DOCSLIB.ORG

Trends in Demographic and Reproductive Health Indicators in Ethiopia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trends in Demographic and Reproductive Health Indicators in Ethiopia ETHIOPIA TREND REPORT Trends in Demographic and Reproductive Health Indicators in Ethiopia Further analysis of the 2000 and 2005 Demographic and Health Surveys Data Trends in Demographic and Reproductive Health Indicators in Ethiopia Further analysis of the 2000 and 2005 Demographic and Health Surveys Data Macro International Inc. Calverton, Maryland USA January 2007 This report presents the findings from a trend analysis undertaken as part of the follow-up to the 2005 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Funding was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development through the MEASURE DHS project. Macro International provided technical assistance. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID. The Demographic and Health Surveys program is designed to collect, analyze, and disseminate data on fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, nutrition, and HIV/AIDS. Additional information about the MEASURE DHS project can be obtained from Macro International Inc., DHR Division, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300, Calverton, MD 20705 (telephone: 301-572- 0200; fax: 301-572-0999; email: [email protected]; internet: www.measuredhs.com). Suggested citation: Macro International Inc. 2007. Trends in Demographic and Reproductive Health Indicators in Ethiopia. Calverton, Maryland, USA: Macro International Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Data Sources.............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Health Policy and Priorities ...................................................................................................2 2. Demographic, Social and Economic Indicators.........................................................................3 2.1 Population Size..........................................................................................................................3 2.2 Composition of the Household Population.......................................................................4 2.3 Educational Attainment...........................................................................................................5 3. Household Characteristics...........................................................................................................9 3.1 Housing Characteristics..........................................................................................................9 3.2 Exposure to Mass Media ......................................................................................................12 4. Fertility .......................................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 Fertility Rates..........................................................................................................................15 4.2 Median Age at First Birth .....................................................................................................17 4.3 Adolescent Fertility...............................................................................................................18 5. Marriage Patterns........................................................................................................................ 21 5.1 Never-married Women and Men ......................................................................................21 5.2 Median Age at First Marriage ..............................................................................................22 5.3 Prevalence of Polygyny..........................................................................................................23 6. Family Planning............................................................................................................................. 25 6.1 Knowledge of Family Planning.............................................................................................25 6.2 Current Use of Family Planning..........................................................................................27 7. Fertility Preferences.................................................................................................................... 31 7.1 Desire for Children...............................................................................................................31 7.2 Ideal Family Size......................................................................................................................33 7.3 Unmet Need for Family Planning........................................................................................34 8. Child Health Indicators.............................................................................................................. 37 8.1 Early Childhood Mortality....................................................................................................37 8.2 Child Immunization................................................................................................................40 8.3 Treatment of Childhood Diseases.....................................................................................42 8.4 Nutritional Status of Children.............................................................................................44 9. Maternal Care.............................................................................................................................. 49 9.1 Antenatal Care and TT Coverage......................................................................................49 9.2 Place of Delivery and Attendance during Childbirth .....................................................52 9.3 Nutritional Status...................................................................................................................53 References............................................................................................................................................. 