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Sónia Andreia Oliveira Santos Compostos Fenólicos a Partir De Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química 2012 Sónia Andreia Compostos fenólicos a partir de subprodutos da Oliveira Santos indústria florestal Phenolic compounds from forest industrial by- products Universidade de Departamento de Química Aveiro 2012 Sónia Andreia Compostos fenólicos a partir de subprodutos da Oliveira Santos indústria florestal Phenolic compounds from forest industrial by- products Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Química, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Carlos Pascoal Neto, Professor catedrático do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro e do Doutor Armando Jorge Domingues Silvestre, Professor associado com agregação do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro Apoio financeiro do projeto AFORE (CP-IP 228589-2) no âmbito do VII Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. Apoio financeiro do projeto WaCheUp (NMP-TI-3 – STRP 013896) no âmbito do VI Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE (SFRH / BD / 42021 / 2007), no âmbito do Programa Operacional Potencial Humano (POPH) do QREN. À minha mãe. o júri presidente Doutor Carlos Alberto Diogo Soares Borrego professor catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro Doutor Carlos Pascoal Neto professor catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro Doutor Nuno Filipe da Cruz Batista Mateus professor associado com agregação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Doutor Armando Jorge Domingues Silvestre professor associado com agregação da Universidade de Aveiro Doutora Maria do Rosário Reis Marques Domingues professora auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro Doutora Paula Cristina de Oliveira Rodrigues Pinto investigadora auxiliar da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto agradecimentos Os meus agradecimentos vão, em particular, para o Professor Doutor Armando J. D. Silvestre e Professor Doutor Carlos Pascoal Neto, pela excelente orientação científica, apoio incondicional e, principalmente, por toda a confiança que depositaram em mim. À Professora Doutora Maria Rosário Domingues, agradeço todo o apoio e entusiasmo que me deu ao longo destes anos e de forma incansável. Agradeço também a preciosa ajuda na espectrometria de massa. Gostaria de agradecer ao Professor Doutor Carlos Silva por todo o apoio na extração supercrítica e pela confiança que depositou em mim. À Doutora Paula Pinto faço um especial agradecimento por tudo o que me transmitiu no início deste trabalho, por toda a sua amizade e, acima de tudo, pela sua sempre boa disposição. À Doutora Carmen Freire agradeço todo o apoio, os conselhos e incentivos. Gostaria de agradecer ao Doutor Juan Jose Villaverde por todo o apoio, amizade e incentivo que me facultou, sempre de forma incansável. Ao grupo de espectrometria de massa do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro gostaria de fazer um especial agradecimento por toda a sua disponibilidade, em particular, ao Professor Doutor Pedro Domingues, pela preciosa ajuda com o HPLC. Gostaria de agradecer a todos os meus colegas de trabalho, aos dos “nossos” laboratórios e aos dos laboratórios ao lado, aos que ainda lá trabalham e aos que já foram. Todos tornaram todos estes anos tempos excecionais. Ao Ricardinho, à Carla, à Andreinha, ao Rui, à Lili, à Mónica, à Bi, à Gi e à Belinda, faço um especial agradecimento, por terem tornado todo este percurso muito mais fácil. A todos os que me ouvirem dizer infinitas vezes “Good morning, my name is Sónia…”, agradeço a enorme paciência. À Nor, ao Tiago, ao Fernando, à Vera, ao Ricardo, ao Nelson, à Vânia e à Joana, que de forma incansável sempre me apoiaram e animaram, faço um especial agradecimento. Agradeço, acima de tudo, por compreenderem tantas ausências. Ao João Paulo, agradeço o facto de me ter transmitido ao longo destes anos que com força de vontade nenhum obstáculo é suficientemente grande. Por último, mas não menos importante, agradeço à minha família, em particular aos meus pais e irmãos por todo o apoio e principalmente por compreenderem quando eu não pude estar. Agradeço especialmente ao Tiago, por inúmeras razões, entre as quais todo o incansável apoio, compreensão e, claro, muita paciência. palavras-chave Compostos fenólicos, Quercus suber L., cortiça, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urograndis (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla), Eucalyptus maidenii, eucalipto, HPLC-MS, atividade antioxidante, extração supercrítica. resumo Em Portugal, as indústrias corticeira e de pasta de papel constituem um importante sector económico, contudo, gerando elevadas quantidades de subprodutos. Estes subprodutos poderiam ser explorados em aplicações de alto valor acrescentado, como fonte de compostos