Field Trip Report By F. LeBlanc, Head, Field Projects

APT Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA Sept. 14-17, 2006 APT 2006 Conference - When mod- ern becomes historic

Barbara Campagna, President of APT What is APT? The Association for Preservation Technology International (APT) is a cross-disciplinary, membership organization dedicated to promoting the best technology for conserving historic structures and their settings.

APT members, who hail from more than 30 countries, include preserva- tionists, architects, engineers, conservators, consultants, contractors, craftspersons, curators, developers, educators, historians, landscape ar- chitects, students, technicians, and other persons directly involved in the application of methods and materials to maintain, conserve, and protect historic structures and sites for future use and appreciation.

The 2006 Annual Conference was held in Atlanta, GA. More than 400 participants attended the various events.

Atlanta, Georgia

Atlanta is home of the famous Coca Cola company and the international news network CNN

In contrast to the genteel old south image of Atlanta conjured up in Mar- garet Mitchell’s best selling novel, Gone With the Wind, Atlanta has always been considered a brash, dynamic, no-holds-barred center of a 1 uniquely American variety of commerce.

Founded at the edge of the Georgia wilderness in 1837, Atlanta’s early development had more in common with the booming cities of the Ameri- can west than with the euro-centric east coast metropolises. To quote Atlanta historian Franklin Garrett, “While the number of good, moral citizens was increasing... the town was characterized as tough. It grew distinctively as a railroad center with the vices common to rough frontier settlements. Drinking, resorts, gambling dives and brothels were run wide open... and the sporting elements were insolent in their defiance of public order. There were more saloons than churches; more bawdy houses than banks.”

By the onset of the Civil War, Atlanta had established itself as a major rail transportation and supply hub for the Confederacy. It was its significance as a logistics depot that made the destruction of Atlanta one of the main Margaret Mitchell wrote the novel objectives of Sherman’s 1864 march to the sea. The arrival of Sherman’s Gone with the Wind. She was from Atlanta. troops in July 1864 resulted in the virtual destruction of the city, with only 400 structures left standing after the conflict. Despite the devastation experienced during the war years, Atlanta quickly rebounded and by 1870 the city had been rebuilt and the population had increased to twice the prewar level.

After the war, Atlanta quickly established itself as the capital of the “New South.” During this period, rail transportation continued to be the domi- nant economic engine driving the city. As the city grew, the first street car suburbs developed. Frederick Law Olmsted was instrumental in the planning of the historic Druid Hills neighborhood and his influence was strongly felt in the development of Ansley Park, Inman Park, and Pied- mont Park neighborhoods. This period also saw the construction of the Atlanta downtown in the 1890s. Atlanta was a mercantile and busi- city’s first skyscrapers. ness center. It was not built on in- dustry as were so many other cities. Today, Atlanta is a mixture of old and new. Busy thoroughfares border historic Victorian neighborhoods, modern skyscrapers are located adja- cent to expansive 19th century parks, and historic churches share streets with high-rise condominiums. Transportation continues to be vital to the region’s economic success with Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport rated as the busiest commercial airport in the United States and three major interstates intersecting within the shadow of the 1889 state capitol building. In addition to its physical growth, Atlanta has contributed to the growth of the spiritual conscience of the nation. Nobel Peace Prize winner and native son Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. inspired generations of Ameri- cans to leave behind the bigotry and racism of the past and to unlock the opportunity and potential that is the right of every American citizen. After years of struggle, Atlanta has earned the hard-won title “The City too Busy Downtown Atlanta in 1920 too Hate.” Atlanta continues to be rated one of the fastest growing and most livable metropolitan areas in America.

Ansley Hotel, opened in 1940  Keynote Speaker: Robert Silman

Is Preservation Technology Neutral?

A philosophical discussion of how technology has changed and what is required of us as practitioners in this modern era.

Robert Silman is President, Robert Silman Associates, Structural En- gineers, New York and Washington, DC and Chair of Advisory Board, National Center for Preservation, Technology and Training, National Park Service, Natchitoches, LA.

th st Robert Silman, Keynote speaker Most 20 and 21 century philosophers of technology start with the prem- ise that modern technology differs dramatically from technology as prac- ticed in all of the previous millennia of man’s existence. Since the theme of the 2006 APT conference is Crossroads in Heritage Conservation: When Modern Becomes Historic, it is particularly appropriate that we start with an overview of how we practice technology in this modern era in comparison with how it might have been practiced previously.

Members of APT are, by definition, technologists. We cannot escape that label, nor do most of us want to. That being true, we must then investigate We now have the technology that our responsibilities as members of the modern technologists’ community. enables us to move very large structures... but should we? How do these responsibilities differ from pre-modern times?

