INSIGHTS from INDIA, GHANA, and ETHIOPIA Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Gender and Governance in Rural Services INSIGHTS FROM INDIA, GHANA, AND ETHIOPIA Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized GENDER AND GOVERNANCE IN RURAL SERVICES GENDER AND GOVERNANCE IN RURAL SERVICES Insights from India, Ghana, and Ethiopia © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 978-0-8213-7658-4 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8156-4 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7658-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gender and governance in rural services : insights from India, Ghana, and Ethiopia / the World Bank and International Food Policy Research Institute. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-8213-7658-4 — ISBN 978-0-8213-8156-4 (electronic) 1. Rural development projects—India—Case studies. 2. Rural development projects— Ghana—Case studies. 3. Rural development projects—Ethiopia—Case studies. 4. Rural women—Services for—India—Case studies. 5. Rural women—Services for—Ghana—Case studies. 6. Rural women—Services for—Ethiopia—Case studies. 7. Rural women—India— Social conditions—Case studies. 8. Rural women—Ghana—Social conditions—Case studies. 9. Rural women—Ethiopia—Social conditions—Case studies. 10. Rural development— Government policy—India—Case studies. 11. Rural development—Government policy— Ghana—Case studies. 12. Rural development—Government policy—Ethiopia—Case studies. I. World Bank. II. International Food Policy Research Institute. HN49.C6G44 2009 307.1'412091724—dc22 2009033126 Cover photo: Dominic Sansoni, World Bank (background); Simone McCourtie, World Bank (foreground). Cover design: Patricia Hord Graphik Design. CONTENTS Foreword xvii Acknowledgments xix Abbreviations xxiii Executive Summary xxv 1. Introduction 1 Providing Agricultural and Rural Services: What Is the Problem? 1 Better Serving the Rural Poor, Including Rural Women 4 Governance Reforms and Their Promise for Better Service Provision 6 Making Services Work for the Poor: The World Bank Accountability Framework 7 Where Are the Knowledge Gaps? 9 The Gender and Governance in Rural Services Project 12 Objectives and Structure of This Report 14 Notes 15 2. Conceptual Framework and Literature Review 17 Conceptual Framework 17 Actions and Mechanisms That Create Accountability 20 Strategies to Make Service Provision More Gender Sensitive 23 Notes 34 v 3. Gender and Governance in India, Ghana, and Ethiopia 35 The Three Countries in Comparative Perspective 35 India 40 Ghana 49 Ethiopia 55 Annex 66 Notes 92 4. Methodology 93 India 93 Ghana 97 Ethiopia 99 Annex 102 Notes 103 5. The Short Route of Accountability: Households, Community Organizations, and Service Providers 105 India 105 Ghana 132 Ethiopia 162 Annex 187 Notes 204 6. The Long Route of Accountability: Political Representatives and Their Linkages 205 India 205 Ghana 220 Ethiopia 232 Annex 244 Notes 250 7. Comparing the Three Countries 251 Synopsis and Discussion of Main Findings 251 Routes of Accountability in Comparison 277 Notes 283 8. Implications for Policy and Research 285 Cross-Cutting Insights for Policy Design and Research 285 Country-Specific Recommendations 288 Concluding Remarks: What Creates Political Incentives to Improve Outcomes for Women? 305 References 307 Index 317 vi CONTENTS BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLES Boxes 1.1 Market Failure, State Failure, and Community Failure in Agricultural Extension 2 1.2 The Pervasive Problem of Clientelism and Elite Capture 8 1.3 Glossary 10 2.1 Mechanisms and Actions That Create Accountability in Service Delivery 22 2.2 Strategies to Make Service Provision More Gender Sensitive 24 2.3 Research Questions for Descriptive and Qualitative Analysis 32 3.1 India’s ATMA Model for Agricultural Reform 45 3.2 Challenges of Decentralization in Ghana 51 3.3 Results from a World Bank Field Study of Decentralization in Ethiopia 58 3.A.1 World Bank Support for Local Governance in Ethiopia 91 5.1 Challenges of Staff at the Gram Panchayat Level in Karnataka 117 5.2 Gender Blind Spot of an Agricultural Agency in Ethiopia 175 vii 6.1 Is Illiteracy an Obstacle to Women’s Participation in Local Politics in India? 