55 i FIGURES Figure 2.1: Percent Distribution of Household Population, by Age Group..............................4 Figure 2.2: Percentage of Female-headed Households, by Residence........................................4 Figure 2.3: Average Household Size, by Residence ........................................................................5 Figure 2.4: Percentage of Male and Female Household Population Age 6 Years and above Who Have Ever Attended School..............................................................5 Figure 2.5: Percentage of Female and Male Population Age 6 Years and above Who Ever Attended School, Sub-Saharan Africa ..................................................................6 Figure 2.6: Net School Attendance Ratios at Primary and Secondary Level, by Sex of Children.............................................................................................................7 Figure 2.7: Percentage of Men Age 15-59 and Women Age 15-49, by Level of Education........................................................................................................7 Figure 2.8: Percentage of Women of Reproductive Ages with no Education, Sub-Saharan Africa.............................................................................................................8 Figure 3.1: Percentage of Households with Electricity and Piped Drinking Water, by Residence .......................................................................................................................9 Figure 3.2: Percentage of Households with Access to Electricity, Sub-Saharan Africa...........................................................................................................10 Figure 3.3: Percentage of Households with no Toilet, by Residence.......................................10 Figure 3.4: Percentage of Households with no Toilet, Sub-Saharan Africa.............................11 Figure 3.5: Percentage of Households with a Radio and Television, by Residence...............12 Figure 3.6: Percentage of Women Age 15-49 Who Listen to the Radio and Who Watch Television at Least Once a Week, by Residence........................................13 Figure 3.7: Percentage of Women Age 15-49 Who Listen to the Radio at Least Once a Week, Sub-Saharan Africa...............................................................................13 Figure 3.8: Percentage of Women Age 15-49 Who Watch Television at Least Once a Week, Sub-Saharan Africa...............................................................................14 Figure 4.1: Total Fertility Rates, by Residence...............................................................................15 Figure 4.2: Trends in Age-specific Fertility Rates..........................................................................16 Figure 4.3: Total Fertility Rates, Sub-Saharan Africa ....................................................................16 Figure 4.4: Median Age at First Birth for Women Age 25-49, by Residence ........................17 Figure 4.5: Median Age at First Birth for Women Age 25-49, Sub-Saharan Africa..............17 Figure 4.6: Percentage of Women 15-19 Who Are Mothers or Pregnant with First Child, by Residence, Education and Age ...........................................................18 Figure 4.7: Adolescent Fertility, Sub-Saharan Africa ....................................................................19 Figure 5.1: Percentage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Ethiopia
    Ministry of Finance For every child Whoever she is. Wherever he lives. Every child deserves a childhood. A future. A fair chance. That’s why UNICEF is there. For each and every child. Working day in and day out. In more than 190 countries and territories. Reaching the hardest to reach. The furthest from help. The most excluded. It’s why we stay to the end. And never give up. National Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Ethiopia Cover photo © UNICEF Ethiopia/2017/Martha Tadesse Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance The United Nations Children’s Fund P.O.Box: 1037 Or 1905, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia P.O.Box 1169, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Telephone: +251 11 155 2015 Telephone: +251 11 518 4000 Fax: +251 11 155 5189 Fax: +251 11 551 1628 Website: www.mofed.gov.et Website: www.unicef.org/ethiopia Ministry of Finance National Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Ethiopia National Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Ethiopia FOREWORD The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is on the cusp of transformational changes that could ii solidify its place as a leader on the African continent and an important actor in the global landscape. As the second most-populous country in Africa, and a country that has demonstrated resilience in the face of recurrent hazards, Ethiopia can be a country model for inclusive development that is sustainable, equity-focused and risk-informed. In pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030, the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and Ethiopia’s own current national development agenda, the Second Five- Year Growth and Transformation Plan 2015/2016-2019/2020 (GTP II), there must be broad-scale commitment across country stakeholders to leave no one behind.
    [Show full text]
  • Empowerment of African Women Through Participation in Agricultural
    Economic Empowerment of African Women through Equitable Participation in Agricultural Value Chains Rights and permissions All rights reserved. The information in this publication may be reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. Reproduction of the publication or any part thereof for commercial purposes is forbidden. The views expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the view of the African Development Bank, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. Copyright © African Development Bank 2015 African Development Bank Immeuble du Centre de commerce International d’Abidjan CCIA Avenue Jean-Paul II 01 BP 1387 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire Tel.: (+225) 20 26 10 20 Email: [email protected] Website: www.afdb.org Economic Empowerment of African Women through Equitable Participation in Agricultural Value Chains Foreword i REFLECTIONS FROM THE PRESIDENT This has been a most exciting decade for the African continent. When I look back, it has been a privilege to lead the AfDB during such a dynamic time. For me personally, I am particularly proud of the strategic choices the Bank made to support and accelerate the new momentum. I would like to focus today on the exciting potential for the future, embodied in this report. In implementing its Ten Year Strategy, the Bank will pay particular attention to gender, agriculture and food Donald Kaberuka security to achieve the overall objectives of inclusive growth. We have made significant strides but it is time for a radical step change. President (2005 to 2015), African Development This report sets the ground to empower women to take a leading role Bank Group in the business of farming and agricultural value chains regionally and globally and agro-processing through investment, business funding and providing support programs.
