Dynamics of Social Exclusion Thesis
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BHADOHI CARPET INDUSTRY: DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN SOCIOLOGY BY ASFIYA KARIMI UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. ABDUL MATIN DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2016 The work is dedicated to my Loving MOM and DAD who always encourage me to follow my dreams Acknowledgement It’s been a long road, of journey there are so many people to whom thanks I extend. First and foremost is a well-deserved thanks to my supervisor Prof. Abdul Matin Chairperson of the department of Sociology. He not only like a mentor but as a critic has crystallized me. He had involved me in several activities that helped me in shaping my personality. I can never forget his care and affection. I had been in a real pinch! Great mentorship, so approachable, good advice is his game. His debt on me will never be paid. I am extremely grateful to the UGC, for granting me the fellowship that really helped me to devote my energies fully into research work. It is a pleasure to express my gratitude wholeheartedly to the Library of Indian Institute of Economic Growth and Ratan Tata Library in Delhi University and Central library of BHU and JNU for allowing me to access their resources. I wish to thanks the staff of Maulana Azad Library of AMU for their cooperative assistance during my studies. I would also like to thank Ibne Hasan our seminar librarian of Sociology for providing the required material and also the seminar library of Commerce, History and Economics department of AMU for providing me the required material during my research work. Alongwith alL this, I would like to acknowledge my deepest sense of gratitude and fondness for my loving Mummy and Papa who have always lovingly and unflinchingly supported me, emotionally and psychologically all through my life in all ups and downs. I really cannot thank them enough, ever. I am further grateful to my Papa for helping me in the field which otherwise would have been extremely difficult. Expressions and my emotions fail to find words to highlight the role of my brothers I have no words to express my thanks to Amir Faisal, Shahzada Fahad and Abu Rafey for their role behind my success whenever required on my first call for their being with me always and forever. It is a pleasure to convey my gratitude to my Sister i in Law Nazia and Subia for their care and love. The love and the thought of my nephew Abu Baqr, Abu Zar and Mohammad Umar that always brought smile on my face. I would like to give special mention to Dr. Syed Nadeem Fatmi and Dr. Sadaf Nasir for their valuable suggestion. I am further grateful to Prof. V. K. Srivastava, Prof. E. Haq, Prof. P.C Joshi, Prof. N. Kumar and Prof. Ajit K. Pandey for their suggestions during their visit to our department. I am also tkankful to all my teachers of the department for their help in numerous ways. Dr. Tabrez and Dr. Swalehin for their kindness and support in many ways. All the respondents who cooperated with me, and were instrumental, in the collection of data which forms the basis of my research study. I am grateful to my friend Sadaf for preparing the map incorporated in my thesis. I also thank my friend Shama, Salma for being there with me whenever needed. I also like to thank my roommate and others Nausheen, Bushra, Sufia, Saira, Shuby, Farhat Apa, Daraksha Apa and khushboo Apa for their support. Asfiya Karimi ii TABLE OF CONTENT Page No. Acknowledgement i - ii List of Map and Tables iii – iv Abbreviations v 1. INTRODUCTION 1-21 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Research Questions 1.3: Rational for the Study 1.4: Research Design 1.5: Theoretical Framework 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 22-55 2.1: Concept and Meaning of Social Exclusion 2.2: Globalization and Social Exclusion 2.3: Caste and Social Exclusion 2.4: Technology and Social Exclusion 2.5: Reduction in Employment in Primary / Secondary Sectors: World / India / U.P data 3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BHADOHI CARPET INDUSTRY 56-73 3.1: General Background of Bhadohi 3.2: History of Carpet Industry in Bhadohi 3.3: Area under Study, Sample Areas of the Study 3.4: Types and Features of Some of the Carpets 3.5: Manufacturing Processes 4. FIELD STUDY 74-144 4.1: Carpet Industry of Bhadohi: An Overview 4.1.1: Classification of Exporter, Nakshakar, Rangsaaz, Contractor, Weaver: Nature of Work and Technological Perspective 4.1.2: Production System of Carpets can be Viewed into Two Ways 4.1.3: Local Level Network of Carpet Production 4.1.4: Changing Status as Skilled Malik and Skilled Mazdoor 