DRILL and CEREMONY MANUAL (Color Guard & Honor Guard) OF THE ALABAMA SOCIETY SONS of the AMERICAN REVOLUTION
July 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Foreword……………………………………………………………………………………………………..iii
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….. iii
Purpose……………………………………………………………………………………………………….iv
Sources……………………………………………………………………………….……………………….iv
1.0 History of the Color Guard……………………………………………………………………..1 2.0 The Alabama Society Color Guard………………………………………….…..………...1
2.1 Color Guard Operations (Chapter, District, National)……….….………..1
2.2 Color Guard Size……………………………………………………….…………….…….3
3.0 Uniforms and Weapons………………………………………………………….…………..…3 3.1 Continental………………….……………………………………………………………….3 3.2 Organized Militia…………..……………………………………………………..………4 3.3 Irregular Militia…………………………………………………………………………….4 3.4 Civilian Attire……………………………………………………………………………....4 3.5 Weapons………………………………………………………………………………………4 4.0 Commands……………………………………………………………………………….……….....5 5.0 Basic Drill for the Continental Soldier……………………………………….……….….5 5.1 Stationary Drill………………………………………………………………………..……5 Section 1: Unarmed………………………………………………………………………5 Section 2: Armed………………………………………………………………………….6 5.2 Marching………………………………………………………………………………………7 6.0 Indoor & Outdoor Ceremonies (Color Guard)………….……………….……………8 6.1 Carry Positions……………………………………………………………………………..8 6.2 Posting & Retiring Colors………………………………………………………………8 6.3 Marching………………………………………………………………………………………9 6.4 Outdoor Ceremonies……………………………………………………………….……10
i 7.0 Honor Guard………………………………………………………………………………………….10 7.1 Firing Muskets…………………………………………………………………..………….11 8.0 Ceremony Protocol………………………………………………………………………………..12 8.1 Indoors………………………………………………………………………………………….12 8.2 Outdoors……………………………………………………………………………..……….13 9.0 Flag Retirement Ceremony………………Under Revision..…………………….….…13 10.0 Safety…………………………………………………………………………………………..……14 10.1 Weapons…………………………………………………………………………..……..14 10.2 Ammunition……………………………………………………………………..………14 10.3 Bladed Weapons………………………………………………………………..…….14 10.4 Clothing…………………………………………………………………………………….15 10.5 Personal Protection…………………………………………………………………..15 10.6 Spectators…………………………………………………………………………………15 10.7 Inspection…………………………………………………………………………………15 10.8 Requirements……………………………………………………………………..……15
Appendix A (Uniforms & Weapons)……………………………………………………………..16
Appendix B (Commands)………………………………………………………………………….….21
Appendix C (Basic Drill)…………………………………………………………………………..……22
Appendix D (Color Guard)…………………………………………………………………………….30
Appendix E (Sword)………………………………………………………………………………….….33
Appendix F (Ammo)…….……………………………………………………………………………….34
Appendix G (Checklist)………………………………………………………………………………….38
Appendix H (Where to purchase items)……….……………………………………………….42
Special Notes……………………………………………………………………………………….….……43
Appendix J (Sequence of firing muskets w/diagrams)…………………………………..46
ii FOREWORD
The Living History movement began to emphasize authenticity in historical dress and equipment in the early 1970s. Opposition developed. Citing cost, a lack of research materials, and time many folks dropped their activities. As organizations like The Brigade of the American Revolution and The Living History Association adopted strict regulations, bitterness and rancor grew. But by the end of the Bi- Centennial celebration, most surviving organizations conformed. The National Park Service, which avoided living history events during the Civil War Centennial, saw the potential to increase visitation to historic sites by teaching potential participant’s safety and demonstrating the benefits of research in accurately depicting events of the distant past. In addition, the new discipline of public history emerged in the last decade of the 20th Century which trained a new generation of professionals in museum studies and living history.
This bibliography presents material on clothing and equipment in the hopes that our color guards will set new standards of historical authenticity for the Sons of the American Revolution. (See Chapter 3 and Appendix A)
ALSSAR Historian Robert England, Ph.D., F.A.M.S.W
INTRODUCTION
In keeping with the mission of the Sons of the American Revolution, we are charged to do the following: Work to preserve our nation’s past by assisting our members, schools, teachers, and the general public in their efforts to sustain and preserve our history and constitutional principles. Remember the past by honoring those who served or assisted the colonies during the Revolutionary War. Build the future by protecting our Constitution and perpetuating American ideals and traditions. Shape the young by educating our youth about the Constitution and those who developed the American ideals and traditions. While we are not a “Living History” organization, we do bring history to life.
We must also keep in mind the goals of the Sons of the American Revolution which will apply to this manual. We must inform the community about the events and philosophical bases of the American Revolution and the Constitution. Color Guards in the Revolutionary War uniforms participate in civic events and patriotic celebrations throughout the United States, providing pageantry, drama and a sense of the nation’s history. Important events and persons of the Revolutionary period are portrayed for students and the public at large.
Many Chapters and States have Color Guards that wear Revolutionary War uniforms and participate in civic and patriotic events and observances such as Fourth of July, Veterans Day, Armed Forces Day, Flag Day, Patriots Day, Bill of Rights Day, Yorktown Day, Constitution Day, and important battles of the Revolutionary War.
ALSSAR President David M Jones, MSG (Ret), USA
iii We are now introducing an “Honor Guard” which can be included in certain ceremonies and activities such as marching behind the Color Guard with muskets in parades. This is not replacing the Color Guard, but adding another dimension in publicity for the ALSSAR.
We commemorate and provide memorials for the people and events of the American Revolution. We help preserve records relating to the events leading up to and during the American Revolution.
This is why, when we place our Compatriots in uniform or period clothing into the community, it is important to be as historically accurate as possible and follow what our founding fathers put in writing as procedures to follow.
It is imperative that all Chapter Color Guards follow this manual so that when those members participate in a state event they are familiar with commands and procedures.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this manual is to provide specific guidelines for the Color Guard of the Alabama Society, Sons of the American Revolution so that all participants will have uniformity as a cohesive unit. This manual is a guide and the Color Guard commander has sole authority to deviate from this manual as indicated by an * except safety. Each member should be given this manual (email or hard copy) so that they can become familiar with its contents. The ALSSAR should also schedule training at a minimum of once per quarter of the calendar year. SOURCES/REFERENCES
The information in this manual is from:
1. The historical “Blue Book” written by Baron Friedrich von Steuben, authorized in 1779 by John Jay, passed by Congress in 1792 and 1803. 2. The Illustrated Drill Manual for Soldiers of the American Revolution (excerpts from von Steuben’s “Blue Book” of 1778) 3. “An Easy Plan of Discipline for a Militia” by Timothy Pickering in 1776 which was taken and edited from the British manual of 1764. 4. The current U.S. Army Drill & Ceremonies manual: TC 3-21.5 (FM 22-5). 5. General Orders issued by General George Washington (The Washington Papers) See Special Notes 6. National Park Service Safety Manual 7. Army Regulation 600-25 (Sep 2019) 8. Public Law 110-181 section 594 (2008)
iv 1.0 HISTORY OF THE COLOR GUARD
The modern Color Guard of the United States Military is ceremonial only. In the 18th Century, the “Colors” were used to show where the front line of the formation was to form and the movement of the battle line. Prior to battle, the “Colors” were positioned in the middle of the formation and was carried by an Ensign. If a battalion, regiment, or brigade had more than one “Color” or flag, the Adjutant would determine which flag would be carried for that day. As a military tactic, the “Colors” represented where the front line would be in battle, when to advance, when to retreat, or when to close the ranks when the line was broken; basically a rallying point for soldiers.3 So the “Colors” were used to identify where the line of battle was to be and the direction of which soldiers were to fire their muskets. So where does the “Guard” come in? The three columns or “files” on the left and right of the “Colors” would not fire when orders from the commander were given. They were to stand at the ready and only fire to protect the “Colors” from being taken by the enemy or if the Ensign was killed or wounded. Taking the “Colors” from the enemy was how an Army determined if they won a battle and how many casualties was inflicted.3
2.0 THE ALABAMA SOCIETY COLOR GUARD
The Alabama Society Color Guard is made up of those Compatriots who come to the Sons of the American Revolution meetings and events properly uniformed as Continental Soldiers, Militiamen, or members of the “Black Brigade” (clergymen). These men seek to visibly promote the stated objectives of the Sons of the American Revolution which are declared to be historical, patriotic, and educational. Therefore, it is important that a Revolutionary War uniformed Color Guard fielded by the Alabama Society to be historically correct as possible and perform those duties as written so as to not compromise these objectives. Every time an Alabama Society Color Guard makes a public appearance, the members are fulfilling all three objectives of the mission statement. In fact, the Color Guard is the most visible and effective public relations tool available to the Alabama Society. This Chapter is in conjunction with Chapter 6 as more detail is given.