207 6.2 Violence as an Obstacle to the Long Route of Accountability in Bihar 214 6.3 Are Female Panchayat Presidents Merely Tokens for Their Husbands? 218 6.4 Dealing with the Bureaucracy: Strategies of Female Politicians 220 6.5 District Assembly Members as “Glorified Beggars” 225 6.6 The Nexus between the Ruling Party and Agricultural Activities in Tigray 240 Figures 1 The Long and Short Routes of Accountability xxvii 1.1 World Bank Accountability Framework 7 2.1 Conceptual Framework Applied in the Report 18 2.2 Creating Accountability along the Service Delivery Chain 21 3.1 Levels of Government and Types of Elected Government Bodies in India, Ghana, and Ethiopia 41 5.1 Short Route of Accountability 106 5.2 Household Satisfaction with Agricultural Extension in Karnataka, by Gender and Caste 108 5.3 Household Satisfaction with Veterinary Services in Karnataka, by Gender and Caste 110 5.4 Household Satisfaction with Drinking Water Service in Karnataka, by Gender and Caste 112 5.5 Satisfaction with Drainage in Karnataka, by Gender and Caste 113 5.6 Age Distribution of Staff in Karnataka 119 5.7 Membership in Community-Based Organizations by Men and Women in Karnataka 128 5.8 Use of Extension and Other Agricultural Services by Men and Women in Ethiopia 163 5.9 Access to Drinking Water Sources in Ethiopia 167 5.10 Satisfaction with Quantity and Quality of Drinking Water Supply in Ethiopia in Wet and Dry Seasons 169 viii BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLES 5.11 Changes in Concerns with Drinking Water Supply in Ethiopia, by Gender 173 5.12 Size of Cooperatives in Ethiopia 185 5.A.1 Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Drinking Water Services among Surveyed Men and Women in Karnataka 188 5.A.2 Use of Extension and Other Agricultural Services in Ethiopia, by Socioeconomic Status 203 5.A.3 Tendency of Men and Women in Ethiopia to Complain When Dissatisfied with Drinking Water Facility 203 6.1 Long Route of Accountability 206 6.2 Attendance Rates at Different Types of Community Meetings in Karnataka 210 6.3 Average Annual Number of Meetings between Households and Officials and Percentage of Women in Karnataka Who Interacted with Officials in Past Year 212 6.4 Share of Respondents in Ethiopia Who Used Media or Communication Device in Past Year 233 6.A.1 Occupation of Gram Panchayat Members 245 6.A.2 Literacy and Education of Gram Panchayat Members 245 6.A.3 Membership of Gram Panchayat Members in Local Organizations, by Caste 246 6.A.4 Average Number of Meetings of Gram Sabha, Gram Panchayat, and Jamabandhi, by Gender of President 247 6.A.5 Perceptions of Issues Discussed at Gram Sabha Meetings, by Gender of Household Head 248 6.A.6 Household Interaction with Panchayat Members and Officials, by Gender of Household Head 248 6.A.7 Reason for Interaction with Panchayat Members and Officials 249 6.A.8 Activities Undertaken under Devolved Schemes, as Reported by Male and Female Gram Panchayat Presidents 249 7.1 Main Routes of Accountability in India 278 7.2 Main Routes of Accountability in Ghana 280 7.3 Main Routes of Accountability in Ethiopia 282 BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLES ix Ta b l e s 3.1 Selected Economic Indicators in India, Ghana, and Ethiopia, 2006 36 3.2 Selected Agricultural Indicators in India, Ghana, and Ethiopia 37 3.3 Governance Indicators 37 3.4 Social Indicators in India, Ghana, and Ethiopia, by Gender 38 3.5 Social Institutions and Gender Index Indicators in India, Ghana, and Ethiopia 39 3.6 Devolution of Agriculture and Drinking Water Functions to Different Tiers of Government in Karnataka 42 3.A.1 Strategies to Promote Gender Equity in India 70 3.A.2 Projects by International Development Agencies That Support Local Governance and Agricultural/Rural Service Provision in India 78 3.A.3 Strategies

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