The results of these changes in modern times significantly affect the question of neutrality of technology. As preservation technologists, what we do today is different from what Violet Le Duc may have done in his day. And concomitantly the choices available have different value out- comes.

What is our moral obligation as technologists to develop and follow an ethic, at least in our sphere of technology, of which we can be proud and hold as an example for all to respect and follow? What comparisons can be drawn between the required ethics of pre-modern and modern times?

During the early 70s, preservationists were asking the question: Can we do such-and-such a thing? (Strip paint, repair a structural beam, move a building etc.). Nowadays, they are more and more asking the question: Ought we do such-and-such a thing?

Stripping paint from an old window frame is not a technological challenge; but using a paint stripper that is environmentally friendly as opposed to one that is not is a decision that a preservation technologist must make today. As preservationists, we are all “technologists”. We must be con- Technology is not neutral. Be- cerned with the application of technology and we must be responsible cause it is action oriented, there is stewards. We must act responsibly. Technology is not neutral. Because it always “value” associated with it. is action oriented, there is always “value” associated with it. For example, many technologies are available to strip paint, but not all are environmentally friendly. Technologists have a choice and a responsibility.

 College of Fellows Keynote Lecture by John Sanday Buddhist Monasteries of the Himalayas — Balancing Modern Intervention with Traditional Craft

Architect John Sanday delivered the Fellows Keynote Lecture concern- ing his work in the Himalayas.

Mustang in the Himalayas

John Sanday is Principal of John Sanday Associates, Katmandu, Nepal

John Sanday is a British architect who has spent the last 36 years living Traditional architecture on the high and working in Nepal. As one of the leading architectural conservators in plateau of the Mustang region Asia, he has traveled and worked all over the sub-continent on a wide as- sortment of historic buildings: monasteries in the high Himalayas, Palaces in India, and since 1989, in the Monuments of Angkor Cambodia.

John’s most recent commissions are in Mustang, Nepal and Bhutan where he has created programs to train young local professionals and craftsmen to master the skills of conserving and repairing their own cul- tural heritage. These teams will take on the responsibility to maintain their architectural masterpieces rather than the common practice of recon- structing them in new materials.

Training in wall painting conserva- John gave a very well received presentation about his recent work in tion Nepal and Bhutan. What especially caught the audience’s attention was first how difficult it was for him to reach Atlanta to deliver this talk. His trip began with two days of horseback riding in the high Himalayas, followed by a day of walking and a day ride in a truck that took him to Katmandu. From there he caught a flight to Europe and from there another one to Atlanta.

John has spent a great deal of time working with the community in Mus- tang and in other regions of Nepal to both learn from them their traditional techniques and help them restore their magnificent temples. The beauty of the wall paintings cleaned and brought back to life by his trainees was Understanding and applying tradi- astonishing and the PowerPoint presentation prepared by his 18-year old tional building crafts is key to saving buildings in Mustang son was filled with special effects.

 College of Fellows Induction Ceremony

This year, I was the Chair of the Jury for the selection of the new mem- bers of APT’s College of Fellows. The College of Fellows was created in 1990. All surviving APT founders were inducted as its first members on APT’s 25th anniversary in 1993. The College honors APT members who have given notable service to preservation and to APT. Its role is to advise the APT Board on issues relating to the philosophy and practice of pres- ervation technology. With the new inductions in Atlanta, the College now has 42 members.

Two members were inducted in Atlanta.

Kent Diebolt Kent is past president of APT and has served on many committees and organized numerous workshops. From a preservation technology stand- point, Kent has brought a field of service to our profession that is truly Kent Diebolt was elected to the unique. Access to historic buildings is commonly problematic and getting College of Fellows because of his good design information in extreme access conditions typically lead to long service to the organization and his leadership for developing new less than adequate understanding of conditions or required repair. Kent’s documentation technologies leadership in developing Vertical Access, LLC to provide design profes- sionals access to extreme parts of buildings has lead many firms to have better information on which to understand the condition and determine proper design solutions. To expand his services to the profession, Kent continues to develop technology that allows the professionals to have real time visual access to areas while his team is investigating the structure. This allows for expanded and more detailed investigation as conditions are encountered. In addition, field information is stored and compiled electronically in formats desired and useful to the profession thereby eliminating duplicative labor costs during documentation. The accuracy, dependability, and efficiency of the preservation design community con- tinue to be improved due to Kent’s business creativity, management and leadership.