2.1 Color Guard Operations
The Color Guard Commander is the Point of Contact (POC) for all Color Guard requests for declaration as a State event. He will review the request for appropriateness and poll the Color Guard members to determine if sufficient manpower would be available to support the request. All Color Guardsmen should respond to a poll promptly to enable the Commander to determine if there is support for the event. Upon determining that the event can be supported, the Commander will contact the President for final approval. All State, District, and National events must be
1 coordinated with the State Color Guard Commander. Once an event is approved, the event will be announced and sanctioned by the Alabama Society Color Guard. The Color Guard Commander will contact personnel to finalize the roster for the event and keep them fully informed regarding details of the event (date, time, location, special requirements, etc.). The color Guard Commander will identify a local point of contact that would be responsible for gathering and forwarding details regarding the event, particularly last minute changes.
Major media events, revenue producing appearances, support of DAR and CAR activities and other high profile events should be treated with maximum effort. In all cases, the appropriate number of guardsmen should be evaluated based upon the particular event.
2.1a: CHAPTER A Chapter may commit to a Color Guard request in support of a local event such as local grave markings, school events, and other community related events without the approval of the ALSSAR Color Guard Commander or President. However, the Chapter must notify the State Commander so that the event can be recoded in his report to the BOM. If a Chapter wishes to upgrade their event to a State event, they must follow the steps as previously described in paragraph 2.0. If a Chapter does not have enough members with uniforms or period clothing to fill a Color Guard for an event, a request to the ALSSAR Color Guard Commander for assistance should be made. 1. The State Color Guard Commander will send out a “Call to Arms” for Color Guard members to support the event. If he gets a sufficient number of positive responses, he will notify the Chapter and link the support members with that Chapter. 2. If the Chapter wishes to upgrade the event to a State event, the same procedures as stated in paragraph 2.0 apply. In order for an event to be a state event, the Society President or his designee (another state officer) must be in attendance. Only the State President can authorize an event as a “State” event and the only person who can cancel a state event.
2.1b: DISTRICT
For an event to be declared a District event it must first be declared a State event by the State President. If the District VPG determines it should be declared a District event the State President will be notified. Within the state, the State President is the ranking SAR officer.
2.1c: NATIONAL
The procedures for requesting an event to be declared a national event is in the NSSAR Handbook.
2
2.2 COLOR GUARD SIZE
a. The optimum number of men that form a Color Guard is four (4) men: Two (2) Color Bearers who carry the United States Flag and the State or SAR flag; Two (2) Guards who carry either a musket or rifle (depending on the uniform worn).4 b. The minimum number of Compatriots to form a Color Guard detail is three (3), one Color Bearer (U.S. Flag) and two Guards. The Commander of the Color Guard will be the U.S. Flag Color Bearer and call all commands.4 c. As more members are added to the detail, the Commander will march ahead of or to the left flank and centered in a separate rank of the Color Guard and give all commands. d. No more than six (6) Guards should be used for an event.3There is no limit on Color Bearer’s. e. See appendix D for correct carrying positions
3.0 UNIFORMS AND WEAPONS
Research is required to obtain the correct style and color of Continental uniforms. If you decide to wear the uniform of your patriot, there are numerous resources to search in order to get the correct color and/or design. This chapter will be separated by category of general information, uniforms, weapons, and Marine/Navy. See Appendix A for a complete bibliography of the best sources for your research.
3.1 CONTINENTAL: See Appendix A figure 1
These are the basic items for the Continental soldier. Research should be done to get the correct colors:
Hat- usually a Cocked Hat or helmet for mounted soldiers (Cavalry or Dragoon)
White shirt (ruffled shirts for Officers only) White stockings Neck Stock
Waist Coat (Color depends on unit) Coat (Facings vary based on unit)
White or Buff knee breeches or overhauls (long trouser) in single fly or flap.
Buckle shoes or riding boots or stove-pipe (usually for mounted soldiers or Field Grade officers and higher)
Musket Fusil Sword Espontoon Bayonet Cartridge Box
Haversack Canteen
It is recommended that at a minimum, a haversack be carried by members participating in Color Guard and Honor Guard. This allows you to carry your personal items more comfortably. Guards should carry a cartridge box.
3 3.2 ORGANIZED MILITIA: See Appendix A figure 2
Hat-Cocked, tri-corn or round White or checkered shirt Canteen (wood)
Hunting shirt or hunting frock Long breeches (single fly or flap front) Powder Horn or Cartridge box
Shoes or moccasins Musket or Rifle Haversack
3.3 IRREGULAR MILITIA: See Appendix A figure 3
The irregular militia did not have any specific uniform. Most wore what they had and any combination of civilian and military dress. Most common was the dress of a farmer.
Hat- any variety of round, tri-corn, stocking
3.4 CIVILIAN ATTIRE: See Appendix A
Civilian attire varies widely and should be researched to determine historical accuracy. However, the most recognized civilian attire was that of the “Black Brigade.” Ministers played a large role in the fight for independence.
These are the basic uniforms/clothing worn in the Sons of the American Revolution when attending events. Do your due diligence in researching the uniform you want to wear and wear it proudly.
3.5 WEAPONS:
3.5a: Continental soldiers carried a musket (Brown Bess or Charleville). Working replicas or non-firing replicas are allowed.6 Along with this type musket, a cartridge box was carried on the right hip with the strap across the left shoulder.
3.5b: Militia carried muskets or rifles (Brown Bess, Charleville, or Pennsylvania long). Working replicas or non-firing replicas are allowed.6 Cartridge boxes or powder horns were carried by militia.
3.5c: Bayonets were carried by Continental soldiers and militia (not by those who carried a rifle).
3.5d: Swords were carried by officers and sergeants. Officers carried their scabbards hung from a belt around their waist under their coat.3 Sergeants carried theirs attached to a strap that was carried over their right shoulder on the outside of their coat.3
3.5e: Knives: Continental soldiers normally carried a pocket knife or a knife underneath his coat. Militia carried a knife on the outside of the coat and/or a hatchet.
3.5f: Espontoon or Pike: Were carried by Sergeants and junior officers.
4 4.0 COMMANDS
To maintain historical accuracy, the Alabama Society Color Guard will use the commands from the manuals of Timothy Pickering and Friedrich von Steuben. Because neither of these manuals addressed the modern Color Guard, there will be modern commands used for specific ceremonies. As addressed in section 1.0 the “guard of the colors” is not the same as the modern Color Guard.
