DOCSLIB.ORG

Life Cycle of Papaya Mealybug Paracoccus Marginatus Williams

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Life Cycle of Papaya Mealybug Paracoccus Marginatus Williams Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(3): 91-102 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Life cycle of Papaya mealybug Paracoccus JEZS 2017; 5(3): 91-102 © 2017 JEZS marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink on Received: 15-03-2017 Accepted: 16-04-2017 different host plants vis-à-vis divergent natural R Nisha selection Department of Crop Protection, Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur, R Nisha and JS Kennedy Trichy JS Kennedy Abstract Department of Agricultural Life cycle of Papaya mealybug PMB Paracoccus marginatus on different host plants was studied using Entomology, Tamil Nadu Age Specific (or Horizontal) and Stage Specific (or Vertical) Life Table. It showed enormous biological Agricultural University, activity of PMB on host plants. The net reproductive rate of papaya mealybug was observed to be higher Coimbatore, India in papaya (559.48 females/female) and least in tapioca (282.53). The capacity for increase (rc) was minimum (0.324) in tapioca and maximum in papaya (0.512). Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) has increased with the increase in the rate of capacity for increase as it was maximum in papaya (0.570 increase per day), minimum in tapioca (0.342/day). The cumulative K value, total generation mortality was observed to be minimum in female than male. It was minimum in papaya 0.0325 for female and 0.0587 for male mealybug, while tapioca recorded highest K value of among the host plants (0.1405 in female and 0.1799 in male). Keywords: Life cycle, life table, survival, mortality, Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, natural selection, k value, intrinsic rate, net reproductive rate 1. Introduction A life table is a kind of book-keeping system that ecologists often used to keep track of stage specific mortality in the population they study [13]. A life table describes for successive age intervals, the number of deaths, the survivors, the rate of mortality and the expectation of further life [11]. Life table provides an important tool in understanding the changes in population of insect pests during different developmental stages throughout their life cycle. It is an especially useful approach in entomology, where developmental stages are discrete and [7] mortality rates may vary widely from one life stage to another . It is very useful to analyse the mortality of insect population, to determine key factors responsible for the highest mortality within population. Moreover, various mathematical formulas also indicated for the appropriate evaluation of life fecundity tables, stable age distribution and life expectancy [4]. The construction of several life tables may be possible to prepare a predictive model which can [12] be tested against natural population fluctuations . Life table is an important analytical technique in studying distribution, determination of age and mortality of an organism and individuals can be calculated [11]. On being a polyphagous pest, PMB is feeding on many plants with divergent variation in development and bioecology [14]. Hence, the present research was conducted to study the life cycle of PMB on different host plants and it reported for first time in the current study. 2. Materials and methods The research work was carried out in the Insectary of Department of Crop Protection, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore and Tamil Nadu, India (Department of Agricultural Entomology and biocontrol laboratory). 2.1. Collection and mass culturing of Paracoccus marginatus Correspondence Potato sprouts was used as an alternate food source for rearing mealybugs. Mass culturing of R Nisha [17] Department of Crop Protection, potato sprouts (Fig. 1) was done in line with the reference of . Papaya mealybugs collected Imayam Institute of Agriculture from different host plants like papaya, tapioca, cotton, mulberry, brinjal and hibiscus were and Technology, Thuraiyur, released on potato sprouts (Fig. 2) using camel hair brush at the rate of 3 to 5 ovisacs per Trichy potato and mealybugs en masse were obtained within 25 to 30 days of release. Mass culturing ~ 91 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies Column one of the life table gives the age of life from birth to was also carried out in above said host plants and used for death. The second column shows the survivorship to each age further experiments [2]. The observations needed for the life of life, starting out at birth (age 0), and diminishing from age cycle studies were documented and calculated as below. to age in accordance with the mortality. The figures in this column are generally denoted by the symbol lx. The third column indicates the corresponding survival fraction (Sx) at each interval of life, being simply the fraction between lx of the subsequent stage and lx of the current stage. The fourth column gives the death rate in each day of life or to be more exact, the probability at a given age of dying in an interval, this being denoted by the symbol qx. The figures in the fifth and sixth column are the total number of females produced for total population and number of females produced per female, respectively. The seventh and eighth columns are auxiliary columns employed in computing the ninth column, which gives the expectation of life at each age. The ninth column gives the average number of insects living in each age of life. The figures in this column may also be interpreted as the number of days of life lived within a Fig 1: Mass culturing of papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus given age of life. Column eighth is obtained by cumulating on potato sprouts the figures in column seventh beginning at the end. Lastly, column ninth, gives the expectation of life or the average after 2.2. Description of life table statistics lifetime at each age class of life. It is obtained as the quotient Life table describes the mortality and survival patterns of a of the figures in column eighth and the corresponding figures population. On the basis of mortality ratios for each age or in column two, for this gives a total number of age class lived age group, life tables provide information on parameters such by survivors of a cohort after a given age, divided by the as the number of survivors, the number of deaths and the life number of insects entering that age [8]. The 10th and 11th [8] expectancy . columns are auxiliary columns used in the calculation of the th 12 column denoted as intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm). 2.2.1. Construction of age and stage specific life table The life tables for insect species were built by partitioning its life-cycle into distinct development stages (e.g., eggs, larvae, pupae and adults; eggs, nymphs and adults), and by evaluating the development time and survival or mortality for each individual stage. For females, the age-dependent total a) Papaya b) Cotton oviposition (fecundity/reproduction) was also determined. [15] The different life table parameters viz., Survivorship (lx) , Survivorship curves [10], Fixation of survivorship curves [16], Survival fraction (Sx), Apparent mortality, Mortality survivor [18] ratio (MSR), Indispensable mortality (IM), K-values , Net reproductive rate, Intrinsic rate of natural increase, Finite rate of increase (λ), Mean generation time (T), Doubling time of population (t) were calculated as per the earlier experiments [4] [1, 3, 11] c) Tapioca d) Mulberry . 3. Results and Discussion Data on vital schedules such as survival, mortality, and fecundity were collected for papaya mealybug on different host plants. The observations on fecundity and total number of females emerged were recorded from the experiment. By using the above said observations life tables were constructed for mealybugs from different host plants. The stage specific e) Brinjal f) Hibiscus life tables were constructed from the data derived from age specific life tables. 3.1. Age specific life table of Paracoccus marginatus from different host plants The data on the age specific life tables of papaya mealybug from different crops are exhibited in the Tables 1 to 7. The results revealed that the total life span of adult mealybug was g) Potato sprouts minimum and last for 28 days in papaya, while it was Fig 2: Host plants raised in pots for biology and life cycle studies of maximum in tapioca (42 days). In papaya the production of Papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus off springs (56 females/female) started from the eighth day th and ceased on 18 day of life span with production of 26 ~ 92 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies females per female. The ninth day was the start of First instar (Crawler) 5 days reproduction period in cotton (65 females) and ended with 21 Egg - 8 days females on 19th day with 30 days of adult longevity. In potato sprouts, mealybug started reproduction (56 females) from 9th day and ended up with 22 females on 19th day and the total life span was lasted for 31 days. In mulberry PMB recorded 49 days of females on 10th day st and 10 females on 21 day. The adult longevity was 32 days. Second instar The 10th day was the start of reproduction period in brinjal Total - 3.2 days with production of 44 females per female and ended with 11 Total females on 22nd day and had the life span of 35 days. In Life Cycle hibiscus and tapioca, the reproduction of offsprings (31 and 50 Days 21 females/female) started from the 11th and 13th day and ceased on 23rd and 26th day of their life span (36 days and 42 days respectively) with reproduction of 5 and 2 females per female respectively. Papaya, cotton and potato sprouts recorded higher reproduction of offsprings with lesser Adult Female lifespan and production days. Mulberry was marginally same 16.2 days as that of those crops.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antagonistic Interactions Between the African Weaver Ant Oecophylla
    Article Antagonistic Interactions between the African Weaver Ant Oecophylla longinoda and the Parasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci Potentially Limits Suppression of the Invasive Mealybug Rastrococcus iceryoides Chrysantus M. Tanga 1,2, Sunday Ekesi 1,*, Prem Govender 2,3, Peterson W. Nderitu 1 and Samira A. Mohamed 1 Received: 7 August 2015; Accepted: 7 December 2015; Published: 23 December 2015 Academic Editors: Michael J. Stout, Jeff Davis, Rodrigo Diaz and Julien M. Beuzelin 1 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; [email protected] (C.M.T.); [email protected] (P.W.N.); [email protected] (S.A.M.) 2 Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (SMU), P.O. Box 163, Ga-Rankuwa 0221, South Africa * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +254-20-863-2150; Fax: +254-20-863-2001 or +254-20-863-2002 Abstract: The ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille forms a trophobiotic relationship with the invasive mealybug Rastrococus iceryoides Green and promotes the latter’s infestations to unacceptable levels in the presence of their natural enemies. In this regard, the antagonistic interactions between the ant and the parasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci Girault were assessed under laboratory conditions. The percentage of parasitism of R. iceryoides by A. pseudococci was significantly higher on “ant-excluded” treatments (86.6% ˘ 1.27%) compared to “ant-tended” treatments (51.4% ˘ 4.13%). The low female-biased sex-ratio observed in the “ant-tended” treatment can be attributed to ants’ interference during the oviposition phase, which disrupted parasitoids’ ability to fertilize eggs.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Options for Mealybug in Persimmon
