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Ethiopia Gender Equality and the Knowledge Society

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Ethiopia Gender Equality and the Knowledge Society FINAL REPORT NATIONAL ASSESSMENT: ETHIOPIA GENDER EQUALITY AND THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY December 2015 By Helina Beyene, PhD 606 Chestnut Ave Apt 18 Los Angeles, CA 90042 310.954.7110 [email protected] Funded by Table of Contents Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... 4 Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Summary of Tables ....................................................................................................................... 7 Summary of Findings ................................................................................................................. 10 Ethiopia: Country Overview ...................................................................................................... 15 Dimension 1: Enabling Policy Environment ............................................................................ 20 Dimension 2: Health Status ........................................................................................................ 26 Female Health Expectancy ........................................................................................................... 26 Prevalence of Rates of Malaria, TB, and HIV/AIDS.................................................................... 28 Physical Integrity: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) ................................................................. 29 Dimension 3: Social Status ......................................................................................................... 32 Sex Ratio at Birth .......................................................................................................................... 32 Son Preference .............................................................................................................................. 33 Prevalence of Gender-based violence (GBV) ............................................................................... 33 Time Use/Workload ...................................................................................................................... 38 Dimension 4: Economic Status .................................................................................................. 41 Women’s Share Among the Economically Active Population ..................................................... 41 Earned Income Ratios ................................................................................................................... 42 Females by Category of Workers ................................................................................................. 46 Dimension 5: Access to Resources ............................................................................................. 49 Ownership of Land, Houses, and Other Property ......................................................................... 49 Women’s Access to Credit, Loans, and Venture Capital .............................................................. 51 Use by Women of Railroads and Other Transportation Infrastructure ......................................... 53 Access of Women to Electricity ................................................................................................... 53 Dimension 6: Women’s Agency ................................................................................................. 55 Women in Government ................................................................................................................. 55 Fertility Rates and Contraceptive Use .......................................................................................... 57 Dimension 7: Opportunity and Capability ............................................................................... 59 Literacy Rate ................................................................................................................................. 59 Net Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Enrollments ...................................................................... 60 Availability of On-the-Job Staff, Specialized Training ................................................................ 66 Dimension 8: Women in Knowledge Society Decision-Making .............................................. 68 Shares of Women as Legislators, Senior Officials, and Managers ............................................... 68 Dimension 9: Women in the Knowledge Economy .................................................................. 71 Women in Professional and Technical Positions .......................................................................... 71 Shares of Women in Administrative and Managerial Positions ................................................... 77 Female Employment in Agriculture, Industry, and Services ........................................................ 78 Women with High-Level Computer Skills ................................................................................... 80 Shares of Women Among Information Technology Workers ...................................................... 80 2 Shares of Women Studying Science and Engineering at Tertiary Level ...................................... 87 Shares of Women Scientists and Engineers .................................................................................. 91 Shares of Women Researchers...................................................................................................... 92 Women’s Publication and Innovation Patent Rates and Trends ................................................... 92 Gender Trends in Brain Drain in Highly Skilled Fields ............................................................... 93 Number of Women-Run Enterprises in Sector Value Chains ...................................................... 93 Dimension 11: Women and Lifelong Learning ........................................................................ 94 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 95 References .................................................................................................................................. 101 3 Acknowledgement This project was possible because of the generosity of many people. I would like to thank my assistant extraordinaire, Adugna Girma, a walking, talking encyclopedia of all things Ethiopia. I am indebted to the inspiring, Zewdie Abegaz, for generously sharing her knowledge and availing her contacts. My heartfelt gratitude goes to Weyzero Tigist (Ministry of Science and Technology), Weyzero Adanech (Ministry of Information and Technology), and Weyzero Yalemzewd (Ethio Telecom), for their time, insight, and fighting the good fight. As always, infinite thanks to my parents, Asmelash Beyene and Fetenu Bekele, for driving me around, making so many phone calls on my behalf, helping me make sense of the massive amount of data, giving me feedback on my report, and insisting on feeding me healthy food. This project would not have gotten off the ground without their help. Finally, I am forever grateful to Nancy Hafkin for giving me this opportunity, taking my head out of the academic bubble, helping me to reconnect with my country, and for all the support and love year after year. 4 Acronyms AIMDG: African Institute of Management, Development, and Governance CEDAW: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CSA: Central Statistics Agency EPRDF: Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front ESDP Education Sector Development Program FGM: female genital mutilation GBV: Gender-Based Violence GII: Gender Inequality Index GPI: Gender Parity Index GER: Gross Enrollment Ratio HTPs: Harmful Traditional Practices MoE: Ministry of Education MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economy Development MOST: Ministry of Science and Technology MoWCYA: Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs NAP-GE: National Action Plan Gender Equality NER: Net Enrollment Ratio NGO: Non-Governmental Organization PASDEP: Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty PSNP: Productive Safety Nets Program GTP: Growth and Transformation Plan RGP: Real Growth Rate 5 SDPRP: Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program SME: Small and Medium Enterprises SNNPR: Southern Nations Nationalities and People Region STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics STIP: Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy TB: Tuberculosis TVET: Technical and Vocational Education and Training UNDP: United Nations Development Program USAID: United States Agency for International Development WHO: World Health Organization 6 Summary of Tables Table 1: Deaths due to HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and TB Table 2: Percentage of Women Who Have Undergone FGM by Region Table 3: Sex Ratio Estimates, 2015 Table 4: Percentage of All Women Ages 15–49 who agree that a Husband is Justified in Hitting or Beating his Wife Table 5: Perceptions of the Prevalence of the Different Types of Violence in School by Teachers, Parents, and Students (%) Table 6: Table 6: Time Spent on Earnings and Learning-Related Activities Table 7: Unemployment Rate by Age Group and Sex, Country Total 2013 Table 8: Earned Income by Industry Table 9: Earnings and Number of Hours Worked by Type of Work Table 10: Percentage of Males and Females Ten Years and Older, by Occupation Table 11: Percentage of Males and Females in Major Occupational
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