4.1 While the above mentioned manuals from Pickering and von Steuben may appear to be three part commands, they are in fact two part commands. A preparatory command to inform the soldier what movement is to be carried out and the command of execution tells the soldier when to execute the movement. There is a pause between the preparatory command and command of execution. 4 4.2 Drum beats and/or bugle calls were used to assemble soldiers of the Continental Army. In modern drill the command “Fall in” is used.1, 3
4.3 All commands given are to be given clearly and stated using inflection of the voice so that every man can hear and understand the command given. For stationary commands the preparatory command is stretched out and the command of execution is said quick and sharp. For marching commands, the preparatory command and the command of execution are said quick and sharp.4 See Appendix B
5.0 Basic Drill for the Continental Soldier
5.1: Stationary Drill
Section 1: Unarmed
This section will cover the position of attention, left and right face, facing about, Rest, and saluting. Diagrams can be found in Appendix C.
5.1a: The position of a soldier without arms: He is to stand straight and firm upon his legs, with his head turned to the right so far as to bring the left eye over the waistcoat buttons. The heels two inches apart with the toes turned out, his belly drawn in a little but without constraint. The breast a little projected, the shoulders square to the front and kept back, the hands hanging down the sides with palms close to the thighs. This is how a soldier is to stand in formation when the call for muster or parade. Once the unit is formed the command “Attention” is given and all soldiers should maintain this position and remain silent and await the next command.1, 3 (See Appendix C, figure 1 & 2)
5.1b: Rest: The soldier may refresh himself, by moving his hands or feet but must not sit down or quit his place unless permitted.1, 3
For the following commands to be executed the soldier must be at the position of attention.
5 5.1c: “To the Right, Face:” Two motions as follows: 1. Turn briskly on both heels to the right, lifting up the toes a little, and describing the quarter of a circle (a 90 degree turn). 2. Bring back the right foot to its proper position without stamping. “To the Left, face” is executed in the opposite manner as described. 1, 3 (See App. C, figure 3)2
5.1d: “To the right about, face:” Three motions: 1. Step back with the right foot, bringing the buckle opposite the left heel, at the same time seizing the cartridge box with the right hand. 2. Turn briskly on both heels and describe a half circle (180 degree turn). 3. Bring back the right foot at the same time quitting the cartridge box.1, 3 (See App. C, figure 4)2
5.1e: “Present, arms:” One motion: Soldiers would briskly bring their right hand before their hats with the palm to the front3 (See App. C, figure 6) Officers and Sergeants would do the same except with the left hand.3 (See App. C, figure 7) This position would be held for a count of two seconds and then bring their hands down strongly and slap their pouches. Officers and Sergeants at the same time would throw down their hand to their left side.3
Section 2: Armed
5.1f: Shoulder, firelock: The left elbow not turned from the body, the firelock carried on the left shoulder at such height that the guard will be just under the left breast. The fore- finger and thumb before the swell of the butt, the flat of the butt against the hip bone and pressed so as the firelock may be felt against the left side and stand before the hollow of the shoulder, neither leaning toward the head nor from it; the barrel almost perpendicular.1, 3 (See App. C, figure 8)2
5.1f.1: “Present, arms” while armed: Three motions: 1. With your left hand turn the firelock briskly, bringing the lock to the front at the same time grasp the small of the stock with the right hand (just below the lock) keeping the musket perpendicular. 2. With a quick motion bring up the firelock from the shoulder directly before the face and grasp it with the left hand just above the lock so that the little finger may rest upon the feather spring and the thumb lie on the stock. The left hand must be of an equal height with the eyes. (See App. C, figure 9)2 3. Step briskly back with your right foot, placing it at a hand’s breadth distant from your left heel, at the same time extend your right arm downward without constraint, holding the right hand under the guard, with the fingers extended and drawing in the piece with the left hand till the barrel is perpendicular. During this motion allow the musket to slide through your left hand and instantly seize it again just below the tail-pipe.1, 3 (See App. C, figure 10)2
5.1g: “Present, arms” while armed (Officers and Sergeants): Officers and Sergeants when armed with “fuse” or “fusil” (a short barrel rifle) would carry this weapon in their right hand at the “Advance” position (App C figure 11). The advance position is the firelock down the right side with the guard between the thumb and forefinger of the right hand. The three last fingers under the cock with the barrel to the rear.3, 5 See Appendix G, figure 1 for the “Advance” positon with the sword.
6 The left hand is on the left side as normal. On the command to salute, the officers and sergeants briskly bring their left hand up, grasp the front of the hat and bring it down to their left side gracefully.3 (See appendix C, figure 12)
5.1g.2: When officers and sergeants are armed with a sword the position is the same except the sword will be held in the right hand, palm forward and the tip pointed toward the ground. The hat is removed in the same manner with the left hand.3 See Appendix C, figure 13. See Appendix E, figure 3 4 for saluting while marching.3, 4
5.1g.3: When officers and sergeants are armed with an espontoon or half pike (spear) they stand with the staff of the espontoon on the ground beside the right foot in a vertical position against the front of the right shoulder.3The right hand extended naturally with the staff between the thumb and forefinger. (This is the same position that the U.S. Army instructs the guidon staff to be held. The guidon [unit flag] staff is in the shape similar to an espontoon4). On the command to present arms, the espontoon is grasped with the right hand and simultaneously bringing the left hand across the body and grasp the staff of the espontoon; with both hands raise the staff upward and downward until the espontoon is horizontal/parallel with the ground. The staff is held in that position with the right hand with the staff under the right arm. As the left hand is lowered back to the left side, grasp the front of the hat and bring the hat down to the left side with the arm extended naturally. 3, 4 (See Appendix C, figure 14)
5.2 Marching Drills
As stated before, marching drill commands do not apply to the modern Color Guard. However, the most common command for the Color Guard will be to march in a forward direction. “To the front, March” or “Forward, March” or “Slow step, March” or “Quick step, March.”1, 3, 4 * All of these commands are referenced in the Pickering and von Steuben manuals. “Forward, March” is the only one mentioned in the current U.S. Army drill manual.4
5.2a: Within the Alabama Society, should a Chapter (s) march in a parade the Color Guard should march in a “line formation”4 or what is referred to as a “rank.”1, 3 * A “rank or line” formation is when members march side by side or shoulder to shoulder. Members marching together in a formation behind the Color Guard or elsewhere in the parade would march in a “column”4 or “file” 1, 3 formations. A column or file is when members march one behind the other. When the Continental soldiers would receive the call to form for parade or muster, a platoon or company would form in three ranks (line formation). When given the command to face to the right, they would then be in a file (column formation). This is how the Continental soldiers would march to battle. (See App. C, figure 15, 16)
5.2b: See Chapter 6 for detailed information pertaining to Color Guard.4
7 6.0 Indoor & Outdoor Ceremonies (Color Guard)
This chapter will cover Color Guard procedures and commands for indoor and outdoor ceremonies using the guidance from the current U.S. Army manual. Commands will have to be altered based on these type of ceremonies are not discussed in the Pickering and von Steuben manuals.*
A Color Guard will never consist of less than three (3) men, two guards and one U.S. Flag.4 The optimal number is four, two guards and two flag bearers. In the case where there are only three or four men, the senior member or commander will carry the U.S. Flag and give the commands throughout the ceremony. As more compatriots attend, more flags will be added rather than additional guards. If there are no additional flags available, then, additional guards may be included.