    Scoping study: management options for mealybug in persimmon Dr Lara Senior The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, QLD Project Number: PR11000 PR11000 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the persimmon industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of the persimmon industry. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 3021 X Published and distributed by: Horticulture Australia Ltd Level 7 179 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 © Copyright 2012 Scoping study: management options for mealybug in persimmon (FINAL REPORT) Project Number: PR11000 (1st December 2012) Dr Lara Senior Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Scoping study: management options for mealybug in persimmon HAL Project Number: PR11000 1st December 2012 Project leader: Dr Lara Senior Entomologist Agri-Science Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Gatton Research Station Locked Bag 7, Mail Service 437 Gatton, QLD 4343 Tel: 07 5466 2222 Fax: 07 5462 3223 Email: [email protected] Key personnel: Grant Bignell1, Bob Nissen2, Greg Baker3 1. 1 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Nambour Qld 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Pest Management of Mango Mealybug (Drosicha Mangiferae) in Mango Orchards
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 08–167/VBQ/2009/11–1–81–84 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Integrated Pest Management of Mango Mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae) in Mango Orchards HAIDER KARAR, M. JALAL ARIF1†, HUSSNAIN ALI SAYYED‡, SHAFQAT SAEED¶, GHULAM ABBAS¶¶ AND M. ARSHAD† Entomological Research Sub-station, Multan, Pakistan †Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Sussex, UK ¶Department of Agri. Entomology, University College of Agriculture, B. Z. University, Multan, Pakistan ¶¶Pest warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan 1Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to destroy the eggs and management of nymphs through different IPM components. The mango orchards were visited and it was found that maximum number of females were exposed from the roots of host plants in the field (1.9 m2) and minimum numbers of females were recorded from the cracks of trees, sides of kacha roads, soil under tree canopy (0.16 m-2). The data revealed that the treatment with three measures (cultural, mechanical & chemical) were combined had maximum effect in reducing the population i.e., 98.46%. It was also concluded from the results that the measures in integrated form gave better results than the single treatment. Key Words: Mango; Drosicha mangiferae; Hibernation places; IPM INTRODUCTION solution. In general, the insecticides are considered to be the quick method for the control of insect pests but dependence Mango (Mangifera indica L.) a member of family on the pesticides has its own complications as WTO pointed Anacardiaceae is known as king of fruits for its sweetness, out, Phytosanitory standards, admissible limits of residues excellent flavor, delicious taste and high nutritive value by World Health Organization and many management (Singh, 1968; Litz, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Different Insecticides Under Laboratory Conditions Against
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(2): 2855-2858 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Efficacy of different insecticides under laboratory JEZS 2018; 6(2): 2855-2858 © 2018 JEZS conditions against Drosicha mangiferae Green Received: 12-01-2018 Accepted: 13-02-2018 (Homoptera: Margarodidae) collected from citrus Dr. Muhammad Babar Shahzad orchards of Sargodha, Pakistan Afzal Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Babar Shahzad Afzal, Zaheer Sikandar, Ansa Banazeer, Zaheer Sikandar Muhammad Nawaz Khan, Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Raza Salik and Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan Shaukat Nawaz Ansa Banazeer Abstract Department of Entomology, We tested the efficacy of eight different insecticides viz., acetamiprid, imidacloprid, profenofos, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences methidathion, bifenthrin, carbosulfan, buprofezin and spirotetramat against the adult female mango and Technology, Bahauddin mealybug Drosicha mangiferae in the laboratory using leaf-dip bioassay method. The insects were Zakariya University, Multan collected from citrus orchard of Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha and were tested on different Muhammad Nawaz Khan insecticide doses in the Entomology laboratory of Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan, Citrus Research Institute, during the year 2017 in the month of April. The mortality data was analyzed by split plot design under Sargodha, Pakistan CRD using statistix 8.1 version software. Results indicated that methidathion (T4) produced significantly higher mortality of 73.57% seven days after treatment while mortality due to bifenthrin (T5) was Abdul Aziz 59.996% four days after treatment but it decreased to 20% seven days after treatment. Profenofos (T3) Citrus Research Institute, produced higher mortality (58.07%) seven days after treatment but it was significantly less as compared Sargodha, Pakistan to methidathion (T4).