Paul E. Gaudette Paul brings a unique perspective to APT as an engineer and as a spe- cialist in concrete. He has very broad experience and has been involved in the preservation of buildings and structures ranging from the Baha’i House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois, to the Jefferson David Monument in Fairview, Kentucky, and the Wright Brothers Memorial Visitor’s Cen- ter in Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, where concrete is the predominant material. Paul was instrumental in developing the technical solutions for the preservation of each of these historic structures. He is a nationally recognized expert in the investigation, repair, and restoration of concrete Paul Gaudette is a renowned con- on both older and contemporary historic structures. But it has been his crete conservation specialist who indefatigable efforts to share his knowledge of concrete repair and resto- has organized many workshops on ration that distinguishes Paul from so many others. Paul’s vast knowledge this subject for APT members of a material often ignored by preservationists has made his contribution especially valuable.

 A Few Sessions...

In today’s preservation environment there is a far broader definition of “historic resource” than in the past. Buildings, objects and landscapes are no longer thought of as isolated resources but rather as part of a broader cultural environment. The resources that represent many diverse cul- tural perspectives are being conserved. An awareness of our recent past acknowledges the importance of “modern” resources and the materials and technologies that create them. These conference sessions explore the challenges and rewards of this current perspective as it relates to the conservation of historic cultural resources. Susan Turner, arch. from Atlanta led the visit to the capitol. Expanding Horizons Since the founding of APT in 1968, evolving atti- tudes toward history have brought about new challenges for preservation technology. In recent decades, the disciplines of stewardship and inter- pretation have expanded to consider both sites and cultural landscapes; both the extraordinary and the ordinary; both the distant and recent past; among other themes. This track includes papers that address the techni- cal preservation challenges of new resource types and categories, and that consider how pre-existing philosophies of preservation treatment must be adapted for the practice as it evolves.

Conserving Innovative Materials and Technologies Throughout time, innovations have marked the progress of building technology. Innova- John Sanday and Ilene Tyler from tion, whether recent or ancient, inherently brings a risk of failure and not Quinn Evans Arch., Ann Arbor, MI. all innovative ideas have performed as expected in the long term. The machine age created materials and building systems vastly different from traditional materials and construction methods. Methods of conserva- tion for ma-chine-made materials are often unproven. “Modern” buildings may have been designed for life spans significantly shorter than in the past, and may contain systems made obsolete by rapid innovation. This track includes papers that address innovative materials and technologies, whether of the recent or distant past, and the unique challenges inherent in their conservation.

Balancing Modern Intervention and Traditional Craft The use of contem- porary materials and methods in the conservation of historic resources Rosanne Dubé from Swanke has long been a part of preservation practice and the subject of debate. Hayden Connell Arch., N.Y., N.Y. Today’s material and technology innovations allow conservation solutions that were not possible at the point of construction. As time passes and al- lows some perspective on the conservation techniques of the recent past, we can begin to evaluate the effectiveness of accepted practices. Recent years have also seen a resurgence of traditional craft. The manufacturing and construction industries have responded to the preservation market and options for in-kind replacement are far greater than even ten years ago. This track includes papers that explore the challenge and reward of contemporary materials and techniques and/or the use of traditional crafts in the preservation of historic resources.

Peter Wollenberg from St. Louis MO.

 Meddling with a Megastructure: Conserving the Place du Portage Complex, Gatineau, Quebec. James Ashby, Heritage Conservation Directorate, Government of Cana- da, Ottawa, ON, Canada

The interest of this presentation was to show that it is possible to begin planning and programming maintenance and repair work to a building that has not yet been designated as a heritage property but that in all likeli- hood will be. In other words, “being ahead of the curve”.

Place du Portage I and II is a complex of two government multi-function office towers built during the 1970s. The federal government in Canada has made it mandatory that all its buildings that are 40 years and older be assessed for heritage value. Place du Portage is not 40 years old but is in Place du Portage I & II buildings need of serious maintenance and repair work. Before allowing this work have not been designated as his- to go forward, the Heritage Conservation Directorate staff did a “mock” toric properties but already a plan evaluation of the property and showed that if it were to be evaluated for is in place for their proper mainte- nance and repair heritage value, it would meet the criteria for designation. With this in mind, it was able to convince the authorities to proceed with repair work that was in line with good conservation practice and would not jeopardize the property’s designation. In the case of such renovation and repair work, many of the original materials are not available anymore and cannot be reproduced because they were originally mass-produced by machines that don’t exist anymore. The building’s designer is still alive and was in- vited to help the team to design repair work that would in his opinion meet the original design intent.

