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Morphometric Analysis of Eocene Nummulitids in Western and Central Cuba: Taxonomy, Biostratigraphy and Evolutionary Trends

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Morphometric Analysis of Eocene Nummulitids in Western and Central Cuba: Taxonomy, Biostratigraphy and Evolutionary Trends Journal of Systematic Palaeontology ISSN: 1477-2019 (Print) 1478-0941 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjsp20 Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends Ana. I. Torres-Silva, Wolfgang Eder, Johann Hohenegger & Antonino Briguglio To cite this article: Ana. I. Torres-Silva, Wolfgang Eder, Johann Hohenegger & Antonino Briguglio (2018): Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2018.1446462 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1446462 © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. View supplementary material Published online: 13 Apr 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 236 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjsp20 Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1446462 Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends Ana. I. Torres-Silva a*, Wolfgang Edera, Johann Hohenegger a and Antonino Briguglio b aDepartment of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria; bDipartimento di Scienze della, Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Universita degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa, 26, I-16132 Genova, Italy (Received 24 August 2017; accepted 2 January 2018) Megalospheric specimens of Nummulitidae from eight localities in western and central Cuba were morphometrically investigated using test characters described by 11 growth-independent and growth-invariant attributes that provide a complete geometric reconstruction of nummulitid equatorial morphology. The species Nummulites striatoreticulatus, Palaeonummulites trinitatensis, Operculinoides floridensis and O. soldadensis were classified by an agglomerative cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis yielded significant morphological separators between the species such as the backbend angle, marginal radius increase, perimeter ratio and first chamber length. The transition of tightness to laxity of the spiral was an important morphological separator at the generic level, representing a clear general trend coupled with the change in palaeodepth. Based on further discriminant analysis, an increase in proloculus size was detected in Nummulites striatoreticulatus from the middle Eocene to early late Eocene, supporting this important evolutionary pattern in many lineages of Nummulites. Operculinid forms showed an opposite and more weakly pronounced time-dependent trend in the size decrease of the proloculus. In the Cuban localities, Nummulites striatoreticulatus occurs from the Lutetian to Priabonian, while Palaeonummulites trinitatensis is restricted to the Bartonian to Priabonian. The moderately to loosely coiled operculinid taxa O. floridensis and O. soldadensis have longer stratigraphical ranges from the middle Eocene to probably the early Oligocene. Operculinoides floridensis and O. soldadensis show a broader variability in marginal radius increase, and thus probably occupied wider niches than N. striatoreticulatus. The latter seems to be restricted to the shelf edge and to the shallowest parts of the upper slope. A possible phylogenetic connection between Heterostegina and Operculinoides is suggested by the closest equatorial morphology of Heterostegina sp. indet. to tightly coiled forms of Operculinoides floridensis. Discriminant analysis documents the strongest similarities in perimeter ratio, backbend angle, initial marginal radius and proloculus mean diameter. Keywords: Nummulitidae; larger foraminifera; morphometry; growth-independent and growth-invariant characters; Eocene Introduction 1827 belong to the lamellar-perforate LBF with planispi- ral enrolment, which can be approximated by a logarith- Among the symbiont-bearing larger benthic foraminifera mic spiral. Their hyaline tests range from involute to (LBF), nummulitids are one of the most common and evolute. A marginal cord with an internal canal system widespread groups in shallow-marine, warm-temperate is always present, as is an initial embryonic apparatus con- to tropical carbonate environments throughout the sisting of a proloculus and deuteroloculus. This embry- Cenozoic. Especially in the Eocene, nummulitid commu- onic part is followed by numerous equatorial chambers nities around the Tethyan, Indo-Pacific and American- which may be undivided (e.g. Nummulites, Palaeonum- Caribbean provinces achieved their highest abundances mulites, Assilina, Ranikothalia, Operculinella, Opercu- combined with high evolutionary rates. Worldwide, they lina) or divided into chamberlets by secondary septa (e.g. document the maturity and evolution of benthic com- Planoperculina, Planostegina, Heterostegina, Spirocly- munities better than other LBF groups (Cole 1958, 1964; peus, Cycloclypeus). Frost & Langenheim 1974; Hottinger 1977; Schaub 1981; Nummulitids without chamber partitions, although Serra-Kiel et al. 1998; Tosquella & Serra-Kiel 1998; Less stratigraphically useful, are difficult to assign to generic et al. 2008; Haynes et al. 2010; BouDagher-Fadel & Price or specific level. The variability of their features and the 2014; Lunt & Renema 2014; Benedetti et al. 2017; abundance of transitional forms has proved to be so strong Torres-Silva et al. 2017). Nummulitidae de Blainville, that Cole in the Treatise on invertebrate paleontology *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Ó 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Published online 13 Apr 2018 2 A. I. Torres-Silva et al. (Loeblich & Tappan 1964) considered characters such as et al. 2017a). Each growth step, represented by the addi- the degree of involution, number of whorls, whorl height, tion of a single chamber, marks the response of the grow- chamber shape and spiral development to define species ing cell to its environment by size and shape (Hohenegger rather than genera. Accordingly, Palaeonummulites, 2011b; Ferrandez-Canadell~ 2012; Briguglio et al. 2013; Operculinoides, Ranikothalia, Assilina and Operculina Renema & Cotton 2015). Loosely coiled nummulitids of were placed into synonymy with Nummulites ( D Camer- the Caribbean Eocene vary in size and shape depending ina). Later studies in the Tethyan province clarified this on the depositional environment (Cole 1958). Thus, the unsatisfactory taxonomic situation. Delimitations, as well biology of LBF reflects their growth strategies, their envi- as details of evolutionary transitions within species, are ronmental conditions and their morphological adaptation well investigated today (Hottinger 1977; Schaub 1981; to the environment. In the fossil record, where molecular Haynes et al. 2010). Compared to the Tethyan province, investigations remain impossible, species delimitation intraspecific evolution in the Caribbean remains under- based on morphology has to be treated simultaneously studied and generic nomenclature has not yet reached any using a multitude of morphological characters to explain consensus. The great range of nummulitid morphology test shapes dependent on niches and evolutionary tenden- included by some authors in a single genus and/or species cies (Hohenegger 2014). Morphological quantification (Cole in Loeblich & Tappan 1964; Frost & Langenheim based on growth-independent and growth-invariant char- 1974; Butterlin 1981) has obscured the possible existence acters has proved to be an adequate tool to explain the of closely related genera/or species with overlapping mor- complete change in test shape during ontogeny, to clarify phological variations. On the one hand, taxa similar to phylogenetic relations and to define morphospecies in Nummulites sensu stricto with involute tests, tight coiling fossil forms (Hohenegger 2011b; Eder et al. 2017b; Hohe- with numerous whorls, and rather equidimensional cham- negger &Torres-Silva 2017). Quantification of test mor- bers, present few difficulties for generic classification. On phology in the fossil record using growth-independent the other, there is much confusion about the assignment of and growth-invariant characters was carried out for the small, involute to semi-involute forms with rapidly widen- first time on Heterostegina from the Cuban Eocene ing coils and simple primary septa. These forms show (Torres-Silva et al. 2017). This study allowed enhanced intermediate features between Nummulites and Opercu- species recognition and better interpretation of evolution- lina, and have therefore been placed in Nummulites ary trends separated from environmental and palaeogeo- Lamarck, Palaeonummulites Schubert, Caudriana Hay- graphical diversification. nes, Operculinoides Hanzawa, Operculina d’Orbigny or Otherwise, despite the abundance of Nummulitidae in Operculinella Yabe (Barker 1939; Cole 1958, 1960, the Cuban Palaeogene, taxonomic studies are limited. 1964; Nagappa 1959; Eames et al. 1962; Frost & Langen- Nummulitid assemblages have been published without heim 1974; Robinson & Wright 1993; Mello
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