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of the Mealybug Parasitoid, Anagyrus Loecki, and Its
    BIOLOGY OF THE MEALYBUG PARASITOID, ANAGYRUS LOECKI, AND ITS POTENTIAL AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT OF THE MADEIRA MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS MADEIRENSIS by JUANG-HORNG CHONG (Under the Direction of S. Kristine Braman) ABSTRACT Anagyrus loecki Noyes & Menezes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a parasitoid of the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the most important mealybug pest of greenhouse ornamental production in Georgia. This doctoral dissertation evaluated the potential of A. loecki as a biological control agent of P. madeirensis through studies on three aspects of A. loecki biology: 1) the interactive effects of temperature, mating status and food supplements on the life history of A. loecki; 2) the preference and suitability of different mealybug developmental stages for the development and reproduction of A. loecki; and 3) the functional and reproductive responses of A. loecki to varying host densities. Anagyrus loecki is an arrhenotokous parasitoid and has an average lifetime fecundity of 78 progeny. The developmental rate of the mealybug parasitoid increased with temperature between 15 and 30oC. The lower development threshold of female parasitoids was estimated to be 11oC and the thermal constant was 227 degree-days. The upper developmental threshold appeared to be above 30oC. The survival rate of the parasitoid larvae was above 94%. Provision of diluted honey significantly extended the longevity of A. loecki, especially at lower temperatures. A study of foraging behavior suggested that A. loecki was able to parasitize and develop in all developmental stages of P. madeirensis. Third-instar immatures and pre-reproductive adult mealybugs were the most preferred and suitable host stages. These host stages were able to support the development of a higher number of progeny, a female-biased sex ratio, the shortest developmental time and the highest survival rate.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Review on Mango Mealy Bug, Drosicha Mangiferae (Green) a Notorious Pest to Mango Orchards
    International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences ISSN: 2321-3272 (Print), ISSN: 2230-7605 (Online) IJPBS | Volume 8 | Issue 2 | APR-JUN | 2018 | 555-561 Review Article | Biological Sciences | Open Access | MCI Approved| |UGC Approved Journal | A PRELIMINARY REVIEW ON MANGO MEALY BUG, DROSICHA MANGIFERAE (GREEN) A NOTORIOUS PEST TO MANGO ORCHARDS Totan Das*1 and Kaushik Chakraborty2 *1,2 Department of Zoology, University of Gour Banga, Mokdumpur, Malda-732103, West Bengal, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is accounting for nearly 50 % of the world tropical fruit production. Mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae (Green), is the serious, dilapidating, polyphagus, dimorphic and notorious insect pest of mango orchards in Indian sub-continent, frequently distributed in indo-gangetic plains, alternatively feeding on other fruits crops, forest trees, ornamental plants and weeds. Body usually covered by wax with distinct abdomen. Adult female crawls down the tree in the month of April-May and enter in the cracks in the soil and laid eggs. Eggs remain in diapauses up to middle of December. Sometimes it extends up to January, then hatched to become nymph and became adult through three successive stages. Drosicha mangiferae causes damage of mango principally due to sucking of ‘cell sap’ from tender leaves, stem, inflorescence and growing fruits often causing fruit drops reducing its market value. Besides, honeydews excreta of mealy bugs, promote sooty mould causing blackening and malformation of growing leaves, stems and fruits. Long term control is required in repeated fashion due to its hiding habit and protective body covering. For this reason, chemical treatment is therefore not advised till control is not satisfactory by other methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Varieties Against Mango Mealy Bug, Drosicha Mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)
    DOI: 10.2478/cerce-2018-0028 Original Article Available online: www.uaiasi.ro/CERCET_AGROMOLD/ Print ISSN 0379-5837; Electronic ISSN 2067-1865 Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. LI , No. 3 (175) / 2018: 101-110 STUDIES ON BIOLOGY AND ANTIBIOSIS RESISTANCE IN MANGO (MANGIFERAE INDICA) VARIETIES AGAINST MANGO MEALY BUG, DROSICHA MANGIFERAE GREEN (HEMIPTERA: MARGARODIDAE) H. KARAR1,*, M.A. BAKHSH1, G. ABBAS2, A. HAMEED3 *E-mail: [email protected] Received: Mar. 28, 2018. Revised: May 17, 2018. Accepted: June 22, 2018. Published online: July 17, 2019 ABSTRACT. Mango is known as king of recorded on the cultivar ‘Chaunsa’. The fruits. Among mango pests, mango mealy maximum length, i.e. 1.63 cm, and bug, Drosicha mangiferae (MMB), is width, i.e. 0.80 cm of female, was considered one of the most destructive observed on ‘Chaunsa’, which