TALLER REPRODUCCION CICLO: CUATRO DOCENTE: Lidia Esperanza Pinza

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TALLER REPRODUCCION CICLO: CUATRO DOCENTE: Lidia Esperanza Pinza INSTITUCION EDUCATIVA MUNICIPAL NOCTURNO “MARCO FIDEL SUAREZ “ TALLER REPRODUCCION CICLO: CUATRO DOCENTE: Lidia Esperanza Pinza Se conoce como reproducción celular o división celular a la etapa del ciclo celular en la cual cada célula se divide para formar dos células hijas distintas. Este es un proceso que se da en todas las formas de vida y que garantiza la perpetuidad de su existencia, así como el crecimiento, la reposición de tejidos y la reproducción en los seres pluricelulares. La célula es la unidad básica de toda la vida conocida. Cada una de ellas, como los seres vivos, poseen un tiempo de vida, durante el cual crecen, maduran y luego se reproducen, a través de diversos mecanismos biológicos que permiten generar células nuevas, replicando su información genética y permitiendo que el ciclo vuelva a empezar. Clases de reproducción: La reproducción asexual en organismos vivos es la creación de su descendencia (jóvenes) a partir de un solo padre sin la necesidad del género opuesto. La reproducción asexual es un tipo de reproducción que involucra métodos como la mitosis. En la reproducción asexual solo hay un padre, lo que significa que la descendencia es genéticamente idéntica a la del padre. Hay muchos tipos diferentes de reproducción asexual. Los tipos son fisión binaria, gemación, esporulación, regeneración, propagación vegetativa (natural y artificial). Tipos de reproducción asexual Regeneración y fragmentación (escisión): La regeneración es la capacidad de un organismo de regenerar las partes de su cuerpo que faltan para que vuelvan a crecer. Cuando el organismo es más complejo, es más difícil que regenere una parte de su cuerpo. Este tipo de reproducción ocurre en estrellas de mar, hydra, gusanos planos, algas. Bipartición (fisión binaria o división binaria): Fisión Binaria significa división a la mitad. Es cuando un padre se divide en dos mitades iguales después de que el núcleo se replica. Ningún padre permanece porque hay 2 células hijas que crecen hasta un tamaño normal. Esto ocurre en bacterias, protozoos, y algas unicelulares (ameba, anemonia viridis, paramecios, balantidium coli, trypanosoma cruzi). Gemación: En gemación, un padre se divide en dos mitades desiguales. Las células hijas se forman a partir de un brote del padre. El brote eventualmente se rompe pero no hasta que esté maduro. La yema también puede permanecer unida y formar una colonia. Esto ocurre en hidras, levadura de cerveza, coral cerebro, esponja de mar, hydra oligactis. División múltiple (esquizogonia): Este proceso es frecuente en seres unicelulares. El núcleo se divide varias veces por mitosis, el citoplasma se divide después de las divisiones nucleares, por último termina con una simple división de los territorios que encierran un núcleo hijo. Ejemplos: parásito de la malaria, cystoisospora belli, gregarinasina, foraminíferos, toxoplasma gondii, coccidios. Esporulación: La esporulación es la producción de muchas esporas en una estructura especial productora de esporas llamada esporangio. Las esporas son células microscópicas especializadas que contienen un núcleo y citoplasma dentro de una cubierta rígida. Esto ocurre en mohos, hongos y helechos (moho del pan, helecho real, champiñón común). Sin embargo, en los seres más complejos como los eucariotas, dotados de más de un cromosoma (como los seres humanos, por ejemplo, que poseemos un par de cromosomas de cada tipo: uno del padre y uno de la madre), se aplican procesos más complicados de reproducción celular que veremos por separado: Mitosis. Es la forma más común de división celular de células eucariotas. Interfase: La célula se prepara para el proceso de reproducción, duplicando su ADN y tomando las medidas internas y externas pertinentes para enfrentar con éxito el proceso. Profase: La envoltura nuclear comienza a romperse (hasta disolverse paulatinamente). Se duplica el centrosoma y cada uno se desplaza hacia uno de los extremos de la célula, formando microtúbulos. Metafase: Los cromosomas se alinean en el ecuador de la célula. Cada uno de ellos ya se ha duplicado en el a interfase, por lo que en este momento se separan las dos copias. Anafase: Los dos grupos de cromosomas (que son idénticos entre sí) se alejan gracias a los microtúbulos. Telofase: Se forman dos nuevas envolturas nucleares. Citocinesis: La membrana plasmática estrangula la célula y la divide en dos. Por otro lado, en la reproducción de tipo meiosis, se procede luego a una nueva bipartición de las células hijas, para obtener así cuatro células haploides. Meiosis. Este es un proceso más complejo, que produce células haploides (con la mitad de la carga genética), tales como las células sexuales o gametos, dotadas de diversidad genética. Esto con el fin de aportar la mitad de la carga genómica durante la fecundación, y así obtener descendencia genéticamente única, evitando la reproducción clónica (asexual). Para ello, una