Conservation Guidelines have been 2005-2006 APT Efforts in Mississippi: Gulf Coast Heri- prepared to ensure that mainte- tage Recovery. nance is respectful of heritage Brian Scott Robinson, Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, GA, USA

Hurricane Katrina was one of the worst natural disasters to hit the USA Gulf Coast. In some areas, the surge was 30 feet high. It left more than 1,000 dead and $80 billion dollars in damages. APT offered help and as- sistance in the form of 18 volunteers who paid for their own travel to the Mississippi Coast and donated their time for a period of six weeks. They focused on coastal towns and helped with cleaning, survey and assess- ment of structures. Many homeowners had lost all hope to recover their Katrina Hurricane aerial view homes. In many instances, APT’s volunteers were able to comfort them and give then new hope by showing them how their homes could be saved.

The APT volunteers were in many cases the very first people that the local residents saw that offered assistance. The volunteers also checked piles of debris to salvage important artifacts, assisted with tax help and the recovery of archives.

According to the members of this mission, the keys to successful heritage volunteer disaster response are: House damaged by hurricane; APT volunteers advised on what and how to salvage  1. Heritage sites should have a comprehensive disaster response plan 2. Heritage volunteer organizations should have active disaster planning and response committees in place before disaster strike 3. Develop an in depth knowledge of the written resources before disas- ter strikes 4. Be prepared to assess a post disaster situation from the ground 5. In a disaster, human needs remain the highest priority 6. Partnerships with competent local heritage organizations are the key to success 7. Allow the partnering organization to establish tasks and schedules 8. Team must be made up of flexible personalities 9. Programs need to have identified a specific mission before arriving in the field 10. As the disaster unfolds plans and methods must be flexible 11. Establish a clear chain of command within the team before it arrives in the field The APT volunteers checked piles 12. Each team should complete a comprehensive final report of their of debris to salvage important artifacts activities 13. Don’t wait until the perfect time to move into the field 14. Teams need to be self funded 15. Disaster zones are not nurseries for new initiatives 16. The first 10-14 days after a disaster are often the most critical 17. Have access to comprehensive historic resource survey before a disaster strikes

In the case of Mississippi, the local organizations were very clear on what their needs were, and APT was able to offer a clear response. Appar- ently, this was not the case in Louisiana. Before offering its help APT as Damage to the tombstones in one an organization had no plan on how to prepare for and offer help. Now it of the cemeteries does, and that is also a very important result of this effort for which APT received official commendations from the government of Louisiana and the State Archives agency.

Testing of Climate Control Scheme Alternatives to Conventional Air-Conditioning Systems at Holly- bourne Cottage, Jekyll Island Historic District, GA. Shin Maekawa, Ph.D., P.E., The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Ange- les, CA, USA Franciza Lima Toledo, Ph.D, Environ-mental Consultant, Recife, Brazil Vincent Beltran, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Building upon results from a previous GCI project on ventilation and heat- ing strategies for the protection of collections in historic structures, this project focused on the economical and sustainable application of these Shin Maekawa from GCI Science Dept. preparing for his lecture on techniques to improve the physical environment of collections in historic alternatives to conventional air-con- buildings in hot and humid regions in order to prevent microbial-induced ditioning systems for conservation biodeterioration (i.e., damage due to fungi and bacteria). of collections Biodeterioration has been a major threat to museum collections in hot and humid regions; this is a result of exposure to prolonged periods of elevated relative humidity. Although air-conditioning may be used to lower relative humidity in the collection space, excessive cost and intrusion to the fabric of historic structures are prohibitive factors in its installation. Field studies at Jekyll Island, Georgia, initiated by the GCI in 1997 and  completed in 2002, examined the use of humidistat-controlled ventilation and heating as a viable alternative to air-conditioning in reducing relative humidity in the collection space. Results from these multi-year experiments quantified the efficacy of economically sustainable strategies and produced ventilating and heat- ing requirements for the care of collections in historic buildings located in tropical and subtropical regions. These studies demonstrated an impres- sive capability to improve climates with systems that, relative to air-condi- tioning, are inexpensive and simple to install, operate, and maintain. Cross section of building showing Shin showed that a simple increase in temperature of 2 degrees F. gen- principle of using fans and electric erates a decrease of 5 degrees F. in relative humidity. By applying the heaters to maintain relative humidity system described above, he was able to maintain relative humidity in a below 75% building below 75%, which is sufficient to prevent microbial-induced bio- deterioration. This was done at a cost of more or less $20,000 compared to an estimated cost of $150,000 for installing an air-conditioning system. The cost of operating the system is also very economical. It was esti- mated at $0.27 per sq.-ft. compared to a cost of $3.00 per sq.-ft. for the same results by using the costly air-conditioning systems. The system of ventilation makes use of simple fans and electric heaters that can be pur- chased in most hardware stores in the world and mechanical engineers can easily install the controlling system.