showed a pests of mango orchards and other susceptible response and did not differ plantations. Whenever it enters in any significantly with the width of female on orchards it is difficult to eradicate it from ‘Black Chaunsa’. Regarding biology, st those orchards. The experiment was the 1 instar male and female duration on conducted at Entomological Research Sub an average is 56.3 days, whereas the 2nd Station, Multan-Punjab, Pakistan, during instar has 26 days. In case of the 3rd instar, 2009 and 2010, to evaluate fitness of female has duration 19.5 days and male mango mealy bug on different varieties of has three days. Male has pupal stage, mango and biology on ‘Chaunsa’ variety. while it is absent in female. On an Mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae average two study years, the ranking of Green (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: susceptibility of mango cultivars was as Margarodidae), is matter of concern, as it under: ‘Chaunsa’ > ‘Black Chaunsa’ > is widespread pest of woody plants even ‘Malda’ > ‘Fajri’ > ‘Retaul-12’ > in urban areas.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of Hawal'1 LIBRARY MASS
    UNIVERSITY OF HAWAl'1 LIBRARY MASS PRODUCTION OF ANAGYRUS ANANATIS GAHAN (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) FOR THE AUGMENTATIVE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PINK PINEAPPLE MEALYBUG DYSMICOCCUS BREVIPES (COCKERELL) (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENTOMOLOGY DECEMBER 2002 BY RAJU RAJ PANDEY DISSERTATION COMMITTEE: Marshall W. Johnson, Chairperson Russell H. Messing Neil J. Reimer John S. Hu Andrew D. Taylor © Copyright 2002 by Raju R. Pandey iii Dedication Dedicated to the farmers ofNepal who encouraged me to conduct pest management studies in their farms during my early stage ofentomology career. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I like to express special thanks to my major Advisor Marshall Johnson for his continuous guidance, encouragement, support and patience throughout this work. Thanks to my committee members Drs Russell Messing, John Hu, Neil Reimer and Andy Taylor for their interest, suggestions and support to conduct the research work. Research was supported by USDA- CSRESS grant. It would have been impossible for me to pursue graduate study at the University ofHawaii without the Scholarship from East West Center. Dr Ron Mau provided opportunity to work as a teaching assistant. Dr Cerruti Hooks was a great help in many ways. Mike Nomura helped maintain mealybug and the parasitoid culture so that I could spend more time in conducting research. He also helped in field works. Drs Brent Sipes and Koon Hui Wang allowed to conduct some ofmy field research in their field. Gerath Nagai helped to maintain the field study sites.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template
    INVESTIGATION OF BIO-ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING INFESTATION BY THE PASSIONVINE MEALYBUG, PLANOCOCCUS MINOR (MASKELL) (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) IN TRINIDAD FOR APPLICATION TOWARDS ITS MANAGEMENT By ANTONIO WILLIAM FRANCIS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Antonio William Francis 2 To my wife, Sandrene, my mother, Veronica, and my sister, Icilma, without whom this degree would not have been possible 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following institutions and people for their support. I thank the USDA APHIS Center for Plant Health, Science and Technology (CPHST) and the Center for Biological Control, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture (CBC-CESTA-FAMU) for the funding that allowed me to conduct this research. I thank my committee members, Dr. Moses Kairo, Dr. Raymond Hix, Dr. Amy Roda, Dr. Oscar Liburd, Dr. Lance Osborne, and Dr. Tim Momol, for their input and feedback on my research. I thank the staff at CAB International Regional Office for Latin America and at the Caribbean and at the Central Experiment Station, Trinidad for supplying facilities, equipment, and transportation for my research. I thank Dr. Stuart Reitz and Mr. Gilbert Queeley for their assistance with the statistical analyses. I thank my family and friends for their moral support. Finally, I would like to especially thank Dr. Moses Kairo for his efforts as my advisor and committee chair. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (Icerya Aegyptiaca Douglas) on Croton Codiaeum Variegatum Plant
