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Senior Design 1 Senior Design 1 Project Documentation The Smart Digital Voltmeter Sponsored by Commercial Lighting Enterprises Incorporated Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Central Florida Dr. Lei Wei December 6, 2016 Group 19 William Brumby Electrical Engineering [email protected] Gaston Mulisanga Computer Engineering [email protected] Travis Ram Computer Engineering [email protected] Vladimir Tsarkov Electrical Engineering [email protected] Table of Contents Page 1. Executive Summary………………………………………………………………...1 2. Product Description………………………………………………………………....3 2.1 Motivation…………………………………………………………………...3 2.2 Goals and Objectives……………………………………………………...3 2.3 Requirements Specifications……………………………………………..4 2.4 Quality of House Analysis………………………………………………...6 Table 2.1: House of Quality Trade-Off Table…………………….…..6 3. Research……………………………………………………………………………..8 3.1 Technological Foundation………………………………………………...8 3.2 Existing Digital Voltmeter Projects and Products………………………8 Figure 3.1: T.K. Hareendran’s Project……...…………….…………10 Figure 3.2: Mayoogh Girish’s Project……………….....…………....10 3.2.1 Different Types of Voltmeters………………………………….11 3.3 Voltmeter Measurement Technologies………………………………....17 Figure 3.3: Selector switch (independent ranges).........................19 Figure 3.4: Selector switch (dependent ranges)............................19 3.4 Safety Hazards and Protective Measures……………………………...20 Figure 3.5: Good vs Bad Fuses………………....…………………..22 3.5 Strategic Components and Part Selections…………………………....26 3.5.1 Processors and Operation Principles………………………...27 3.5.2 Wireless Transmission………………………………………....31 Table 3.1: Short-Range Wireless Communication Comparison.....38 3.5.3 Smartphone Operating System…………………………….....41 3.5.4 Digital Display………………………………………………......43 3.5.5 Diodes and Power Supply……………………………………..45 3.5.6 Safety Components………………………………………….....50 3.5.7 Electrical Measurement Components………………………...50 Table 3.2: Resistor Divider Network Values………….....…..52 Figure 3.6: Range Selector Switch……………....……….....53 3.5.8 Test Leads…………………………………………………….....55 3.6 Parts Selection Summary………………………………………………...56 Figure 3.7: Parts…………………….……………………………..…..59 4. Standards and Realistic Design Constraints………………………...................60 4.1 Standards……………………………………………………………….....60 4.1.1 Hardware Standards…………………………………………....60 Table 4.1: Transient test Values for measurement categories..…..63 Figure 4.1: Bluetooth® Core Protocols………….…………………..67 Table 4.2: ROHS Restrictions………………….………………….....69 Table 4.3: ROHS Categories………………………….……………...70 4.1.2 Software Standards………………………………………….....70 4.1.3 Impact of Standards…………………………………………....71 4.2 Realistic Hardware/Application Design Constraints……………….….71 4.2.1 Microcontroller Constraints…………………………………....72 Figure 4.2: Example of sampling frequency (voltage vs time).......73 Figure 4.3: Analog-to-Digital Converter………………..…………...74 4.2.2 Economic and Time Constraints………………………….......77 4.2.3 Environmental, Social, and Political Constraints…………....77 4.2.4 Ethical, Health, and Safety Constraints……………………...78 4.2.5 Manufacturability and Sustainability Constraints……………78 5. Hardware and Software Design Details………………………………………....80 5.1 Initial Design Architecture………………………………………………..80 5.2 Initial Voltmeter Design…………………………………………………..80 5.2.1 Breadboard Testing………………………………………….....81 5.2.2 Issues and Corrective Measures……………………………...81 5.3 Updated Hardware Design……………………………………………....83 Figure 5.1: Updated Design Schematic Layout………………..…..84 5.3.1 Discovered Issues……………………………………………...85 5.4 Final Hardware Design…………………………………………………..86 5.5 Application and Final Microcontroller Design………………………….91 5.5.1 Application…………………………………………………...….91 Figure 5.2: Final Software Design Tree……………….........93 5.5.2 Microcontroller………………………………………………......93 Figure 5.3: Conceptual Flow of the Program...………….....94 Figure 5.4: Code Design FlowChart………...……………....96 5.6 Summary of Application and Microcontroller Design 6. Prototype Construction and Schematics 6.1 Breadboard Prototype Construction Plan 4pgs Figure 6.1: Prototype Construction - Step One Figure 6.2: Prototype Construction - Step Two Figure 6.3: Prototype Construction - Step Three Figure 6.4: Prototype Construction - Step Four Figure 6.5: Prototype Construction - Step Five Figure 6.6: Prototype Construction - Final Schematic 6.2 PCB Vendor and Assembly 4pgs 7. Prototype Testing Plan 7.1 Hardware Test Environment 3pgs 7.2 Individual Component Testing 3pgs 7.2.1 Resistors, capacitors, test leads and switches Table 7.1: Resistor Testing Table 7.2: Capacitor Values 7.2.2 Safety Components Figure 7.1: Varistor Testing Power Supply 7.2.3 Battery and voltage regulator Figure 7.2: Power Supply Circuit 7.2.4 Diodes Figure 