4.1.5: Changes from Traditional to Contemporary Technology 4.2: Preliminary Field Visit 4.3: Primary Data on Bhadohi Carpet Industry 4.3.1: Tables 4.3.2: Case Studies and FGDs on Primary Data 4.4: Discussion on Case Studies and FGDs 5. CONCLUSION 145-152 REFERENCES 153-161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 162-167 GLOSSARY 168-174 APPENDICES 175-214 Appendix A Local Level Carpet Export Network Appendix B Production inside the premise Appendix C Steps in Carpet Production Appendix D Comparison between Traditional and Contemporary Appendix E Schedule Appendix F Tables Generated During Field Study Appendix G Details for Identified Cluster Appendix H Encounters & Experiences Appendix I Photographs LIST OF MAP AND TABLES Map/Tables Title Page No. No. Map 1.1 Bhadohi District Map Showing Study Area (Red and 1 Green Dots) Table 2.5.1 Main Workers: A Comparison 54 Table 2.5.2 Marginal Workers: A Comparison 55 Table 3.2.1 Table of Registered Unit 61 Table 3.2.2 Table of Registered Unit Year-wise 62 Table 3.3.1 Total Population Male/Female 64 Table 3.5.1 Local Terminology for Colour 70 Table 3.5.2 Local Terminology for Finishing 72 Table 4.3.1.1 Percent Caste / Religion Wise Occupation 89 Table 4.3.1.2 Percent Caste wise Different Categories 90 Table 4.3.1.3 Percent Occupation Wise Effect of Globalization 91 Table 4.3.1.4 Percent Religion/Caste Wise Effect of Globalization 92 Table 4.3.1.5 Percent Occupation wise Response toward 1996 as 93 Recession Table 4.3.1.6 Percent Religion/Caste wise Response toward 1996 as 94 Recession Table 4.3.1.7 Percent Occupation wise Response for Adverse Effect 95 of Recession Table 4.3.1.8 Percent Religion/Caste wise Response Adverse Effect 96 of Recession Table 4.3.1.9 Percent Occupation wise Response to CAD 97 Table 4.3.1.10 Percent Religion/Caste wise Response to CAD 98 Table 4.3.1.11 Percent Occupation wise Response to Nakshakari 99 Decline Table 4.3.1.12 Percent Religion/Caste wise Response to Nakshakari 100 Decline Table 4.3.1.13 Percent Occupation wise Response toward Kath 101 Table 4.3.1.14 Percent Religion/Caste wise Response toward Kath 102 Table 4.3.1.15 Percent Occupation wise Response to Bhatta as 103 Labour Intensive iii Table 4.3.1.16 Percent Religion/Caste wise Response to Bhatta as 104 Labour Intensive Table 4.3.1.17 Percent Occupation wise Response for Diploma 105 Courses Table 4.3.1.18 Percent Religion/Caste wise Response for Diploma 106 Courses Table A.F.1 Percent Occupation wise Response for MGNREGA 182 Table A.F.2 Percent Religion/Caste wise Response on 183 MGNREGA Table A.F.3 Percent Occupation wise Response toward Factory 184 Act Table A.F.4 Percent Religion/Caste wise Response toward Factory 185 Act Table A.F.5 Percent Occupation wise Response towards Raw 186 Petro Fibres Table A.F.6 Percent Religion and Caste wise Response Over Raw 187 Petro Fibres iv ABBREVIATIONS BC BACKWARD CASTE CAD COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNING ICT INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SC SCHEDULE CASTE WWW WORLD WIDE WEB v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1: INTRODUCTION Social Exclusion is a multidimensional concept. There is an attempt in the study to show partial upgradation of technology that generates social exclusion in an era of globalization. Handicraft items are the pearl of the Indian agrarian economic structure. It is a source of livelihood for various groups of individual like unorganized labourers, weavers, women, designers, dyers, wool sellers, so on and so forth. India is popularly known for its handicraft items. The carpets of Bhadohi are famously known items in U.P. This is popular for its flawless designs, pattern, varieties and quality. In India, there are fourteen handicraft items. One of them is the carpet making. Handicraft items are the pearl of the Indian economic system. The study is based on the primary data generated during the month of 1st May 2014 and ended on 30th April 2015 in rural and urban areas of Bhadohi Block located in district Bhadohii of U.P in India as shown in the Map- 1.1: Map-1.1: Bhadohi District Map showing study area (Red and Green dots) (Source: Census of India, 2011) 1 The carpet industry of Bhadohi is unique in the global market because of its antique designs of the handmade carpets. The varieties of carpets are weaved in the region. The industry has acquired the space in the global market because of its skill in the handmade carpets. The handmade carpets are known in the world because of its designs. The carpet industry of Bhadohi is a source of employment for individuals belonging to different religion and caste irrespective of the upper or lower strata of the society.