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE Killing of children and young adults 2019 © United Nations, July 2019. All rights reserved worldwide. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Suggested citation: UNODC, Global Study on Homicide 2019 (Vienna, 2019) No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNODC. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of UNODC. DISCLAIMER The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827 Killing of children and young adults PREFACE The Global Study on Homicide is a search for solutions. By bringing together the available data, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime seeks to shed light on different phenomena, from lethal gang violence and the role of firearms to links with inequalities and gender-related killings, and in this way support targeted action.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Eleventh Parliament Of
    PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF THE FIRST SESSION (2015-2016) OF THE ELEVENTH PARLIAMENT OF GUYANA UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF THE CO-OPERATIVE REPUBLIC OF GUYANA HELD IN THE PARLIAMENT CHAMBER, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, BRICKDAM, GEORGETOWN 41ST Sitting Thursday, 4th August, 2016 The Assembly convened at 2.10 p.m. Prayers [Mr. Speaker in the Chair] ANNOUNCEMENTS BY THE SPEAKER Leave from Sitting Mr. Speaker: Hon. Members, leave has been granted today for the Hon. Member Mr. Zulfikar Mustapha to be absent. Birthday greetings Mr. Speaker: It has been drawn to my attention that congratulations are in order for one of our Members who has attained another milestone. I speak of the Hon. Minister of Finance, Mr. Winston Jordan, whose birthday it is today. [Applause] PRESENTATION OF PAPERS AND REPORTS The following reports were laid: (1) Financial Paper No. 1/2016 – Supplementary Estimates (Current and Capital) – Advances made from the Contingencies Fund totalling $931,018,292 for the period 1st January, 2016 to 28th July, 2016. (2) Financial Paper No. 2/2016 – Supplementary Estimates (Current and Capital) totalling $2,089,699,085 for the period 1st January, 2016 to 31st December, 2016. 1 (3) The Petroleum (Exploration and Production) (Tax Laws) (Esso Exploration and Production Limited, CNOOCNexen Petroleum Guyana Limited and Hess Guyana Exploration Limited) Order 2016 – No. 10/2016. (4) The Excise Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2016 – No. 4/2016. (5) Dollar Credit Line Agreement dated March 16, 2016 between the Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana and the Export-Import Bank of India for US$50,000,000.00 for the East Bank-East Coast Road Linkage Project.
    [Show full text]
  • Suicide Prevention in an International Context Progress and Challenges
    Editorial Suicide Prevention in an International Context Progress and Challenges Ella Arensman President, International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) Director of Research, National Suicide Research Foundation, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance and Research in Suicide Prevention, Cork, Ireland Strategic Global Developments in and regional seminars. In addition, IASP is in the process of establishing an International Special Interest Group to Suicide Prevention support the development and implementation of national suicide prevention programs at a global level. In recent years, the World Health Organization (WHO) In all six WHO regions, both IASP and WHO underline Global Mental Health Action Plan, 2013–2020, has been a the importance of national suicide prevention programs on major step forward in pushing the agenda of suicide pre- World Suicide Prevention Day on a yearly basis. The WHO vention globally (WHO, 2013; Saxena, Funk, & Chisholm, report provides guidance in developing and implementing 2013). This plan was adopted by health ministers in all national suicide prevention programs while taking into 194 WHO member states to formally recognize the impor- account the different stages at which a country is, that is, tance of mental health, which was a remarkable achieve- countries where suicide prevention activities have not yet ment. Among WHO member states are 25 countries where taken place, countries with some activities, and countries suicide is currently still criminalized and an additional 20 that currently have a national response. Within geograph- countries where according to Sharia law suicide attempters ic regions, countries that have adopted a national suicide may be punished with jail sentences (Mishara & Weisstub, prevention program can impact positively on surrounding 2016).
    [Show full text]