6.1: Carrying the Colors:
6.1a: Using a Harness: At the Carry, rest the ferrule of the staff in the socket of the harness. The socket is below the waist and adjusted to ensure that the finials of all Colors are of equal height. Grasp the staff with the right hand (even with the mouth) and incline it slightly to the front with the left hand securing the ferrule in the socket.4 The left hand may be positioned immediately below the right hand to more firmly secure the Colors on windy days.4 (See App. D, figure 3)4 6.1b: Without a Harness: The staff is held in the same manner as with a harness (stated above) with the left hand grasping the staff approximately six inches above the bottom of the ferrule with the left forearm about waist level. 6.1c: Indoors with low ceiling: When indoors with a low ceiling the Colors may be carried in the same manner as a “Guidon.” From the “order” position, the right arm is extended down without constraint, the right hand grasping the staff. On the preparatory command “Carry” reach across the body with the left hand (forearm horizontal) and grasping the staff. Raise the staff vertically 6 inches allowing the staff to slide through the right hand. While the staff is sliding through the right hand, release the grasp and re-grasp the staff with right thumb to the front, pointed downward and on line with the seam of the trousers. On the command of execution MARCH, return the left hand smartly to the left side and simultaneously step off.4 (See App. D, figure 4) 6.1c.1: Saluting: On the preparatory command “Present” bring the left hand across the body as described in 6.1c and grasp the staff. On the command “Arms” keep the right hand in place against the right leg and extend the left arm forward so the staff is approximately at a 45 degree angle from vertical. The U.S. Flag bearer does not extend his arm (dip the flag). On the command “Order, arms” the flags are returned to the vertical position and the left hand returned to the left side. (See App. D, figure 5) 6.2: Posting and Retiring the Colors Indoors
*The Color Guard forms outside the entrance of the dining area, auditorium, or meeting hall. The audience will be directed to stand until the Colors are posted.
6.2a: *When there is a head table the Color Guard will enter in a line formation and moves to and centered on the head table. The Commander will give the command “Colors, Halt” and “Present, Arms.” The Commander then states: “The Colors are present.” After the National
8 Anthem and/or the Pledge of Allegiance are finished, the presiding officer states “Post the Colors.” The Commander gives the command “Order, Arms; Right, Face” and then gives the command “Forward, March.” The Color Guard marches forward in a “file” to the end of the table, turns left two times to go behind the head table where the flag stands should be positioned. Once the Colors are centered on the flag stands all members begin marking time (March in place). The Commander then gives the command “Colors, Halt” and “To the Right, Face.”4 (See App. C, figure 17)4
b. Without command, all Color bearers should take one step with their left foot and place their flag in the flag stand then return their left foot on line with their right foot. Each flag bearer should then adjust the flags as needed ensuring the finial is facing toward the audience (if applicable). 4 (See Special Note Appendix, page 46)
c. The Commander then commands: “Present, Arms” (All members of the Color Guard render honors) and “Order, Arms.” He then issues the commands: “To the left, face” and “Forward, March.” 4
* d. If the flag stands are positioned on the floor and a stage is used for the head table; the Commander will have to adjust the entry and movement of the Color Guard in order to keep the U.S. Flag in the correct position.4
e. Indoors without a head table
The same procedures are conducted except: The Color Guard will face the audience4
An example diagram is located in appendix D
6.2.2: Retiring the Colors
When retiring the Colors, the exact same movements and commands are given as when posting the Colors. The exception is: When the Commander halts the Color Guard in front of the head table and gives “Present, Arms” he then states: “Sir, request permission to retire the Colors.” The host will acknowledge the request and should state, “Retire the Colors.” The Commander then gives the command “Order, Arms” and continues as previously discussed. When the Color Guard halts and faces the flags, the Commander gives the command to “Present, Arms”(All members of the Color Guard render honors) and “Order, Arms” before the flag bearers step forward with their left foot and retrieve the Colors.4
6.3 Marching 1. All marching begins with the left foot. It does not matter which preparatory command is used to begin marching, the key is that everyone begins with the left foot.4 When the preparatory
9 command is given; shift the weight of your body to your right foot without being noticed.
This allows you to immediately step without hesitation when the command “March” is given. DO NOT ANTICIPATE THE COMMAND BY LEANING FORWARD.
2. Since the Colors are to never execute an “About, face” the United States Army developed a method of turning the Color Guard 180 degrees without the Colors being in the wrong position in a line formation. This command is “Colors Reverse, March.” This can be extremely difficult to master without hours of continuous practice plus, this movement is done differently based on how many members are in the formation. So, how do we turn the Colors 180 degrees? We give the command “Left About, March.”4 (See Appendix D, figure 19) 3. The U.S. Flag bearer is the pivot man for the movement. On the command of execution, the Color sergeant marches in place and turns to the left. Other members shorten their step and slowly march in a backward movement turning in an arc keeping abreast of each other and maintaining alignment. When the movement has been completed, each man marches in place until the command HALT or Forward, MARCH is given. This movement may be executed from the HALT or while marching. This movement is only executed when marching in a line (rank) formation.4
6.4 Outdoor Ceremonies As with indoor ceremonies, it is preferred that the Color Guard march in a line (rank) 4 formation.* However, depending on the location and the set-up of the event, a file (column) formation may be better suited. There should never be a “head table” in an outdoor ceremony so the Colors will be presented facing the audience or toward the grave or monument.* Caution should be taken if the Honor Guard will be firing muskets.
6.5 How NOT to carry the Colors and Musket (See Special Notes, page 47)
7.0 Honor Guard
See Appendix C, for all diagrams pertaining to arms
As stated before, the soldiers designated to guard the Colors would not fire their muskets during battle when the Commander gave the order.3Their duty was to protect the “Colors” and only fire upon the enemy when the Ensign or the Colors were in danger of falling. The Alabama Society will therefore establish an Honor Guard. The Honor Guard will march behind the Color Guard and be positioned to fire muskets for a particular outdoor ceremony. The guards of the Colors will not fire their muskets.3, 4
The Honor Guard will be the name of the compatriots who are detailed to fire muskets for specific events/ceremonies. The U.S. Army manual states that the firing party consists of “not more than eight riflemen and not less than five*.” 4 The optimal number is seven, as only three volleys will be fired.
10 While at times we cannot muster enough members with muskets, ALSSAR will lower the minimum number of Honor Guard (musketeers) to three for certain events.
When the Honor Guard reaches their designated position the Commander may* keep them at attention at “shoulder, firelock” or give the command “order, firelocks.” This will depend on the length of time prior to firing the muskets. However, the Honor Guard will execute “present arms and order arms” when the command is given to the Color Guard. *If personnel are available, the Commander may appoint a subordinate leader to lead the Honor Guard and give the firing commands.
7.1: Firing the Muskets: (Also see Appendix J for command sequence and diagrams)
Muskets should be pre-loaded before the ceremony (powder in the flash pan and muzzle ONLY) with the musket un-cocked and the hammer stall in place.6 (See Appendix C, figure 27). This will be done at the time of the inspection just prior to marching to the actual ceremony site (minimum 30 min.).
The Honor Guard will march at “shoulder firelock” which is the left shoulder ONLY. 1, 3Once in place, facing movements should be given in order to have the Honor Guard facing the correct direction*.
a. At the time in which the Honor Guard will render “honors,” the commander will bring them to attention and give the command, “Poise, FIRELOCK.”1, 3 (see Figure 9)2 b. The commander will then give the command “Cock, Firelock.” 1. This is done by turning the barrel opposite your face and places your right thumb upon the “cock (hammer)” raising the elbow square at this motion. 2. Cock the firelock by drawing down your elbow, immediately placing your thumb on the breech pin and the fingers under the guard. 1, 3 (See Figure 212) the hammer stall should be removed as the right hand comes up to cock the musket*. c. The commander will then give the following commands “Take Aim” 1, 3(see figure23) (each member will bring the butt of the musket against the pocket of their right shoulder, place their right forefinger before the trigger and lower the barrel to a point approximately 45 degrees from the horizontal and moves the right foot backward six inches and the left toe facing to the front). “FIRE,”1, 3 (see figure 24) (squeeze the trigger quickly and immediately bring the right foot forward with the heel on line with the left heel. Raise the barrel (muzzle) up to the height of your hat with the left hand just forward of the feather spring. Place your right hand over the cock and grasp the cock with the thumb and forefinger and the back of the hand turned up.1, 3 (See App. C, figure 21, 22, 23)2
*Half-cock, firelock: In one motion by moving the elbow down toward the butt, move the cock to the half-cock position.1, 3 (See App. C, figure 21, 23, 24, 25)2
*Handle, cartridge: In one motion bring your right hand around to your cartridge box, open the flap and retrieve a cartridge and bring it shapely to your mouth. Bite off the top of the paper down to the powder.1, 3 (See App. C, figure 21, 23, 24, 25)2
11 *Prime: Shake the powder into the pan.1, 3 (See App. C, figure 21, 23, 24, 25)2
*Shut, pan: Shut the pan briskly by bringing the elbow toward the butt.1, 3 (See App. C, figure 21, 23, 24, 25)2 *the load position is described in appendix J.