    [Show full text]
  • 519 Ethiopia Report With
    Minority Rights Group International R E P O R Ethiopia: A New Start? T • ETHIOPIA: A NEW START? AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT AN MRG INTERNATIONAL BY KJETIL TRONVOLL ETHIOPIA: A NEW START? Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully © Minority Rights Group 2000 acknowledges the support of Bilance, Community Aid All rights reserved Abroad, Dan Church Aid, Government of Norway, ICCO Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- and all other organizations and individuals who gave commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- financial and other assistance for this Report. mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. For further information please contact MRG. This Report has been commissioned and is published by A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the ISBN 1 897 693 33 8 issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the ISSN 0305 6252 author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in Published April 2000 all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. Typset by Texture Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. MRG is grateful to all the staff and independent expert readers who contributed to this Report, in particular Tadesse Tafesse (Programme Coordinator) and Katrina Payne (Reports Editor). THE AUTHOR KJETIL TRONVOLL is a Research Fellow and Horn of Ethiopian elections for the Constituent Assembly in 1994, Africa Programme Director at the Norwegian Institute of and the Federal and Regional Assemblies in 1995.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Genital Cutting
    DHS Comparative Reports 7 Female Genital Cutting in the Demographic and Health Surveys: A Critical and Comparative Analysis MEASURE DHS+ assists countries worldwide in the collection and use of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), MEASURE DHS+ is implemented by ORC Macro in Calverton, Maryland. The main objectives of the MEASURE DHS+ project are: 1) to provide decisionmakers in survey countries with information useful for informed policy choices, 2) to expand the international population and health database, 3) to advance survey methodology, and 4) to develop in participating countries the skills and resources necessary to conduct high-quality demographic and health surveys. Information about the MEASURE DHS+ project or the status of MEASURE DHS+ surveys is available on the Internet at http://www.measuredhs.com or by contacting: ORC Macro 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300 Calverton, MD 20705 USA Telephone: 301-572-0200 Fax: 301-572-0999 E-mail: [email protected] DHS Comparative Reports No. 7 Female Genital Cutting in the Demographic and Health Surveys: A Critical and Comparative Analysis P. Stanley Yoder Noureddine Abderrahim Arlinda Zhuzhuni ORC Macro Calverton, Maryland, USA September 2004 This publication was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development under the terms of Contract No. HRN-C-00-97-00019- 00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. Editor: Sidney Moore Series design: Katherine Senzee Document production: Justine Faulkenburg Recommended citation: Yoder, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Council Distr.: Limited 15 June 2021
    United Nations E/ICEF/2021/P/L.19 Economic and Social Council Distr.: Limited 15 June 2021 Original: English United Nations Children’s Fund Executive Board Second regular session 2021 7–10 September 2021 Item 6 (a) of the provisional agenda* ** Draft country programme document Eritrea Summary The draft country programme document (CPD) for Eritrea is presented to the Executive Board for discussion and comment. The draft CPD includes a proposed aggregate indicative budget of $13,552,000 from regular resources, subject to the availability of funds, and $65,000,000 in other resources, subject to the availability of specific-purpose contributions, for the period 2022 to 2026. * E/ICEF/2021/23. ** In accordance with Executive Board decision 2014/1, country programme documents (CPDs) are considered and approved in one session, on a no-objection basis. This draft CPD, and a costed evaluation plan, will be presented to the Executive Board for review from 16 June to 6 July 2021. The final CPD will be posted to the Executive Board web page in English six weeks in advance of the 2021 second regular session and in the other designated languages four weeks in advance. E/ICEF/2021/P/L.19 Programme rationale 1. Eritrea is home to an estimated 3.5 million people,1 with just over half (51.7 per cent) aged 0 to 19 years.2 Since official independence in 1993, life expectancy at birth has risen from 50 to 66 years (63 for men and 67 for women). 3 Among the vulnerable populations are an estimated 225,000 persons with disabilities – of whom 13 per cent are children – almost 100,000 orphaned children and 300,000 women-headed households (44.4 per cent of all households).4 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Assessing Women's Relationship with the Eritrean Liberation Front
    Gender, Nationalism and Revolution: Re-Assessing Women’s Relationship with the Eritrean Liberation Front by Christine Mason Working Paper #274 December 2001 Abstract This paper is a re-assessment of the role of women in the Eritrean national liberation struggle. As such, it challenges the existing literature surrounding the topic and interrogates the emphasis placed upon women who fought physically in the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF). The bulk of this research attempts to give voice to women who participated predominantly through non-military means in the predecessor to the EPLF, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). Central to this research is the issue of why the role of female EPLF combatants is prioritized over female ELF non-combatants in existing literature and the growing nationalist mythologies of struggle, sacrifice and national and gender liberation. This paper concludes that the answers to such questions lie in the creation and re-creation of national narratives that exclude dissenting voices in order to preserve an artificial unity. As a result, it is both a denial of variegated female experience as well as an example of the totalitarian tendencies of national liberation ideology. About the Author Christine Mason (BA (Hons) LLB) lectures in the School of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Queensland and is completing her doctoral dissertation, Gender, Ethnicity and National Liberation Ideology in Eritrea, at the University of New South Wales, Sydney. Her primary focus is gender-based research, from both a political and legal perspective. Several of her previous journal articles concern feminist legal issues in Australia, especially in relation to multiculturalism, as well as issues pertaining to gender, nationalism and development.