7.3: Diode Test Circuit Figure 7.4: Diode Test Simulation 7.2.5 MCU and Crystal Figure 7.5: Crystal Oscillator Connection 7.2.6 LCD and Bluetooth® Module Figure 7.6: LCD and Bluetooth® Implementation 7.3 Breadboard and PCB Test Procedure 7.4 Software Test Environment 2pgs 7.5 Software Specific Testing 2pgs 8. Administrative Content 8.1 Milestone Discussion 4pgs Table 8.1: Project Milestones 8.2 Budget and Finance Discussion 4pgs 8.3 Sponsor Information Table 8.2: Bill of Materials Table 8.3: Software Budget 9. Product Operation 9.1 Using the Smartphone Application 9.2 Taking Voltage Measurements 9.2.1 Setup 9.2.2 DC Measurement 9.2.3 AC Measurement 9.3 Troubleshooting 9.3.1 LEDs and Display 9.3.2 Incorrect Measurements 9.3.3 Application Issues 10. Project Summary Appendix A - Works Cited 1 Executive Summary A digital voltmeter is a tool which is used to measure either AC or DC voltage for a large range, usually from millivolts all the way up to kilovolts, depending on the product. Using two conductive probes attached to specified input jacks, the user can complete the circuit within the voltmeter itself by placing the probes in the desired location of the circuit under inspection. From the probes, an analog signal is passed through various safety components and circuitry in order to feed an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). This digital signal is now fed into a processor which computes and displays the data via LED or LCD display, depending on the model. The device generally has two input jacks, one for the positive lead and one for the negative lead which is the common ground to the supportive circuitry. The largest divide between modern digital voltmeters is whether the device is manual or auto-ranging, i.e. whether the processor can realize the range of value you are attempting to measure and select the correct path the signal must follow to be read correctly. Parameters such as these are detrimental in determining the direction in which our voltmeter design will progress. The goal of this project is to develop a lightweight and compact digital voltmeter which wirelessly transmits data and measurements to an accompanied smartphone application. The data to be collected and measured by the meter will be both AC and DC voltage. The final product should provide an ease of use far greater than the current voltmeter technology where the user can record values to observe later. This voltmeter should be a low power device that can run for many hours (around 200 hours) so when the the product is used in the field there is no concern of battery life. The user will be able to control settings such as sampling rates and measurement ranges via the application. The device will also include a small traditional display for times when smartphone access is inconvenient or unavailable. The smartphone application will allow users to view measurements over time and automatically generate plots of the data as desired. This product is designed for engineers, electricians, hobbyists, and general household usage. Although most users prefer digital multimeters, devices that can measure several different electrical and physical parameters in a single package, some users only need to measure voltage in specific applications and want a device with high level accuracy and precision. We will be fully designing and creating a device that will precisely carry out these operations and present the data in a method not previously done before. The advantage to our device is the ability to record, access, and view these measurements via a smartphone application. The Smart Digital Voltmeter will give users the ability to record the data hands-free and save it automatically for later evaluation. Having the ability to control precisely what you desire to measure for any range is the reason our device, despite its limited functions, is far more beneficial to the average user. The device will conform to all safety and communication standards and constraints as defined in section 4. It should be noted that even though our product will conform to the safety standards (Category rating), we do not have the time nor money to obtain actual safety certifications. 2 Product Description 2.1 Motivation As electrical and computer engineering students, our team has used voltmeters on countless occasions for lab work, as general electronic hobbyists, or at our real jobs. What we have all encountered and can all agree on when taking measurements is the inconvenience in logging data. Traditionally, measurements that are taken are able to be read by the user via the LCD or LED display on the device itself. The downfall to this outdated design is recording this information, due to the fact that when the probes are removed, the data disappears.
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