* Charge with Cartridge: pour the remaining gunpowder into the muzzle.
Because NSSAR and NPS does not allow any objects to be placed into the muzzle (ball, wadding, or ramrod), the next sequence of commands will never be issued.6 (Draw, Rammer; Ram Down, Cartridge; Return, Rammer)
d. Once the musket has been fired, primed, and the pan shut the soldier assumes the “position of recover” 1, 3(See figure 26)2 without command. The commander gives the command “Take Aim” and “Fire” as previously stated.1, 3 e. After three volleys4 have been fired, the hammer stall should be placed over the pan6 and the position of recovery assumed. f. The Commander will then give the command “Shoulder, Firelock.”
This sequence is repeated until three volleys have been fired. *The commander has the option to forego the sequence after the command “Fire” but it must be understood by the Honor Guard that during the American Revolution when soldiers were in ranks facing the enemy the first rank would automatically reload their muskets 1, 3while the next ranks were being given the commands “Take Aim and Fire.” The commander would call the rank by number to take aim and fire. As a safety measure the Honor Guard should fire as one rank.6
After the last volley is fired, the Honor Guard will place the hammer stall over the frizzen and go to the position of “Recover.” The Commander will then give the command “Shoulder, firelock.”
*The commander will then give the proper commands to move the Honor Guard away from the ceremony site to a location where they will be dismissed.
NPS and NSSAR prohibit objects to be placed into the muzzle of the musket/rifle. (Gunpowder only)
8.0 Ceremony Protocol
This chapter will cover the correct protocol for veterans who attend SAR events. The reference for this chapter is Army Regulation 600-25 dated 10 September 20197 with the inclusion of Public Law 110-181 section 594.8 There are two areas that will be covered: Indoor and outdoor ceremonies.
8.1: Indoor (Active Duty and Veterans)
Colors are passing or when the National Anthem or Pledge of Allegiance: In uniform-stand at attention facing the Colors at all times. Not in uniform- stand and place the right hand over the heart (headgear
12 [hats] are not worn indoors unless under arms). Never render the hand salute in this situation.7, 8
8.2: Outdoor (Active Duty and Veterans)
Colors are passing or when the National Anthem or Pledge of Allegiance: In uniform-stand at attention facing the Colors and render the hand salute when in uniform. When Colors are passing, come to attention and salute six paces before until six paces beyond. Not in uniform- stand at attention and render the hand salute (optional) or place the right hand over the heart.
Note: When not in uniform and wearing a hat, the hand salute would be most appropriate when outdoors. If a hat is not being worn, placing the hand over the heart is more appropriate. Since headgear is not worn indoors, this will comply with AR 600-25.
Members of the Color Guard are considered “armed.” This includes the Color bearers. When under arms, headgear can be worn with exception to certain religious ceremonies.
9.0 FLAG RETIREMENT CEREMONY The following is a guide a Chapter may use for a formal Flag Retirement Ceremony. You may research other sources as there are other organizations that have written similar procedures. The primary objective is that the Flag is retired in a dignified manner. 9.1: A dignified ceremony for the proper disposal of faded, torn, or otherwise unserviceable United States flags and other flags appropriate for ceremonial disposal may be conducted by an SAR Chapter or its Flag Respect Committee or jointly with other organizations such as the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the American Legion, scout groups, and the local fire department. Such events support the SAR’s Flag Respect program.
THE REST OF THIS CHAPTER IS UNDER REVISION
13 10.0 Safety The Alabama Society will follow the safety guidelines set forth by the National Park Service 6when carrying any firearm or bladed weapon during an event. Each member who desires to fire muskets/rifles must meet the requirement listed in paragraph 10.7
10.1: Weapons a. Weapons firing demonstrations conducted are restricted to reproduction “black powder” weapons only. 6 b. Original period weapons may be used in a non-firing program or display provided they pass an inspection administered by the Commander or his designee.6 c. Projectiles shall not be fired from any type of historic black powder weapon.6 d. NOTHING will be placed into the muzzle. During reloading procedures the commands to load and use the ramrod will not be given. e. All weapons (muskets/rifles) are required to have a hammer stall, flash guard and flint cap. Spare hammer stalls and flash guards must be on hand by members of the Honor Guard.6 (See figure 27, 28, 30) (See figure 29 for attaching.) f. The ONLY objects that should be placed into the muzzle is a cork stopper to prevent water (rain) from entering into the barrel and the appropriate amount of gunpowder to fire. However, no cork is to be affixed into the muzzle during the ceremony.6 g. The Commander or his designee will be responsible for inspecting all weapons prior to being fired. Included in the inspection of the muskets/rifles, ammunition will be inspected as well. He will insure that paper cartridges are made neatly, using the proper caliber former, and also that powder loads do not exceed maximum loads.6 (para. 10.7) 10.1.1: Distancing: 6 a. No person, including demonstrators will be allowed in an area beyond the muzzle of a firing small arm unless they are located at least 25 yards to either side of the closest firearm.
b. Minimum Rear Area Distances: In areas behind the muzzle line or demonstrator(s), visitors will not be permitted closer than 5 yards from the nearest demonstrator during small arms weapon demonstrations. 10.2: Ammunition6 Only blank ammunition using potassium-nitrate based sporting grade black powder is permitted for use in historic weapons demonstrations. (See Appendix F for making cartridges) 10.3: Bladed Weapons6 a. Swords: Must be carried in a sheath when not actively engaged in a ceremony. When swords or long blades are being displayed it is preferred that the edge be dull. b. Bayonets: Bayonets will not be affixed to the musket at any time. Bayonets must be carried on a hanger securely.
14 c. Hatchets: Hatchets will be secured to an appropriate waist belt. The blade edge should be dulled or have a blade sheath attached to prevent accidents. d. Knives: Knives are to be kept in a sheath at all times and attached to a waist belt. If a display is being given, knife blades should be dulled. Pocket knives should be carried (closed) inside of the nap sack or trouser pocket. 10.4: Clothing 6 All SAR members firing historic weapons will wear natural fiber or skin, long-sleeved outer garments or full uniforms appropriate to the historical period. Polyester and/or other synthetic materials present a safety hazard when sparks are generated from firing “black powder” weapons. Under National Safety standards, clothing made from these materials is prohibited from being worn by those firing black powder weapons. Caution should also be taken by Color Guard members of the distance they may be positioned to the firing squad (Honor Guard).
10.5 Personal Protection6 All SAR members must receive documented training in the proper use and care of all personal protective equipment and wear approved hearing and eye*protection during a firing demonstration. (While all members do not wear eyeglasses and commercial eye protection does not meet historical standards, caution should be taken when firing muskets. Members firing should at a minimum close their eyes when the command “Fire” is given and the trigger is pulled.)