    IJAAAR 9 (1&2): 189-195, 2013 International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research © Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, 2013 Morphometry and Preffered Feeding Site of Egyptian Mealybug (Icerya Aegyptiaca Douglas) on Croton Codiaeum Variegatum Plant *Akinola John AKINTOLA, Oyebamiji Oyewole OYEGOKE and Imole Modupe IKUSEBIALA Department of Pure and Applied Biology Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B 4000 Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract _______________________________________________________________________ Morphometrical analysis of the mealybug, Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) was studied on Codiaeum variegatum under laboratory conditions between August and December, 2010. Microscopic slides were prepared for the existing life forms according to the conventional entomological method. Observations were made on the body structure, appendages and dimensions as possible future tools in taxonomic key’s construction. Result showed that there were three instars and adult stage. There was a significant variation in the body structure, length and dimensions of body appendages of the various larval forms of the insect. The mean body length (cm) of the various instars was significantly different and was as follows: first instars having 1.62±0.03, second instars 1.86±0.03 third instars 2.97±0.07 and the adults to be 3.97±0.03 respectively. Body width dimension was not significantly different and first instars: 0.83±0.02; second instars: 1.04±0.01; third instars: 1.79±0.06 and the adults: 1.85±0.01 respectively. Mean antennal length was recorded to be: 1st instars: 0.53±0.02; 2nd instars: 0.64±0.01; 3rd instar: 0.84±0.02 and the adults: 0.89±0.01 respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioecology of the Mango Mealybug, Rastrococcus Iceryoides
    BIOECOLOGY OF THE MANGO MEALYBUG, RASTROCOCCUS ICERYOIDES GREEN (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) AND ITS ASSOCIATED NATURAL ENEMIES IN KENYA AND TANZANIA By TANGA MBI CHRYSANTUS REG. NO: 28671946 UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENTOMOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA JANUARY 2012 © University of Pretoria DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University Signature_____________________ Date_______________________ Tanga Mbi Chrysantus DECLARATION BY SUPERVISORS We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision. Professor Clarke Scholtz Dr Prem Govender Department of Zoology and Entomology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria University of Limpopo Pretoria Medunsa 0002 Gauteng P.O. Box 163 Signature: ___________________ Signature: _____________________ Date: _______________________ Date: _________________________ Dr Sunday Ekesi Dr Samira Mohammed Plant Health Division, icipe Plant Health Division, icipe P.O. Box: 30772-00100 P.O. Box: 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya Signature : ___________________ Signature : _____________________ Date: _______________________ Date: _________________________ i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my beloved mother, Mrs Tanga Mary Ewoh and to the memory of my late father, Mr Tanga Andrew Apeh (R.I.P) whose love, support and guidance made me what I am today. And to my lovely wife, Mrs Tanga Janice Ghemoh and daughter, Tanga Emely Febeng-Anong who has stood together amidst life’s tough hurdles. While it was difficult to work at a time you were all awake, you have filled my life with purpose and made it so meaningful that each passing day with you around me brings great joy and happiness to my heart.
    [Show full text]
  • Drosicha Mangiferae; Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) Infesting Mango Orchards in Pakistan
    Eur. J. Entomol. 108: 553–559, 2011 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1652 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a scale insect (Drosicha mangiferae; Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) infesting mango orchards in Pakistan MUHAMMAD ASHFAQ1, JEHAN ARA1, ALI RAZA NOOR1, PAUL D.N. HEBERT 2 and SHAHID MANSOOR1 1National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] 2Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Hemiptera, Monophlebidae, mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae, rDNA, COI, ITS1 Abstract. Mango orchards in Pakistan are attacked by the scale insect, Drosicha mangiferae (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae), com- monly called the “mango mealybug”. This insect is univoltine, active from December through May and targets multiple host plants. We used DNA nucleotide sequences to characterize and determine the phylogenetic status of D. mangiferae. Mango mealybugs were collected from several tree species from different localities and patterns of phylogenetic and genetic diversity were examined at both nuclear (18S, ITS1) and mitochondrial (COI) genes. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that the mango mealybug belongs to the family Monophlebidae. Minor genetic differences in both the ITS1 and the COI barcode region were noted among D. mangiferae collected from different geographic localities. These genetic differences revealed the existence of two genotypes of D. mangiferae that are region specific but not host-specific. INTRODUCTION synonymous with D. stebbingi. However, confusion still Mango orchards in Pakistan are attacked by an insect prevails as some authors continue to report mealybugs belonging to the superfamily Coccoidea (Ben-Dov et al., from forest trees as D.
    [Show full text]