fenólicos, por exemplo, em vez de serem apenas queimados para produção de energia. Estes compostos são conhecidos pelas suas inúmeras propriedades, entre as quais, antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e anti-trombótica. Neste estudo as frações fenólicas da maior parte dos subprodutos gerados nas indústrias corticeira e de pasta de papel foram caracterizados em detalhe, com vista à sua valorização. A fração fenólica das cascas de Eucalyptus globulus, E. grandis, E. urograndis e E. maidenii, bem como da cortiça de Quercus suber e resíduos provenientes da sua exploração, nomeadamente, o pó de cortiça e os condensados negros, foi obtida por processos convencionais de extração sólido-líquido. No caso da casca de E. globulus, foi ainda avaliado o potencial de metodologias “verdes” no processo de extração de compostos fenólicos, usando extração com CO2 supercrítico. Esta técnica foi otimizada com recurso a metodologias de superfície de resposta. Na identificação e quantificação dos compostos fenólicos foi usada cromatografia líquida de alta resolução aliada a técnicas de espectrometria de massa. O teor de fenólicos totais foi ainda determinado pelo método de Folin- Ciocalteu, essencialmente para efeitos comparativos. A caracterização da fração fenólica de cada extrato foi ainda complementada com a análise da atividade antioxidante, usando o radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH). Foram identificados trinta compostos fenólicos na casca de E. globulus, 17 deles referenciados pela primeira vez como seus constituintes, nomeadamente os ácidos quínico, di-hidroxifenilacétic, cafeico e metil-elágico, bis-hexa- hidroxidifenoil(HHDP)-glucose, galoil- bis-HHDP-glucose, galoil-HHDP- glucose, isoramnetina—hexosídeo, quercetina-hexosídeo, ácido metil-elágico- pentosídeo, miricetina-ramnosídeo, isoramnetina-ramnosídeo, mearnsetina, floridzina, mearnsetina-hexosídeo, luteolina e uma proantocianidina B. Neste trabalho, foi estudada pela primeira vez a composição fenólica das cascas de E. grandis, E. urograndis e E. maidenii. (cont.) resumo Treze, doze e vinte e quatro compostos fenólicos foram identificados nas (cont.) cascas de E. grandis, E. urograndis e E. maidenii, respetivamente. Entre estes compostos encontram-se os ácidos quínico, gálico, metilgálico, protocatequínico, clorogénico e elágico, catequina, galoil-bis-HHDP-glucose, digaloilglucose, epicatequina, quercetina-glucoronídeo, di-hidroxi- isopropilcromona-hexosídeo, isoramnetina-hexosídeo, ácido elágico- ramnosídeo, taxifolina, quercetina-hexosídeo, di-hidroxi- (metilpropil)isopropilcromona-hexosídeo, ácido metil-elágico-pentosídeo, miricetina-ramnosídeo, isoramnetina-ramnosídeo, aromadendrina-ramnosídeo, mearnsetina, mearnsetina-hexosídeo, eriodictiol, quercetina, isoramnetina e naringenina. A análise da fração fenólica da cortiça permitiu identificar vinte e dois compostos fenólicos, dez deles referenciados pela primeira vez como seus constituintes, nomeadamente, os ácidos quínico, salicílico, p-hidroxifenil- lático e metilgálico, ácido carboxílico da brevifolina, eriodictiol, naringenina, um éster isoprenílico do ácido cafeico, isoramnetina-ramnosídeo e isoramnetina. No pó de cortiça industrial foram identificados dezasseis compostos fenólicos, nomeadamente os ácidos quínico, gálico, protocatequínico, cafeico, ferúlico, elágico e metilgálico, esculetina, ácido carboxílico da brevifolina, coniferaldeído, um éster isoprenílico do ácido cafeico, uma dilactona do ácido valoneico, ácido elágico-pentosídeo, ácido elágico-ramnosídeo, isoramnetina- ramnosídeo e isoramnetina. Destes, apenas o ácido elágico foi previamente referenciado como componente do pó de cortiça. Do mesmo modo, treze compostos fenólicos foram identificados no condensado negro, doze deles referenciados pela primeira vez como seus constituintes. São eles os ácidos quínico, gálico, p-hidroxifenil-láctico, protocatequínico, p-coumarico, cafeico e elágico, vanilina, esculetina, coniferaldeído, um éster isoprenílico do ácido cafeico e o eriodictiol. A extração supercrítica de compostos fenólicos da casca de eucalipto permitiu não só verificar os parâmetros que afetam a qualidade e quantidade finais dos extratos, como também obter os valores ótimos para estes parâmetros. Esta extração mostrou ainda ser bastante seletiva para determinados grupos de compostos fenólicos, como as flavanonas eriodictiol e naringenina e para o flavonol O-metilado isoramnetina. Este é também o primeiro estudo envolvendo a determinação da atividade antioxidante de extratos da cortiça e dos resíduos da sua exploração, bem como da casca de E. grandis, E. urograndis e E. maidenii. A vasta gama de compostos fenólicos identificados em cada extrato analisado, assim como as prominentes atividades antioxidantes, todas na mesma gama de valores do bem conhecido antioxidante comercial, ácido
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