10.6: Visitors/Spectators: 6 See paragraph 10.1.1. a. Visitors will not be allowed to touch or handle any loaded weapon or equipment containing ammunition. b. Visitors may be permitted to touch unloaded firearms provided they are kept under physical control by the demonstrator. c. Visitors are prohibited from touching or handling any edged weapon. 10.7: Inspection Checklist: 6 See Appendix G
10.8: Requirements6
All ALSSAR members shall demonstrate competency in the use of the weapon by successfully meeting the criteria of the appropriate demonstration checklist. See Appendix G
15
APPENDIX A UNIFORMS & WEAPONS A Complete Bibliography for Research
General Information
Edward W. Richardson. Standards and Colors of the American Revolution. The University of Pennsylvania Press and the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution and Its Color Guard, 1982. This excellent publication presents a compilation of flags carried by all sides in the war. The illustrations are remarkable and the notes add to the interpretation of the material.1
Don Troiani and James L. Kochon. Insignia of Independence: Military Buttons, Accoutrement Plates, and Gorgets of the American Revolution. Thomas Publications: Gettysburg, PA, 2012.
Don Troiani, one of the foremost artists working with military history subjects, is best known for his work on the American Civil War. This work lives up to the high standards he set in his earlier work. The useful illustrations include many photographs and diagrams. Four paragraphs deal with Spanish military buttons.
Don Troiani (art) and James L. Kochan (text). Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution. Stackpole Books: Guilford, CT., 2017. This recent edition provides more of the same information as the previous book. The illustrations are superb as are the explanations.
Harold L. Peterson. The Book of the Continental Soldier. The Stackpole Company: Harrisburg, PA., 1968. Peterson’s book is essential to understanding even the smallest detail in the life of the American Continental soldier at war. Everything from bottles to buckets and firearms is covered.
Uniforms
Philip Katcher. Uniforms of the Continental Army. George Shumway, Publisher: York, Pa., 1981.
Katcher one of the leaders in the move to educate the living history community to the value of authentic clothing, wrote this volume as the Bicentennial ended. He presents a scholarly view of uniform regulations for each state with wit and great style. Though there are few illustrations, this book pairs well with its illustrated brethren.
Robert L. Klinger and Richard A. Wilder. Sketchbook 76: The American Soldier, 1775-1781, A Detailed Collection of Sketches, Notes, and Patterns. Pioneer Press (reprint): Union City, TN., 1974. Originally published in 1967, this handy book did more to advance authenticity in clothing than anything before it! The research used uniform parts from the Revolution. A formula for making patterns appears useful and complete. 16
1 Spanish flags are not illustrated in this volume which remains its only weakness. At the time the Sons of the Revolution published the book, little knowledge or interest in Spanish participation in the global conflict existed. John Mollo and Malcolm McGregor. Uniforms of the American Revolution. Blandford Press: Poole, Dorset (U.K.), 1975. This compact volume possesses a lot of value as a guide to the uniform colors. Continental, British, French and German uniforms are portrayed. Colors carried by all sides and styles of British lace (worn to reinforce button holes) make up the rest of the book.
Colonel John R. Elting, ed. Military Uniforms in America: The Era of the American Revolution (Vol. 1: Military Uniforms in America) 1755-1795. Presidio Press: San Rafael, CA, 1974. Produced by distinguished scholars of the Company of Military Historians, this essential volume chronicles the evolution of American uniforms in a series of plates followed by descriptions.
Stuart Reid & Marko Zlatich. Soldiers of the Revolutionary War. Osprey Publishing: Botley, Oxford (U.K.), 2002. Osprey, for a number of years, possessed a poor reputation among historians. That changed in the 1980s when the company began citing sources and using contemporary illustrations along with modern prints. This book folds five of the company’s regular publications into a fine hard backed volume.
Rene Chartrand and Francis Back. The French Army in the American War for Independence. Osprey Publishing: London, 1991.
This fine publication begins with an easy to understand chronology of French involvement in the American Revolution. The superb illustrations are matched by the fine writing and the contemporary drawings. Of particular interest to members of the Germany Society are illustrations of soldiers and the flag of the Regiment Deux-Ponts.
Rene Chartrand and David Rickman. The Spanish Army in North America: 1700-1793. Osprey Publishing: London, 2011. This useful volume includes illustrations of the Spanish forces which fought along the Gulf Coast.
Weapons
Anthony D. Darling. Red Coat and Brown Bess. Museum Restoration Service: Ottawa, Ontario, 1970.
Darling’s history of the three “Land Pattern Muskets” describes, in vivid detail, each of the models. By the American Revolution, the Short Land Pattern Musket with a 42 inch barrel was the standard issue. Through captures and even by purchase, this Second Land Pattern proved to be heavily favored by Americans throughout the war.
Erik Goldstein. The Socket Bayonet in the British Army, 1687-1783. Mowbray Publishers: Lincoln, Rhode Island, 2000. This elegant book with its illustrations traces the evolution of the bayonet from the simple “plug” of the 17th and early 18th Centuries to the triangular bladed socket which arrived after 1705. Since the “plug” bayonet fit into the musket barrel, the piece could not be fired. The socket bayonet fixed that problem. Goldstein’s research found that between 1778 and 1783, 211,796 bayonets were issued. A guide to proof markings on bayonets provides a handy guide to manufacturers and points of issue.
17 Harold L. Peterson. Arms and Armor in Colonial America, 1526-1783. Bramhall House: New York, 1956.
Though issued 64 years ago, Peterson’s treatment remains fresh and valuable. It surveys firearms, edged weapons, accoutrements and even the caltrop.
George C. Neuman. Swords and Blades of the American Revolution. Harrisburg, PA.: Stackpole Books, 1973. This book presents a comprehensive study of weapons possessing a blade. The nomenclature summary at the back describes the technical terms of each part of a variety of weapons. George Woodbridge’s illustrations add to the text by demonstrating how the weapons were carried and used in combat.
Warren Moore. Weapons of the American Revolution. Funk and Wagnalls: New York, 1967.
Moore, an engineer, became interested in antique arms in his childhood. Each section on weapons type features a fine illustration of nomenclature. For instance, the section on firearms begins with an illustration of loading and handling muskets and pistols. The book ends with a long chapter on soldier’s gear: canteens, helmets, stirrups, and cooking items.
The Navy and Marines
(Since few, if any, uniformed Continentals or militia served in what is now Alabama, it might be desirable for a color guard impression to focus on the sailors or marines who served under Spanish Command in the Mobile and Pensacola Campaigns.)
Jack Coggins. Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution: Vessels, Crews, Weapons, Gear, Naval Tactics, and Actions of the War for Independence. Stackpole Books: Harrisburg, PA.: 1969.
Coggins’ book originally appealed to young readers but the scholarship, good writing and excellent illustrations caused it to be valued by historians and museum personnel. Everything from ‘tacking’ to securing artillery to types of vessels is explained.
Charles R. Smith. Marines in the revolution: A History of the Continental Marines in the American Revolution, 1775-1783. Washington: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1975.
This comprehensive illustrated history presents the global history of the Marine Corps in the Revolution. Marines served from the English Chanel to the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and in the Spanish Gulf Coast Campaign. The illustrations by Major Charles Waterhouse supplement the text and contribute understanding to the contribution of the Marine Corps to the United States.
18
Figure 1 Figure 2 Continental Soldier
19
Figure 3
20 Appendix B COMMANDS
The three elements of Command Voice: Snap, Tone, Cadence 4
Commands written in the Pickering and von Steuben manuals
Attention Take aim
Present, Arms Fire
Order, Arms Advance, Firelock
To the Left/Right, Face To the front, March
To the right about, Face Forward, March
To the Left/Right, Dress Note: Preparatory commands are stretched out while
Shoulder, Firelock execution commands are said quick and hard.