    [Show full text]
  • Psd Technical Working Papers Series Supporting Private Industry
    PSD TECHNICAL WORKING PAPERS SERIES SUPPORTING PRIVATE INDUSTRY Working Paper No. 7 Women Entrepreneurship Development in Selected African Countries Private Sector Development Branch Investment Promotion and Institutional Capacity Building Division United Nations Industrial Development Organization WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED AFRICAN COUNTRIES by Tezer Ulusay de Groot UNIDO Industrial Development Officer UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Private Sector Development Branch Investment Promotion and Institutional Capacity-Building Division Copyright 8 2001 by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) First published February 2001 PSD Technical Working Papers Series The PSD Technical Working Papers Series is a series of occasional papers arising from the work of the Private Sector Development Branch of the Investment Promotion and Institutional Capacity Building Division (IPC/PSD) of UNIDO. It is intended as an informal means of communicating important insights and findings from the technical cooperation and research activities of the Branch to a wider public of interested development practitioners, policy-makers and academics. The Branch would welcome comments and suggestions on the issues raised in these papers, which may be addressed to: Wilfried Lütkenhorst Director, IPC/PSD UNIDO P. O. Box 300 A-1400 Vienna Tel: +43 1 26026 4820/4821 Fax: +43 1 26026 6842 E-mail: [email protected] Previous publications in this series: Paper No. 1 Case Study on the Operation of Three Romanian Business Centres Paper No. 2 SME Cluster and Network Development in Developing Countries: The Experience of UNIDO Paper No. 3 Capacity Building for Private Sector Development in Africa Paper No. 4 Financing of Private Enterprise Development in Africa Paper No.
    [Show full text]
  • Women & Girls and HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia
    Women and Girls and HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia An Assessment of the Policy and Legal Framework Protecting the Rights of Women and Girls and Reducing Their Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS 1 Women & Girls and Fikremarkos Merso HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia 1 Women & Girls and Fikremarkos Merso HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia 1 4 Note: The views expressed and arguments made in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNFPA. This documents was published through the generous financial support provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and UNAIDS. Women and Girls and HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia An Assessment of the Policy and Legal Framework Protecting the Rights of Women and Girls and Reducing Their Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS 5 Acknowledgments This document which is an assessment of the policy and legal framework protecting the rights of women and girls in Ethiopia and reducing their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS was researched and prepared by Fikremarkos Merso, a private consultant. He presented a well researched and organized document. Special thanks go to Ayehualem Tameru and Meron Negussie of the HIV/AIDS Unit of UNFPA Ethiopia Country Office who oversaw the process of development of the report and provided technical comments on its content. Thanks are due to Abraham Gelaw of the Communication Unit who facilitated matters in regard to the editing of the document and following up matters in relation to its design and printing. In addition thanks are due to the Operations Unit who facilitated administrative matters. UNFPA would like to extend its appreciation for all informants who provided information that went into this publication, especially informants from the Ministry of Justice, HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office, the Prosecutor’s Office, the Judiciary, Police, Addis Ababa Women’s Association, Action Aid Ethiopia, and Ethiopian Women Lawyers’ Association.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Genital Mutilation in Africa: an Analysis of Current Abandonment Approaches
    Female genital mutilation in Africa An analysis of current abandonment approaches December 2005 A.C.S. Plaza, 4th Floor, Lenana Road P.O. Box 76634, Nairobi, 00508 Tel: 254.20.3877177 Fax: 254.20.3877172 email: [email protected] www.path.org Suggested citation: Muteshi J, Sass J. Female Genital Mutilation in Africa: An Analysis of Current Abandonment Approaches. Nairobi: PATH; 2005. Copyright © 2006, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH). All rights reserved. The material in this document may be freely used for education or noncommercial purposes, provided the material is accompanied by an acknowledgement line. Table of contents Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 3 Executive summary ............................................................................................................ 4 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 6 2 FGM prevalence.......................................................................................................... 7 FGM prevalence by residence ..................................................................................... 8 FGM prevalence by ethnicity ...................................................................................... 9 FGM prevalence by education..................................................................................... 9 FGM prevalence by religion.......................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Risk and Protection: Youth and HIV/AIDS In
