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Etat De La Colonisation Des Décapodes Invasifs Du Genre Hemigrapsus Et État De Santé Des Populations De Crabes Verts Entre L’Estuaire De Seine Et L’Authie

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Etat De La Colonisation Des Décapodes Invasifs Du Genre Hemigrapsus Et État De Santé Des Populations De Crabes Verts Entre L’Estuaire De Seine Et L’Authie Master I AQUACAEN, Sciences des environnements continentaux et côtiers Etat de la colonisation des décapodes invasifs du genre Hemigrapsus et état de santé des populations de crabes verts entre l’estuaire de Seine et l’Authie Mémoire présenté le 10 juin 2013 par Billie Lecornu Stage effectué au GEMEL, encadré par Thierry RUELLET et réalisé avec le soutien financier de : Illustration de couverture : Hemigrapsus sanguineus. Remerciements Je tiens à remercier Thierry Ruellet pour m’avoir permis de faire ce stage ainsi que pour ses bons conseils. Merci à toute l’équipe du GEMEL, Aurore, JD, Stéphanie, Gaëtan, Aurélie, Armonie et Antoine pour les nombreux services rendus et pour leur bonne humeur. Merci aux stagiaires, Apolline et Chloé, pour les bons moments passés le soir. Merci à tous les bénévoles de m’avoir aidé tout au long de ce stage, en particulier Brigitte, Clémentine, Marianne et Alexandre. Merci à Quérida d’avoir acceptée de me suivre en Picardie. Sommaire 1‐ Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2‐ Matériel et méthodes ...................................................................................................................... 4 2‐1‐ Description des trois espèces étudiées ........................................................................................ 4 2‐1‐1‐ Hemigrapsus sanguineus ...................................................................................................... 4 2‐1‐2‐ Hemigrapsus takanoi ............................................................................................................ 5 2‐1‐3‐ Carcinus maenas ................................................................................................................... 6 2‐2‐ Le protocole d’étude .................................................................................................................... 7 2‐2‐1‐ Les sites prospectés .............................................................................................................. 7 2‐2‐2‐ Le prélèvements ................................................................................................................... 8 2‐2‐3‐ Analyses des crabes .............................................................................................................. 8 2‐2‐4‐ Analyses granulométriques .................................................................................................. 9 2‐3‐ Traitement des données .............................................................................................................. 9 2‐3‐1‐ Distribution des différentes espèces de crustacés décapodes ............................................. 9 2‐3‐2‐ Comparaison des densités .................................................................................................. 10 2‐3‐3‐ Structure des populations .................................................................................................. 10 2‐3‐4‐ Traitement des données granulométriques ....................................................................... 10 3‐ Résultats ........................................................................................................................................ 12 3‐1‐ Caractéristiques des sites........................................................................................................... 12 3‐2‐ Distribution des décapodes ....................................................................................................... 13 3‐3‐ Densités ...................................................................................................................................... 13 3‐4‐ Structure des populations .......................................................................................................... 14 3‐5‐ Détermination du sexe des individus récoltés. .......................................................................... 14 4‐ Discussion et conclusions .............................................................................................................. 14 Références ............................................................................................................................................. 