Poise, Firelock
Cock, Firelock
21
APPENDIX C BASIC DRILL
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 5
Figure 3
Figure 4
22 Figure 7 Figure 6
Figure 8 Side view figure 8
23 Figure 9 Figure 10
Figure 113, 5 (Advance Position) Figure 12
24 Figure 13
Figures 14 3
25 Line Formation Figure 15 -or-
Rank
Column Formation
Figure 16 -or-
File
Figure 17 4
26 See Appendix D for figure 19
Figure 20 Figure 21
Figure 23
27 Figure 24 Figure 25
Figure 26 (Recover) Figure 27
Hammer Stall (Mandatory Item)
Figure 28
Flash Guard (Mandatory Item)
28 Figure 29
Flash Guard attached
Flint Cap. Can be made of leather or lead. Mandatory item
Figure 30
29 APPENDIX D COLOR GUARD 4
Side view Figure 1 Figure 2
Flag Bearers at the “order” position Flag Bearers at the “Salute” position
POSITION OF THE COLORS AT THE CARRY USING A FLAG HARNESS4 At the Carry, rest the ferrule of the staff in the socket of the sling. The socket is below the waist and adjusted to ensure that the finials of all Colors are of equal height. Grasp the staff with the right hand (even with the mouth) and incline it slightly to the front with the left hand securing the ferrule in the socket. The left hand may be positioned immediately below the right hand to more firmly secure the Colors on windy days.
Figure 3 30 Side view figure 3 1 2 3 Figure 4 The “Carry” position when indoors with a low ceiling.
Figure 5
31 Figure 19
Left About, March
When marching, this command is called on the left foot
U.S. Flag
Other Flag
Guard
32
APPENDIX E SWORD
Continental Soldier
Figure 1 Figure 2 This is the “Carry” position The sword is carried at the Advance or the “Advance” position3, 4 position when marching3, 4 The Officer (NCO) is at the Position of Attention. While marching, the saber (sword) is carried with The sword is held in the right hand; the the inner blade edge riding in a vertical position wrist is as straight as possible with the along the forward tip of the right shoulder. thumb along the seam of the trouser leg. The point of the blade rests inside the point of the shoulder and not along the arm. The saber (sword) is held in this position by the thumb and forefinger grasping the grip, and it is steadied with the second finger behind the grip .
Figure 3 3, 4, 5 33 APPENDIX F CARTRIDGE
How to make an 18th Century Cartridge6
BLANK CARTRIDGE MANUFACTURE BRITISH STYLE
MATERIALS NEEDED
1. Paper cut to specific dimensions (indicated in illustration). The paper should be light, strong, and able to be folded or twisted without being easily torn. 40 lb. Kraft paper is fine, and can be obtained locally.
Figure 1
2. Scissors or paper cutter. 3. Former: A six-inch wooden dowel slightly smaller than the bore of the weapon. If you are going to make cartridges with a ball, one end of the former should be slightly concave to fit the ball.
34 4. Powder measure & FFg Black Powder PROCEDURE 1. Using scissors or paper cutter, cut cartridge paper into proper shape, as indicated in the pattern shown above. (Figure 1) 2. Keeping point “a” in the upper left hand corner, place the former on “b-c” portion of cartridge, leaving at least one inch distance between the cupped end of the former and point “b”. (Figure 2) 3. Roll the paper all the way around the former by rolling the former away from you, bringing the paper around with it. (Figure 3) 4. Twist the rolled cartridge end in the same direction as you rolled it. It must be twisted tight enough to form a seal without leaking any powder, but not so tight that the paper is torn. (Figure 4) 5. Remove former and using powder measure, pour proper amount of powder in cartridge. 6. Twist the top of the cartridge in the same direction of the roll, again twisting tight enough to seal cartridge. (Figure 5)
35
Appendix F
Figure 2
Wooden Dowel
Appendix F
Figure 3
36
Appendix F
Figure 4
Figure 5
37
APPENDIX G Inspection Checklist 6
**Special features not found on all weapons
Before:
___ The weapon is confirmed to be unloaded by springing the rammer
___ Your overall first impression is favorable
The Stock:
___ No cracks or splits
___Butt plate, trigger guard, etc. fit tightly
___ No burrs on butt plate, trigger guard or barrel band screw head that would snag
___ No burrs around the top of the lock The Barrel:
___ No splinters or rough edges on the stock ___ The barrel fits the stock correctly
___ Do any barrel band springs work smoothly ___ Free from visible dents or cracks
___** If pin fastened—all pins tight and in place ___ The muzzle is not dented or worn
___Any ramrod spring or spoon works freely ___ No signs of heavy corrosion around the vent
___ Two piece stocks have sections secured ___ ** The barrel bands hold the barrel securely
The Lock ___ The ramrod is straight, fits the stock correctly
___ Lock works smoothly ___ The ramrod head is tight on the ramrod
___ The hammer fits tightly on the tumbler ___The ramrod threads are clean and free of burrs
___The half-cock (safety) position works correctly
___ Smooth trigger pull with no catching or half-cock
___ Correct trigger pull- not too heave, not “hair” trigger
___ Lock fits properly into the stock and snug against the barrel
___ **If a set trigger, it is properly adjusted
___ The cock screw works smoothly, jaws grip flint securely
___The frizzen spring is of the right tension
___ The frizzen is in good condition and not gouged
___ The pan is clean and in proper relationship to the vent
___ The flint is in good condition and set at correct angle
___ There is a leather or lead flint cap 38 MISFIRE PROCEDURES 6
Misfire categories:
Level I misfire is defined as a misfire that can be cleared in place and the demonstration can continue.
Level II misfire is defined as a misfire that cannot be cleared in place without disrupting the demonstration. Special equipment is needed to render the weapon safe.
Causes of misfires:
Improperly cleaned firearm: If a firearm is not properly cleaned after use, residue hardens and causes rust and corrosion begins. The buildup of this fouling will cause the vent to become obstructed.
Excessive oil may pool in the breech and obstruct the vent or dampen the powder.
Improperly sized flint: If the flint is too large it can prevent the pan from closing tightly allowing the powder to spill out while handling the weapon.
Improper flint position: The flint must be placed in the jaws so it will make good contact with the steel.
Improper loading procedures: The powder charge is not properly seated under the vent. Once fire has been introduced to the bore, do not re-ram the charge!
LEVEL I MISFIRE
Failure to Spark:
1. Remain at the position of “Take aim.” Count to 10 If the powder does not ignite, raise your right hand while keeping the muzzle pointed down range. 2. Commander informs the audience of the misfire 3. Return to the “prime” position and half-cock the weapon 4. Checking the priming and flint. If working with the flint, attach the hammer stall and dump the powder. 5. Re-prime if necessary and continue 6. After three attempts, bring the weapon to the “prime” position while keeping the muzzle pointed in a safe direction. Once visitors are dismissed, move the weapon to a safe location and conduct level II procedures.
39 PROFICIENCY EXAM 6
Each member will be required to demonstrate the following commands/movements as prescribed by the National Park Service. ** Indicates those movements that will not be executed when the ALSSAR Honor Guard fires weapons during ceremonies.
Firing Motions Handling Motions
Recover, firelock Order, firelock
Handle, cartridge ** Ground, firelock**
Prime Take-up, firelock**
Shut, pan Secure, firelock**
Charge with cartridge** Fix, bayonet**
Draw, rammer** Charge, bayonet**
Ram down, cartridge** Unfix, bayonet**
Return, rammer** Advance, firelock
Shoulder, firelock Support, arms**
Poise, firelock Trail, arms**
Take aim Inspection, arms**
Fire
*Half-cock, firelock
40
TABLE OF MAXIMUM LOADS 6
National Park Service
Weapon Caliber Max Blank Charge
“Brown Bess” Musket .75 125 grains Ffg
Charleville Musket .69 125 grains Ffg
American Musket .69 125 grains Ffg
Kentucky/Pennsylvania Rifle Variable 90 grains Ffg
Note: These are the max loads for firing the weapons not for “Priming” the flash pan.
