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Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Ghana | 1 Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment GHANA NOVEMBER 2017 ECOWAS COMMISSION COMMISSION DE LA CEDEAO COMMISSÃO DA CEDEAO Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Ghana | 1 DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Cover photo by Hannah Blyth. Reproduced with permission. Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 5 Message from the President of the ECOWAS Commission .................................................................................... 7 Statement from the Vice President of the ECOWAS Commission ......................................................................... 8 Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Research Process ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Terminology and Conceptual Definitions .......................................................................................................... 13 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Description of the Sample ................................................................................................................................. 16 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Scope and Limitations of the Study .................................................................................................................. 18 National-Level Vulnerabilities, Risks and Resiliencies ......................................................................................... 23 Politics and Governance (Most Vulnerable Pillar) ............................................................................................ 27 Population and Demographics (Second Most Vulnerable Pillar) ..................................................................... 33 Security (Third Most Vulnerable Pillar) .............................................................................................................. 37 Economics and Resources (Least Vulnerable Pillar) ........................................................................................ 40 Rule of Law (Least Vulnerable Pillar) ................................................................................................................ 45 External Factors .................................................................................................................................................. 49 Gender Considerations ...................................................................................................................................... 50 Sub-National Level Vulnerabilities, Risks and Resilience Factors: Observations by Region ............................. 54 Ashanti Region .................................................................................................................................................... 54 Brong-Ahafo Region ............................................................................................................................................ 60 Central Region .................................................................................................................................................... 65 Eastern Region ................................................................................................................................................... 71 Greater Accra Region ......................................................................................................................................... 75 Northern Region ................................................................................................................................................. 80 Upper East Region .............................................................................................................................................. 86 Upper West Region ............................................................................................................................................. 94 Volta Region ..................................................................................................................................................... 100 Western Region ............................................................................................................................................... 107 Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 112 Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Ghana | 3 Appendix A: Data Sample .................................................................................................................................... 115 Appendix B: Vulnerability Index .......................................................................................................................... 119 Appendix C: Additional References .................................................................................................................... 121 Appendix D: Glossary ........................................................................................................................................... 122 Appendix E: Matrix of Vulnerabilities, Risks, Resilience Factors, and Recommendations by Human Security Pillar ...................................................................................................................................................................... 124 Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Ghana | 4 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACLED Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project AfDB African Development Bank AU African Union CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CHRAJ Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice CID Criminal Investigation Department CODEO Coalition of Domestic Election Observers CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CRA Conflict Risk Assessment CRVA Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment CSO Civil Society Organization DOVVSU Domestic Violence and Victim Support Unit DPA ECOWAS Directorate of Political Affairs DPKRS ECOWAS Directorate of Peacekeeping & Regional Security DVLA Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority ECOWARN ECOWAS Early Warning and Response Network ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECPF ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework EWD ECOWAS Directorate of Early Warning FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organization FDI Foreign Direct Investment FGD Focus Group Discussion FGM/C Female genital mutilation/cutting GBV Gender-based violence GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GPI Gender Parity Index GSDRC Governance and Social Development Resource Centre ICAF Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework IDP Internally Displaced Persons IFIs International financial institutions IGP Inspector General of Police ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IncReps ECOWARN’s Incident Reports IOF International Organisation de la Francophonie JTF Joint Task Force KII Key Informant Interview LGBTI Lesbian, Gay, Bi-Sexual, Transgender and Intersex MINUSMA UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali MMDCE Metropolitan, Municipal and District Chief Executives MMIP Multilateral Mining Integrated Project Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Ghana | 5 MONUSCO UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo NACAP National Anti-Corruption Action Plan NAM Non-Aligned Movement NDC National Democratic Congress NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPP New Patriotic Party OAS Organization of American States OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PNDC Provisional National Defense Council RDPP Real Democratic Patriots Party REWARD Reacting to Early Warning and Response Data in West Africa SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SAP Structural Adjustment Programme SD Standard Deviation SitReps ECOWARN Situation Reports SNA Stakeholder Network Analysis TDC Tema Development Corporation UN United Nations UNIFIL UN Interim Force in Lebanon UNMISS UN Mission in South Sudan USAID United States Agency for International Development VRA Volta River Authority VVF Vesico Vagina Fistula WAJU Women and Juvenile Unit WTO World Trade Organization Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Ghana | 6 Message from the President of the ECOWAS Commission The 15 Member-States of the ECOWAS Community represent a thriving region of the world,
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