Preservation Approach to Repairs and Alterations for Modern Federal Facilities. William Hockey, Public Works and General Services Administration project team members and architects, Government Services, Halifax Can- ada. Bill was the Chair of last year’s Washington, DC APT Conference held in Halifax. In response to public controversy surrounding planned alterations to 1960s buildings in 2003, GSA’s Center for Historic Buildings commis- sioned a context study to assess the agency’s Modernist inventory and develop methodologies for evaluation and treatment. Results of the study were released in October 2003 at the National Preservation Conference in an illustrated volume entitled Growth, Efficiency and Modernism: GSA Buildings of the 1950s, 60s and 70s. An assessment tool provided in the report is being used to help GSA flag buildings requiring special care be- fore major changes are made.

As with any historic building, the Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation are a good guide for planning repairs and alterations in Natalie Bull, Past President of APT Modern buildings. Context-responsive alterations help to maintain a cohe- and Director General of the Heri- sive appearance and an asset’s curb appeal for attracting and maintain- tage Canada Foundation ing tenants. However, balancing the goals of respecting original design intent and maintaining historic integrity can demand imaginative solutions when original materials or assemblies age poorly or are no longer avail- able. Modern-era public buildings often present unique design challenges that require thinking beyond traditional preservation design approaches, particularly with respect to interior spatial hierarchies, way finding, day lighting, and dimensional constraints on public space, circulation, and utilities. In this session, sponsored by the General Services Administra- tion, GSA project teams and architects explored preservation-appropriate repair and alteration solutions developed for modernist court-houses and office buildings constructed between 1965 and 1977, including upgrades Grave stones cleaning and repairs and improvements to plaza and lobby security way finding circulation day lighting systems.  Conservation Techniques: Stone Restoration Tech- niques Presenters: George Wheeler, Ph.D., Director of Conservation, Historic Preservation Program Metropolitan Museum of Art Frank Genello, Director of Masonry, American College of Building Arts Simeon Warren, Interim Dean and Professor of Architectural Stone, American College of Building Arts; stone carver

Workshop: This two-day workshop covered comprehensive range of issues with respect to stone restoration. On the first day George Wheeler of the Metropolitan Museum delivered a presentation covering mineralogy, rock identification, causes of deterioration, soiling, cleaning, stone replace- ment, adhesives and pinning, and current consolidation processes. Participants participated in the full day workshop on the second day at the Stone window mullion requiring historic Grant Mansion in Atlanta. Frank Genello and Simeon Warren of repairs Charleston’s American College of Building Arts demonstrated traditional stone restoration methods including stone replacement, pinning, and dutchman installation. Participants also toured the Grant Mansion, the headquarters of the Atlanta Preservation Center, and saw the ongoing restoration of this unique stucco, clay, and rubble structure. Field Sessions

Sites of the Civil Rights and “The New South” This field session took participants to some of Atlanta’s sites associated with the struggle for Civil Rights and those that stood as symbols of the Sisters Chapel in Atlanta New South. We learned aboutw restoration work completed on Ebenezer Baptist Church, where Martin Luther King, Jr. served as pastor; we were taken through Sweet Auburn, Atlanta’s historic African-American business district and we walked among the restoration of monuments, retaining walls and walkways at historic Oakland Cemetery, final resting place for 70,000 Atlantans from Civil War soldiers to Civil Rights pioneers. Finally, we discovered how Georgia’s State Capitol building was restored to its 19th century glory while updating for 21st century technology.

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s body lay in Sisters Chapel, Spelman College, 1927 state while thousands of mourners Sisters Chapel was dedicated on May 19, 1927. It was named for Laura filed through Sisters Chapel Spelman Rockefeller (Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Sr.) and her sister, Lucy Maria Spelman, and was built from funds from their estates at a cost of $203,328. Designed by Atlanta architect, Hal F. Hentz, Sisters Chapel is a multipurpose facility used by Spelman students, faculty, alumnae, friends, and the more than 14,000 visitors who annually tour the Chapel.

Countless historical events have taken place in sisters Chapel that have helped to shape the social and moral consciousness of the Atlanta com- munity, the nation and abroad. In 1968, rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s body Sisters Chapel now meets universal lay in state while thousands of mourners filed through Sisters Chapel to accessibility standards, a recent say goodbye to a leader, but not to a movement. During a speech to a code requirement that is not always easy to achieve in historic buildings capacity audience, Bishop Desmond Tutu called for the fall of apartheid 10 and raised the awareness of similarities between the struggles of African Americans and Black South Africans.