    RISK AND PROTECTION Youth and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sub-Saharan Africa has been more devastated by the HIV/AIDS epidemic than any other world region. The epidemic is taking an enormous toll on the region’s youth: Nearly 10 million women and men aged 15–24—roughly one in 14 young adults—are living with HIV/AIDS, and half of new infections in 2003 occurred among this age-group. Economic, social and cultural factors contribute to Sub-Saharan African youths’ vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. • Most countries in the region are among the poorest in the world; people living in poverty may place low priority on sexual and reproductive health and may engage in high-risk behaviors. • Education can help adolescents avoid HIV/AIDS, but in many countries, fewer than 20% of women aged 15–19 and fewer than 30% of men this age have more than a primary school education. • Traditional social values prescribe strict gender roles that may undermine women’s ability to protect their sexual and reproductive health, and condone promiscuity among men. Adolescents’ knowledge, beliefs and behavior related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) reveal areas where educational efforts may best be focused. • About nine in 10 young people aged 15–19 in Sub-Saharan Africa have heard of HIV/AIDS, but most are not familiar with the ABCs of prevention: abstinence, being faithful (monogamy) and use of condoms. • In the 10 countries with data, 1–9% of 15–19-year-olds who have heard of HIV have been tested for the virus; however, most untested women and men this age say they would like to be tested.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Marriage: a Mapping of Programmes and Partners in Twelve Countries in East and Southern Africa
    CHILD MARRIAGE A MAPPING OF PROGRAMMES AND PARTNERS IN TWELVE COUNTRIES IN EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA i Acknowledgements Special thanks to Carina Hickling (international consultant) for her technical expertise, skills and dedication in completing this mapping; to Maja Hansen (Regional Programme Specialist, Adolescent and Youth, UNFPA East and Southern Africa Regional Office) and Jonna Karlsson (Child Protection Specialist, UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office) for the guidance on the design and implementation of the study; and to Maria Bakaroudis, Celine Mazars and Renata Tallarico from the UNFPA East and Southern Africa Regional Office for their review of the drafts. The final report was edited by Lois Jensen and designed by Paprika Graphics and Communications. We also wish to express our appreciation to the global and regional partners that participated as informants in the study, including the African Union Commission, Secretariat for the African Union Campaign to End Child Marriage; Girls Not Brides; Population Council; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency – Zambia regional office; World YWCA; Commonwealth Secretariat; Rozaria Memorial Trust; Plan International; Inter-Africa Committee on Traditional Practices; Save the Children; Voluntary Service Overseas; International Planned Parenthood Federation Africa Regional Office; and the Southern African Development Community Parliamentary Forum. Special thanks to the UNFPA and UNICEF child marriage focal points in the 12 country offices in East and Southern Africa (Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, South Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and the governmental and non-governmental partners that provided additional details on initiatives in the region. The information contained in this report is drawn from multiple sources, including interviews and a review of materials available online and provided by organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • An Articulation of Ethiopian Feminism
    Syracuse University SURFACE Theses - ALL May 2018 The Setaweet Way: An Articulation of Ethiopian Feminism Samrawit Alemayehu Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/thesis Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Alemayehu, Samrawit, "The Setaweet Way: An Articulation of Ethiopian Feminism" (2018). Theses - ALL. 196. https://surface.syr.edu/thesis/196 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract In Ethiopia, women’s organizing and mobilization is not new, however, outward claims of feminism and vocal allegiance to feminist ideals is a movement that has recently taken traction within the country. Despite following its own timeline, this resurgence in Ethiopia also takes place amongst the feminist movements found in the different nations on the continent. In Ethiopia, this contemporary iteration connects to broader discussions of the significant factors of migration, immigration, globalization, capitalism, modernity, and the new technological age. Subsequently, most of the scholarship pertaining to women’s socioeconomic issues takes the cultural or anthropological mode of exploration. More recently, scholars and feminists from Ethiopia and on the continent in general, have produced work that focuses more on the lived realities of women. With the goal of contributing to such production, this thesis thematically organizes and documents the current articulation of feminist thoughts and ideas in Ethiopia. For that purpose, I combine a literature review of African feminist theorists in order to situate the study, along with the qualitative data I garnered during my feminist ethnography fieldwork in the summer of 2017.
    [Show full text]