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The Snails' Tale at Deep-Sea Habitats

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The Snails' Tale at Deep-Sea Habitats EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Open Access Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 3707–3733, 2013 Open Access www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/10/3707/2013/ Biogeosciences Biogeosciences BGD doi:10.5194/bgd-10-3707-2013 Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 10, 3707–3733, 2013 Open Access Open Access This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal BiogeosciencesClimate (BG). Climate The snails’ tale at Please refer to the correspondingof finalthe Past paper in BG if available. of the Past Discussions deep-sea habitats Open Access Open Access L. Genio´ et al. Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics The snails’ tale at deep-sea habitatsDiscussions in the Title Page Open Access Gulf of CadizGeoscientific (NE Atlantic) Geoscientific Open Access Abstract Introduction Instrumentation Instrumentation Conclusions References L. Genio´ 1,*, A. Waren´ 2, F. L.Methods Matos and1, and M. R. Cunha1 Methods and Data Systems Data Systems 1 Tables Figures Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, PortugalDiscussions Open Access 2 Open Access Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History,Geoscientific Stockholm, Geoscientific J I Sweden Model Development *now at: IMAR/DOP-UniversidadeModel Development dos Ac¸ores, Horta, Ac¸ores, Portugal Discussions J I Received: 11 December 2012 – Accepted: 11 February 2013 – Published: 27 February 2013 Open Access Open Access Back Close Correspondence to: L. Genio´ Hydrology ([email protected]) and Hydrology and Earth System Earth System Full Screen / Esc Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Sciences Sciences Discussions Printer-friendly Version Open Access Open Access Ocean Science Ocean Science Interactive Discussion Discussions Open Access Open Access 3707 Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere Discussions Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract BGD Bridging the Atlantic and Mediterranean continental margins, the South Iberian region has recently been the focus for geological and biological investigations. The Gulf of 10, 3707–3733, 2013 Cadiz (GoC) encompasses a great variety of deep-sea habitats that harbour highly 5 diverse biological communities. In this study, we describe the taxa composition of gas- The snails’ tale at tropod assemblages from deep-sea habitats in the GoC and analyse the species dis- deep-sea habitats tributional patterns in relation to their dispersal capabilities and substrate availability. Distinct gastropod assemblages were found at mud volcanoes, carbonate and coral L. Genio´ et al. sites, and organic-falls. Overall, the GoC comprises a high diversity of gastropods that 10 include 65 taxa representing 32 families, 48 genera and 30 named species. The highest number of taxa was found at the highly heterogeneous carbonate province in the mid- Title Page dle slope (500–1500 m depth), and higher abundance of individuals was observed in Abstract Introduction Captain Arutyunov mud volcano, one of the most active sites found in the GoC. Faunal similarities were found with Mediterreanean cold-seeps (species- and genus-level) and Conclusions References 15 other chemosynthetic environments in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (genus-level). Tables Figures Colonization experiments with organic substrata (wood and alfalfa grass) yielded high abundances of gastropod species. These organic inputs allowed the recruitment of lo- cal species but also of wood specialist taxa that were not known to occur in the GoC. J I Our results suggest that distribution of gastropod assemblages may be primarily deter- J I 20 mined by the occurrence of suitable habitats probably due to effect of the substrate type on feeding strategies and that larval development is not a limiting factor for coloniza- Back Close tion of the deep sea. However, the predominance of non-planktotrophy, and especially Full Screen / Esc lecithotrophy, suggests that the trade-off between a more limited dispersal capability and the higher potential for self-recruitment may be favoured by the gastropod species Printer-friendly Version 25 inhabiting reducing environments and other patchily distributed deep-sea habitats. A network of suitable habitats that ensures connectivity of effective populations would Interactive Discussion explain the predominance and relatively wide distribution of short-distance dispersing 3708 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | non-planktotrophic species at the GoC deep-sea habitats and other geographical re- gions. BGD 10, 3707–3733, 2013 1 Introduction The snails’ tale at Understanding biodiversity, and how the faunal assemblages interact with physico- deep-sea habitats 5 chemical and geological aspects of the deep-sea, is far from complete. The discovery of highly productive communities at chemosynthetic sites (hydrothermal vents, cold L. Genio´ et al. seeps and large organic food falls), and the unsuspected frequency of cold-water coral reefs, where species richness and diversity rivals that of their tropical counterparts, completely changed our perception of the deep-sea environment. The combination of Title Page 10 geomorphologic, hydrographic, geochemical and biotic features of continental margins generate habitat heterogeneity at spatial scales ranging from centimetres to kilometres, Abstract Introduction and tens to hundreds of kilometres (Levin and Sibuet, 2012). According to the habitat Conclusions References heterogeneity hypothesis, structurally complex habitats lead to an increase in species diversity by providing a higher number of distinct niche dimensions and diverse ways of Tables Figures 15 exploiting resources (see Cordes et al., 2010a). This is the case of the Gulf of Cadiz re- gion (NE Atlantic) where the interaction of the structurally complex convergent tectonic J I setting and hydrographical circulation favour the occurrence of a particularly diverse array of deep-sea habitats; these habitats include mud volcanoes, carbonate concre- J I tions and cold-water corals that sustain rich biological communities. Gastropods play a Back Close 20 relevant role in this vast seepage region; they account for up to 5 % of total macrofaunal abundance in the best-sampled mud volcanoes and rank among the dominant species Full Screen / Esc in the most active ones (Cunha et al., 2012). Despite the recognized importance of gastropods in deep-sea communities, both in Printer-friendly Version terms of diversity and biomass (Bernardino et al., 2012; Levin, 2005; Ritt et al., 2012; Interactive Discussion 25 Decker et al., 2011), very little is known on their distributional patterns. Gastropods are often highly abundant in reducing ecosystems (Sasaki et al., 2010) but while the gastropod vent fauna is fairly well known, the cold seep taxa are less studied, because 3709 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | seep gastropods are often part of a vast and more diverse surrounding fauna (Sasaki et al., 2010). Gastropod species are also known from organically enriched habitats such BGD as sunken wood and bones (Sasaki et al., 2010), but there is little information on the 10, 3707–3733, 2013 gastropod fauna associated with cold-water corals and other hard substrate deep-sea 5 habitats (Young, 2009). Gastropods have been often the focus of studies investigating reproduction and dispersal in the deep-sea environment (Bouchet and Waren,´ 1994; The snails’ tale at Rex and Waren,´ 1982). Life-history traits (e.g. egg size, type of larval development, deep-sea habitats larval feeding behaviour) can be inferred from the larval shell that remains usually well preserved in the adult (Sasaki et al., 2010). Species with a feeding pelagic larval stage L. Genio´ et al. 10 (planktotrophic larvae) are assumed to extend their distributions to wider geographi- cal ranges. By contrast, non-planktotrophic species, which develop using a maternal Title Page energy source (e.g. lecithotrophic species, brooders, intracapsular development), have little potential of long-distance dispersal, and therefore, have more restricted distribu- Abstract Introduction tions (Sasaki et al., 2010). Information on life history traits and dispersal of deep-sea Conclusions References 15 species is vital to understand species distributions and the connectivity of highly patchy and fragmented deep-sea habitats. Tables Figures Samples collected in the Gulf of Cadiz during the past decade, encompassing var- ious habitats over a large depth range, complemented by in-situ colonization experi- J I ments, provided an opportunity to investigate distribution patterns of gastropods and 20 their potential affinity with different substrate types. We compiled information on lar- J I val development of each species and inferred their dispersal capabilities. Our working Back Close hypothesis is that species distributions are the outcome of the interaction of dispersal capability and
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