17 1 1­ Introduction L’essor des activités humaines à la surface de la terre s’est accompagné par le transport volontaire ou non d’espèces vivantes. Certaines espèces ont été importées pour des raisons économiques, d’autres pour des raisons esthétiques. D’autres ont été importées involontairement par l’Homme. Ces espèces importées sont dites introduites. Une espèce introduite est une espèce non indigène qui, de façon intentionnelle ou accidentelle, est transportée et libérée par l’Homme dans un environnement en dehors de son aire de répartition actuelle (ICES, 2005). Dans la plupart des cas d’introduction, l’espèce n’établie pas de population car elle a des difficultés à s’acclimater à son nouvel environnement (Falk- Petersen et al., 2006). Mais certaines espèces introduites peuvent devenir des espèces invasives. Une espèce invasive est une espèce capable de s’établir et de se diffuser de manière significative dans une communauté naturelle (Les & Mehrhoff, 1999). Pour cela, elle est plus compétitive que les espèces autochtones, ce qui va lui permettre de se répandre rapidement et donc de devenir l’espèce dominante du milieu (Valéry et al,. 2008). Les espèces invasives peuvent être une menace pour l’écosystème où elles se sont introduites. Car elles peuvent nuire à la biodiversité et apporter de nouveaux parasites ou de nouvelles maladies à l’écosystème (Byers, 2002). C’est très probablement sous forme larvaire par le biais des eaux de ballast (Breton et al., 2002) que deux espèces de crabes d’origine asiatique du genre Hemigrapsus ont été introduites dans le port du Havre à la fin des années 1990. Ces deux espèces sont Hemigrapsus sanguineus (De Haan, 1835) et Hemigrapsus takanoi Asakura & Watanabe, 2005. Des premières prospections avaient signalé leur présence depuis la côte ouest du Cotentin jusque Dunkerque (Tous Rius, 2008 ; Dauvin, 2009 ; Duffossé, 2010, Dauvin & Dufossé, 2011 ; Pezy, 2011). Elles constituent une menace potentielle pour les bivalves exploités (Mytilus edulis et Crassostrea gigas) et, localement, l’espèce native Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) semble régresser fortement dans la zone médiolittorale au profit des Hemigrapsus (Jensen et al, 2002). Le présent rapport s’attache à faire le point sur l’état de colonisation par ces crabes des côtes s’étendant entre l’estuaire de l’Authie et celui de la Seine. Il s’intègre au projet COHENOPI (état de la colonisation des décapodes invasifs du genre Hemigrapsus sur le littoral normand-picard) piloté par le Pr. Jean-Claude Dauvin de l’UMR 6143 M2C (CNRS / Université de Caen Basse-Normandie / Université de Rouen). Ce projet couvre un secteur qui s’étend de la baie du Mont Saint-Michel à l’estuaire de l’Authie. 2 Figure 1 : Répartition mondiale d'Hemigrapsus sanguineus et d'Hemigrapsus takanoi (in Duffosé 2010). H. sanguineus a été découvert pour la première fois en France au Havre en 1999 (Breton et al., 2002). H. takanoi quand à lui, a été découvert pour la première fois en France à La Rochelle en 1994 (Noël et al., 1997). Aujourd’hui, ces espèces sont abondantes le long des côtes européennes. H. sanguineus est aussi présent sur la côte est des Etats-Unis (Epifanio et al., 1998 ; fig. 1). Des suivis de populations sont faits chaque année depuis 2008 le long des côtes du Pas-de- Calais, de la Somme, de la Seine-Maritime, du Calvados et de la Manche (Tous Rius, 2008 ; Dauvin, 2009 ; Duffossé, 2010, Dauvin & Dufossé, 2011 ; Pezy, 2011). L’objectif de ce stage est d’observer l’extension des deux décapodes et de la comparer par rapport aux autres années. De plus des suivis sont faits simultanément dans le Cotentin, le Calvados et la Baie de Seine dans l’intérêt d’avoir un suivi de toutes les côtes de la Manche à la même période. En effet, le crabe vert par exemple est une espèce migratrice et la comparaison de sites à partir de résultats acquis en différentes saisons n’est pas souhaitable. D’autre part, une étude est faite sur la féminisation des crabes. Au Japon, des cas de féminisation de crabes ont déjà été observés sur Geothelphusa dehaani, crabes vivant en eau douce (Ayaki et al., 2005). Il a été observé des anomalies sur ces crabes au niveau des caractères sexuels secondaires. Des mâles anormaux avec l'apparence externe d'un mâle complet mais comportant des ouvertures génitales féminines. Par contre les femelles étaient normales. Dans le cadre d’une évaluation des ressources en crabes verts des trois estuaires picards (Canche, Authie et Somme), le GEMEL a échantillonné en 2012 ces trois estuaires et n’y a trouvé que des crabes verts Carcinus maenas au niveau des terriers creusés dans les bordures des filandres. Lors du sexage des individus, il a été observé des anomalies similaires à celles signalées par Ayaki. Une attention toute particulière a donc été portée au cours du stage au sexe des crabes récoltés. Des compléments d’information à ce sujet ont pu être apportés en examinant des crabes qui provenaient de sites non échantillonnés dans le cadre de COHENOPI, à l’intérieur des trois estuaires picards 3 a b Figure 2 : Morphologie de l'abdomen et de l'appareil génital mâle (a) et femelle (b) d' H. sanguineus. 2­ Matériel et méthodes 2­1­ Description des trois espèces étudiées 2­1­1­ Hemigrapsus sanguineus Hemigrapsus
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