célula diploide (2n) sufre una serie de dos divisiones consecutivas, para obtener así cuatro células hijas haploides (n). Para entender bien el proceso de la meiosis es necesario tener claro su objetivo: obtener gametos, que son las células reproductoras de los organismos de reproducción sexual. Como para este fin, el de la reproducción, se precisa de un gameto femenino y otro masculino, ambos deben tener la mitad de cromosomas que cualquier otra célula del organismo. Este proceso consiste en la división de células con la que se consiguen cuatro células hijas con la mitad de cromosomas. La meiosis se genera en dos etapas que son meiosis I y meiosis II. La importancia de la evolución de la meiosis es vital porque mediante su proceso se lleva a cabo la recombinación genética. Ésta es la responsable de la diversidad genética y evolución de las especies. La meiosis trascurre en dos etapas reduccionales consecutiva: Meiosis I y Meiosis II. Antes de la primera división meiótica es necesario que el material genético se duplique. De esta forma, obtendremos a nuestros siameses. En la especie humana, los cromosomas tienen forma de X. Si partimos la X por la mitad longitudinalmente, a cada parte se la denomina cromátida y al punto de unión centrómero. Durante las fases de la meiosis las cromátidas se solaparán para originar un gameto. REPRODUCCION DE LAS PLANTAS Como el resto de seres vivos, las plantas necesitan reproducirse para perpetuarse en el medio ambiente. Sin embargo, así como la inmensa mayoría de animales están limitados a la reproducción sexual para engendrar nuevos miembros de su especie, las plantas tienen más formas de reproducirse. Tipos de reproducción de las plantas Cuando tratamos de clasificar las plantas según su tipo de reproducción, hay dos grandes tipos de reproducción vegetal: la reproducción sexual y la asexual. Hay una enorme variedad en sus métodos y formas de reproducción, pero estos son los dos grandes tipos que las clasifican. Reproducción sexual en las plantas La reproducción sexual se da a partir del material genético de dos sujetos progenitores, en que se unen los gametos: uno femenino y uno masculino. Es la reproducción más habitual entre las plantas y, de hecho, la reproducción de las plantas por semillas es casi siempre de tipo sexual. Las plantas tienen dos tipos de reproducción: asexual y sexual. En la reproducción sexual intervienen las flores y las semillas. Las flores tienen una parte masculina (los estambres) y una parte femenina (el pistilo). 1º LA POLINIZACION La polinización es el transporte de los granos de polen desde los estambres hasta el pistilo. La polinización puede ser: polinización directa y polinización cruzada. La polinización directa el polen de los estambres de una flor cae en el pistilo de esa misma flor La polinización cruzada el polen de los estambres de una flor cae en el pistilo de una flor de otra planta de la misma especie. La polinización por los insectos los insectos llevan el polen de una flor a otra, atraídos por sus colores o por su néctar. El polen se pega en su cuerpo y pasa de una flor a otra. La polinización por el viento el viento arrastra los granos de polen de unas flores a otras. 2º LA FECUNDACION La fecundación es la unión de los granos de polen y los óvulos, para formar las semillas. Cuando el grano de polen llega al pistilo se desarrolla y crece hasta llegar al óvulo, uniéndose con éste. De este modo se forma la semilla. 3º EL FRUTO Y LA SEMILLAS Las semillas se forman a partir de los óvulos, que acumulan alimentos y crecen. En su interior se encuentra el embrión, una planta en miniatura. Finalmente, el ovario aumenta de tamaño y forma una capa alrededor de la semilla. Se forma así el fruto, que es el ovario maduro. El fruto contiene las semillas en su interior y las protege. Hay frutos secos y frutos carnosos. 4º LA GERMINACION DE LA SEMILLA La germinación de las semillas da lugar a una nueva planta. Las semillas contienen en su interior un embrión y las sustancias nutritivas para facilitar el crecimiento. Cuando una semilla cae al suelo y encuentra la humedad y temperatura suficiente germina y sale de ella un pequeño tallo y una pequeña raíz que dará lugar a una nueva planta. REPRODUCCIÓN ASEXUAL EN LAS PLANTAS La reproducción asexual, en cambio, tiene su origen en un proceso de mitosis celular y da lugar a un nuevo individuo exactamente igual a su progenitor. Se da sobre todo en las plantas no vasculares y puede ocurrir por esporas, propágulos o por mano de las personas, en forma de multiplicación vegetativa. Reproducción asexual artificial: Injerto, estacas, esquejes, acodo y división En la reproducción asexual artificial se reproducen plantas de manera no natural, ya que interviene la mano del hombre. Puede ser mediante injerto, estacas, esquejes, acodo o división. A continuación, te explico cada uno de los tipos de reproducción asexual artificial. 1. Injerto Un fragmento del tallo de una planta se inserta en el tallo o tronco de otra planta ya adulta, que se denomina patrón o pie.
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