Among the challenges to restore the building were the integration of the mechanical systems, the adaptation to universal access standards, the acoustic treatment of the ceiling, adding additional seating space and meeting place with least impact on the historic fabric.

Georgia State Capitol, National Historic Landmark Atlanta became the permanent state capital in 1877. Atlanta gave the state “City Hall Lot” a square at the center of the city for the capitol to be Georgia State Capitol constructed. In 1883, the legislators appropriated $1 million to build the capitol. Other architectural styles were rejected in favor of a style similar to the U.S. Capitol to symbolize Georgia rejoining the Union.

In 2004, the Miss Freedom statue atop the dome was removed and sent to Canada for restoration; it returned in 2005.

The Georgia capitol houses the state legislature, governor’s office and the state museum. Restoration and improvements are continuously done in Legislature in State Capitol order to upgrade its facilities for modern use. Lord Aeck and Sargent just recently completed the rehabilitation of the legislature and senate rooms in 2005, returning the rooms to their original appearance while updating the soundproofing, electrical and technological systems. The main chal- lenges that the architects faced was the integration of the various systems into the historic fabric, especially in a context where powerful politicians interfere with design and decisions. Also challenging was getting good historical records. Decisions on how the records of the current work will be archived and shared with the public once all the rehabilitation work is fully completed have not been made yet.

Ebenezer Baptist Church Ebenezer Baptist Church is located on the corner of Jackson Street and Auburn Avenue. It is a three-story, red brick structure built with Gothic Revival-style elements. It has a steep pitched roof and two large tow- ers along its front façade that faces Auburn Avenue. The building is still Ebenezer Baptist Church where undergoing restoration, so some of the stained glass windows have been Martin Luther King Jr. was pastor removed. The condition of the building, however, is good.

The church was founded in 1886 and was originally located on Airline Street. Construction began on the historic sanctuary in 1914, and the basement only was completed the same year. Services were held in the basement until 1922, when the entire church was finally finished. In 1931, Martin Luther King, Sr., became pastor after his father-in-law, Rev. A.D. Williams, died. Under the leadership of King Sr., Ebenezer became a vital force on Auburn Avenue. As its economic position increased, King Sr. began to use the church as a method of advocating for social change.

This influence remained when Martin Luther King Jr. joined the pastorate at Ebenezer during the 1960s. Ebenezer became a meeting place for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Congress for Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. APT group visiting Ebenezer Church In 1968, the funeral for King Jr. was held at Ebenezer Baptist Church. In 11 1999, the Ebenezer congregation built a new sanctuary across the street from historic Ebenezer. In 2001, the National Park Service, with the aid of a “Save America’s Treasures” grant, began restoration of the old sanctu- ary, which will be completed in two phases. The historic Ebenezer is now operated by the National Park Service and is open to the public.

Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, at 501 Auburn Av- enue in Atlanta, Georgia. His father was a Baptist minister and his mother was a musician. His childhood was not especially eventful. He grew up as the second of three children in a black neighborhood, attending all-black schools. At 19 he graduated in 1948 from Morehouse College in Atlanta. Martin Luther King Jr. in Washing- Before he turned 27 he had earned two other degrees, a BD from Crozer ton D.C., August 28, 1963 Theological Seminary and a PhD in systematic theology from Boston University.

From the time he and his bride, the former Coretta Scott, moved to Montgomery, Alabama, to accept the pastorate of Dexter Avenue Bap- tist Church in 1954, King was destined to play an important role in the history of the United States. The year after he arrived in Montgomery, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to move to the back of a bus, and the support group that was organized to defend her and to boycott the bus company, the Montgomery improvement Association, chose King as its leader. Soon his eloquent voice on behalf of the disadvantaged was Martin Luther King Jr.’s mausoleum heard not only in Montgomery but in many parts of the United States and, next to Ebenezer Church ultimately, around the world.

Perhaps King was always committed to non-violence. But his visit to India in 1957 and his personal encounter with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and with Indian teachings of non-violence strengthened his resolve to use them in his quest for racial justice.

In 1960, King moved to Atlanta, and became president of the Southern Christian Leadership conference, a new but rapidly growing civil rights organization committed to non-violence. He also served as co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church.