41 APPENDIX H WHERE TO PURCHASE ITEMS
Company Name State Web site Primary Item(s)
Avalon Forge MD www.avalonforge.com Bakertown Sutlers WV bakertownsutlers.com Bethlehem Trading Post NH bethlehemtradingpost.com Black Powder 411 blackpowder411.com Informational links Burnley & Trowbridge Co. VA burnleyandtrowbridge.com C&D Jarnagin Co. MS jarnaginco.com All items Clearwater Hats AR clearwaterhats.com/early-american Hats
Cobb Creek Fine Clothing MD www.cobbcreek.com/clothing Clothing
Dixie Gun Works www.dixiegunworks.com Muskets Flintlock Etc. VA flintlocksetc.com Flintlock Rifles
Fort Downing Trading Co. FL www.fortdowning.com Fort Vause Outfitters VA fortvauseoutfitters.com
Fugawee FL www.fugawee.com Footwear G. Gedney Godwin PA gggodwin-com.3dcartstores.com
H&B Forge OH www.hbforge.com
International Guns www.gunsinternational.com Guns for sale
Joe's Leather Works, LLC MI www.joesleatherworks.com Leather goods
Just 2 Tailors FL www.just2tailors.com Clothing
Katydid Costumes AL [email protected]
Livonia Smithery NY www.livoniasmithery.com
Loyalist Arms & Repairs CAN www.loyalistarms.freeservers.com Weapons
Military Heritage CAN www.militaryheritage.com
My Flintlocks, LLC IN www.facebook.com/FlintlocksLLC Flintlock Rifles
Panther Primitives WV www.pantherprimitives.com Canvas Tents
Samson Historical IN www.samsonhistorical.com Smiling Fox Forge OH smilingfoxforge.com
Smoke & Fire Store OH www.smoke-fire.com
Spring Valley Lodges IL www.springvalleylodges.com St. Augustine Textiles staugustinetextiles.com Clothing
The Possible Shop www.possibleshop.com Variety
The Quartermaster General OH www.thequartermastergeneral.com
Townsends IN www.townsends.us All items
Track of the Wolf MN www.trackofthewolf.com Weapons
Turkey Foot Trading Co. MO www.turkeyfootllc.com Williams Flintlocks WV williamsflintlocks.com Flintlock Rifles
Warriors Trail AR www.warriorstrail.com Hats
42 SPECIAL NOTES Reference #5 Exerts From: The Washington Papers General Orders, 9 June 1776 General Orders Head Quarters, New-York, June 9th 1776. It is strongly recommended, to the officers of the different regiments, to practice the Salute with the Fusee,1 and to fall upon a method of being uniform therein; so as that all may acquire one and the same mode: And The General desires, that when the line is turned out at any encampment, all the officers keep their arms advanced, and salute only by taking off their hats, until they have attained a more correct method of saluting with their arms.
General Orders, 16 June 1777 General Orders Head-Quarters, Middle-Brook, June 16th 1777 For the sake of regularity, ’till a more eligible mode shall be pointed out—officers are to salute in the following manner only. For a standing salute, they are to order their fusees, and take off their hats gracefully, bringing the arm down close to the left side, until the person saluted passes. For a marching salute, they are to trail their fusees, and take off their hats as in the foregoing—In both cases, ’tis supposed they have their fusees rested on their left arms; from which they perform the order or trail, the first in three, and the last in two motions; and afterwards return their fusees, to the same position— In the order, they hold out their fusees, in a line with themselves, with an easy extended arm. Note: A “fusee” or “fusil” is a shorter barrel musket sometimes used by Officers and Sergeants.
General Orders, 14 July 1777 General Orders Head Quarters, at Van Aulen’s [N.J.] July 14th 1777.1 On a march neither officer, nor soldier, is to pay a salute, or pull of the hatt to the Commander in Chief, or other officer passing by.
General Orders, 15 July 1777 General Orders Head Quarters, Clove [N.Y.] July 15th 17771 It was yesterday directed in General Orders, that neither officer nor soldier should pay a salute, or pull of the hat to the Commander in Chief, or other officer passing by; and the total disregard of the order, is a proof; how little pains officers take to acquaint either themselves, or their men, with the orders of the day—other orders issued the 4th
43 General Orders, 8 August 1777 General Orders Head-Quarters, Roxboro’—August 8th 1777. “When the General comes in front of the Brigade the Exercising Officer will give a signal for salutes by dropping his sword, at which time the Drums are to beat, and the Officers as the General passes along towards the right to salute in the manner directed by His Excellency the 16th of June, viz. the Captains and subalterns standing with their Fusees over their left arms, are to bring them to an order and take off their hats, carefully bring their arms down close to their left until the General passes, when they return to their former position. The Field Officers are to salute by dropping the points of their swords, which are to be drawn. All the officers and soldiers are to face as the General goes round the flanks of the Brigades, and when he comes again in the centre of the front, a General Salute is to be performed by a signal as before. DRILL
As mentioned in the NSSAR Color Guard manual: “members bring their own experiences in drill from band, boy scouts, etcetera.” We are an organization that descends from the military (Army). While experiences in scouting and marching bands help in the training process, all members who wish to participate in Color/Honor Guard should apply themselves to learn the very simple and basic movements and commands.
There is a basic rule for commands when marching: All commands are called on the right foot except for when you are making a movement to the left. This is an “unwritten” rule but when you read through TC 3-21.5 (U.S. Army Drill & Ceremonies Manual) as it explains every marching movement it gives which foot the commands are called.
6.2b: To ensure that the flag bearers are in unison, when the flag bearers face to the right, the Commander can give the command “Post” (flag bearers step forward with the left foot and hold the staff above the hole of the flag stand) and then “Colors” (simultaneously, all staffs are dropped into the flag stands at the same time [making one sound as staffs hit the bottom and not the domino effect] which makes the entire ceremony more professional.) These slight pauses and commands is a teaching method that is used to help beginners with Color Guard.
44 HOW NOT TO CARRY COLORS and MUSKETS
1 2 3 4
1. When stationary or marching, if the flag is carried with the right hand away from the face, it gives the appearance that the flag is being “dipped.” 2. When carried indoors with a low ceiling if the flag is carried in this manner it gives the impression that you are “going fishing.” How respectful is this? 3. This is how a rifle is carried at right shoulder arms in the modern drill manual. Muskets were not carried on the right shoulder in the 18th Century therefore this is an incorrect carry position for the musket. 4. As noted in Appendix D, figure 3, this is the correct carry position since harnesses are seldom used in SAR.
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APPENDIX J Sequence of commands for firing the musket/rifle
The Honor Guard should be left or placed in one of these two positions upon arrival at the ceremony site. The “Rest” position may be given but they must be called to the position of attention before any honors can be given such as saluting or firing the musket/rifle.
Figure 1-B Figure 1-A
Shoulder firelock position Order firelock position
Figure 2
Poise, Firelock
46 Figure 3
1 2
Cock, Firelock (two motions) Remove the hammer stall after step 2
Figure 4
Take aim
47 Figure 5
Fire!
Figure 6
Half-cock position
Figure 6-A
Front view of Half-cock position
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Figure 7
Handle, cartridge
Figure 8
Prime
49 Figure 10 Shut, pan Figure 9
Rotate the musket in front of the body with the left hand while lowering the muzzle to the height of the chin. (This is the load position)
Figure 11
Pour the remaining powder into the muzzle. (This is when the command “Load” and “Remove ramrod” etc. would be given. ALSSAR will never execute these commands. We will follow the safety quidelines in the National Park Service policies.) While these diagrams do not dipict so, the butt of the musket should be placed on the ground near the left toe.
50 Recover position From here the commands are repeated. Cock, firelock; Take aim; Fire! Once the final volley is fired, all members assume this position after placing the hammer stall over the steel.
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