Interior of Ebenezer Church where Increasingly, King advocated and practiced civil disobedience to what he the restoration work has not yet termed “immoral laws.” In 1960 he was sentenced to four months in Re- begun idsville State prison in Georgia for allegedly trespassing at a department store in Atlanta and for violating probation for a traffic violation several months earlier. Because of widespread fears for his safety in Reidsville, his jailing became an issue in the presidential election when Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy expressed his concern to Mrs. King while Republican candidate Richard M. Nixon did not.

The early summer of 1963 was filled with planning for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. On August 28, more than 250,000 people of every race and creed marched on Washington. The leaders met with President Kennedy and then several spoke to the assembled crowds. Historic photo of religious event at Ebenezer Church. King electrified the audience with his now-famous “I Have a Dream” speech.

12 In 1999, the Ebenezer congregation built a new sanctuary across the street from historic Ebenezer

Coretta Scott King, the widow of slain civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. died on Jan. 31, 2006 In autumn 1964, King was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. In early spring 1968 he went to Memphis to assist the sanitation workers who were on strike. It was there that he was fatally shot on a motel balcony on April 3, 1968. News of the assassination set off several days of rioting in some cities as millions in this nation and around the world mourned his death.

King was not only the most eloquent spokesman for racial justice of his time; he was also the most successful. He raised the discussion of human rights to a new level, and he developed techniques and approaches that made activism in civil rights a viable policy by which stated goals could be achieved.

Oakland Cemetery Consisting of 88 acres, Historical Oakland Cemetery is located just south- Entrance to historic Oakland cem- etery in Atlanta east of downtown Atlanta. The cemetery was founded on June 6, 1850, with the purchase of a six-acre tract of land and was extended by addi- tional acreage in 1855, 1857 and 1866.

Atlanta’s oldest extant burial grounds, pastoral Oakland Cemetery is filled with a variety of structures, including mausoleums, headstones, buildings and monuments, which retain much of their original integrity.

The structures found here are richly embellished in Victorian-inspired ornament. Many prominent Atlanta citizens are buried here among the 45,000 graves, including notable Atlanta citizens and politicians, Confed- erate soldiers, author Margaret Mitchell (Gone with the wind) and golfer Typical architecture in Oakland Bobby Jones. The City of Atlanta has always owned Oakland and has Cemetery that contains more than exercised protection of the grounds since 1852 by way of a city ordinance 45,000 graves passed to protect the place from vandalism.

13 Although vandalism still occurred over the years resulting in some dam- age to select gravestones, many of the marble and granite structures and mid-century ironwork are still mostly intact. The grounds of the cemetery still exude the 19th-century cemetery-park landscape originally intended.

Today, Oakland Cemetery is managed by the non-profit Historic Oakland Foundation, which is currently raising funds to continue its award-win- ning restoration of the grounds. A major challenge when one is faced with restoring more than 45,000 gravesites is deciding on priorities for inter- vention.

The authorities preferred a “zone” At first, a systematic approach was adopted to identify the damaged ar- instead of a “priority” approach to restore the graves eas of worst damage and begin restoration with those areas. The problem was that they were scattered all over the site, and once an area had been restored, it really did not have much of a visual impact on the whole. This approach was abandoned to the benefit of a “zoned” approach. Specific zones were identified for restoration. This included the gravestones, the landscape, the retaining walls and the pathways in the zone.

Once a zone is restored, a maintenance program is put in place as well as an interpretation program for visitors. This approach seems to be much more successful from a management and fundraising standpoint.

Adaptive-use in the Modern City: Preserv- Kevin Kuharic is in charge of the cemetery’s restoration work and ing Historic Character shared his experience with the Metropolitan Atlanta’s population now totals over 3 million; the State’s participants population is 8 million. As Atlanta continues its era of great expansion, the dynamics of living, working, leisure activity pursuits and community in a large metropolitan area have resulted in a counter-movement of popula- tion back to neglected urban neighborhoods and business and industrial districts. This urban pioneering and gentrification has changed neighbor- hood demographics, created new uses for abandoned or under-utilized buildings, fostered new development and produced a host of related chal- lenges. Converting abandoned industrial complexes into housing com- plexes was one of the initiatives supported by the City.

Swift and Company We were first shown the conversion of the Swift and Company building into a residential complex. The project was presented by the developer Main entrance to Swift and Com- pany rehabilitated meat plant; it has who bought and converted the building. It was constructed in 1927 for been converted into condominiums its original occupants, Swift and Company Meat Packers, who used the building through 1960, when Leiber Foods became the new owners. It was bought and rehabilitated in 1997 by Miller-Gallman Developers as part of the federal historic preservation tax incentive program. Today, it is used as residential loft condominiums.

The condominium units sell for approximately $150 per sq.-ft. The devel- oper faced many challenges. One was to attract people to come and live in this neighborhood that is close to downtown, but adjacent to the noisy railroad tracks. Other challenges included accommodating the occupant’s Interior of condominium unit at Swift needs for parking spaces, meeting stringent building codes, and making and Company money in a project with so many unknowns and uncertainties. A strategy that is usually very successful in such projects is to have a professional 14 interior decorator fit up one unit in such a way that it will make you want to come and live in the complex.

Fulton Cotton Mill Lofts The second conversion project we visited was the Fulton Cotton Mills Lofts. The beginnings of the mill can be traced to Atlanta in 1868 when German Jewish immigrant Jacob Elsas moved from Cincinnati to Atlanta to begin his business in rag, paper and hide. Interior of condominium at Swift and Company The 650,000 sq.-ft. mill was a driving force for the surrounding mill village, known as Cabbagetown, and employed 2,600 people. The mill thrived un- til the mid 1950s. The Elsas family continued management of the Fulton Cotton Mill until 1968, when it was sold to Allied Products Corporation. The Atlanta mill finally closed its doors in 1978.

Aderhold Properties Inc. purchased the Fulton cotton Mill Lofts from CSX Corp. in 1995. Aderhold retained architects to adapt the site to residential lofts. Phase 1 construction of the renovations began May 1997. Three buildings totaling 237,000 sq.-ft. were transformed into 206 loft apart- Interior of condominium at Swift and ments. This phase was completed in July 1998 and was awarded the Company 1999 Build Georgia Award from the Georgia branch of Associated Gen- eral Contractors of America Inc. for the conversion. The second phase includes an additional 562 units.

The building is one of the few remaining examples of early industrial architecture in Atlanta. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and retains original materials, including windows, bricks, skylights, and I-beams in its adaptive use. The first phase is currently be- ing converted into condominiums. The units currently rent between $1.00 and $1.50 per sq.-ft. per month. The occupants represent a wide variety of ethnic groups and social backgrounds.

Southern Dairies Office Complex We were explained the Southern Dairies Office Complex conversion by Cassie Joy of Smith Dalia Architects. Originally built in 1938 for the South- ern Dairies, this Art Deco facility was originally a factory for processing dairy products. The property was later purchased by Kraft Foods, which used the plant to produce yogurt and ice cream. Fulton Cotton Mill Lofts interior courtyard seen from passage way between the two main structures In 1998, Paul Raulet, of Raulet Property Partners, bought the plant for $1.4 million and poured approximately $6 million into renovations. They demolished 35,000 sq.-ft. of space and replaced it with landscaped court- yards and parking lots to provide abundant parking right outside of tenant offices.

The architects, Smith Dalia Architects stripped off years and years of ad- ditions, and underneath were the original buildings from the 1930s, includ- ing 15’x20’ windows that had been covered up. Southern Dairies is now 90 percent occupied by a variety of tenants, including the architecture firm that oversaw the project. The 650,000 sq.-ft. industrial complex is being converted into Historic Preservation Tax Credits were used for this project. The develop- condominiums; it will house 768 residential units when the project is er wanted to restore the façade as well as keep as much of the brick pat- completed terning as possible. The adaptive use project won multiple awards includ- 15 ing awards from the Atlanta Urban Design Commission and the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

I believe that it would be very interesting and worthwhile for the preserva- tion movement to study and publish the results of such conversions. The work would have to cover the technical, social, financial and aesthetic is- sues surrounding such conversions. It would certainly contribute to saving much of the industrial fabric of modern cities that are just eager to bull- Southern Dairies Office Complex was built in 1938 and served as a doze such heritage to make way for new and better development. manufacturing plant for yogurt and of Historic Places in 2002. ice cream. It is now converted into offices I believe that it would be very interesting and worthwhile for the preserva- tion movement to study and publish the results of such conversions. The work would have to cover the technical, social, financial and aesthetic is- sues surrounding such conversions. It would certainly contribute to saving much of the industrial fabric of modern cities that are just eager to bull- doze such heritage to make way for new and better development.

Board room of the offices of Smith Dalia architects who were charged with the rehabilitation of the com- plex

Hugh C. Miller The Harley J. McKee Award, the highest honor bestowed by APT, recognizes individu- als who have made outstanding contributions to the field of preservatin technology. First presented in 1995, this award is named for the late Harley J. McKee, an early preserva- tion architect and professor at Syracuse University, who was a founder and president of APT. His book entitled Introduction to Early American Masonry, Stone, Brick, Mortar, and Plaster is considered an essential resource for students of historic preservation.

This year, the award went to Hugh C. Miller

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