DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES AND ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF ROHILKHAND OKtBtTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DECREE OF IN GEOGRAPHY BY NAVED UDDIN SIDDIQI Uii^tr 4hc Suptrvition of Dr. S, M Shahld Hasan (Re&der) DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNfVERSlTY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1990 DS2028 D tlhSr-^ Phone : 5661 DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH CaHTIFlCArS rhis la to certify that Nr.NavactiidldlB Slddlql ham OMipl«t«d his H^Rill.DlsMrtatloa Mdtltled " DarvlApMiital Actlvltlas uA i^^loslcal Coadltlona of Hohllkhaod " under •y auparvlalon* Jb^ (S,K,Sliaiiid Haaan) Supenrlaar CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgement List of Tables ii List of Figures iii-iv Introduction '^ Chapter-I Physical Setting of Rohilkhand Division. i. Structure 1 ii. Drainage pattern 5 iii. Climate 24 iv. Soil 37 Chapter-II Economic Environment i. Agriculture Development 46 ii. Industrial Development '^^ Chapter-Ill Human Environment i. Population growth 100 Ii. Sex-ratio 103 iii. Occupation Structure —— 109 iv. Religious Community 113 Chapter-IV cnange in Ecology 116 Chapter-V A Review of v;ork done so far 12 9 Bibliography 141 A CKNOWLEDGEMENT Completion of this work gives me much awaited opportunity to express my most sincere and deeply felt gratitude to my supervisor EJr. S.M. Shahid Husain, Reader, Department of Geography, A.M.U., Aiigarh. All that my feeling cannot be expressed in few words I can only say that I would have been in wilderness without his assistance, guidance and help. His advice, sweetness and suggestions made my deliveration highly Inspiring and interesting. His Ideals will always guide me in future. I am also thankful to my Chairman, Prof. Farooq Slddlqui for providing me all the necessary facilities and help. I also placed on record my thanks to Prof.Mohd.Shafi for his co-operation and sy/rpathetlc attitude. I am also thankful to Mr. jabir Hasan Khan, Mr. Noorul Islam and Mr. Shafiqullah, Research Scholars, Department of Geography for providing me all the necessary succour and co-operation. ved Uddin Siddiqi) 11 LIST OF TABLES Page No, 1 . Winter monthly, maximum and minimum temperatxare 2 7 2. Monthly rainfall In winter season 29 3. Monthly maximum and minimum temperature {Summer) 31 4. Monthly distribution in Rainfall 34 5. Net irrigated area 47 6. Use of Fertilizers 49 7. Area under High yielding varieties 51 8. No. of tractors per ten thousand hectare 53 9. No. of threshers per ten thousand hectare 55 10. No, of plough per ten thousand hectare 57 11. Agricultural credit advanced by Cooperative Bank and primary agricultu­ ral credits Societies per ten thousand hectare 59 12. Area of production of principles crops of Rohilkhand plain (1950-51 to 1981-88) 66 13. No. of Registered factories under factory act 1948 in Rohilkhand (1961) 80 14. No. of Registered factories under factory act 1948 in Rohilkhand (1971) 82 15. No, of Registered factories under factory act 1948 in Rohilkhand (1988) 84 164.Different categories of S£I Unit in Bareilly 79 16b.Different categories of SSI Unit in Badaun 86 Hi 16c. Different categories of SSI Unit in Shahjahanpur 88 16d. Different categories of SSI Unit in Pilibhit 90 16e. Different categories of 3ST Unit in Bijnor ^2 16f. Different categories of SSI Unit Moradabad 95 16g. Different categories of SSI Unit in Rarrpxor 98 17. Decadal population growth in Rohilkhand 101 18. Distribution of population and its density in Rohilkhand (1981) '- 104 19. Sex Distribution in Rohilkhand (1981) 107 20. Percentage of primary, secondary. Tertiary activities 110 21. Percentage of each religious community in Rohilkhand (1981) 114 22. District-wise area under forest in Rohilkhand 117 2 3. District-wise factories under factory act 1948 in Rohilkhand 121 iv LIST OF MAPS Page No. 1. Location Map vi 2. Physiographic division 2 3. Drainage ^ 5 4. Soil 38 5. Area and production of major food crops (1950-51) 63 6 . Area and production of maj.or food crops (1987-88) 64 7. Growth of population (1911-1981) 102 8. Density of population 105 9. Sex ratio (1981) 108 INTRODUCTION Environmental problems have attracted the attention of a wide criss-section of people all over the world from the beginning of the present century, but momentum has gained since the last two decades. People are now seems quite concerned about a variety of problems like global warming, decreasing oxigen^draughts^ famines^floods, scarcity of fuel, firewood and fodder, water and air pollution, etc. which have adverse effects on the environment. The most inportant issue for the survival of human beings is "the protection of environment and ecosystem,which is highly inportant for the fullfilment of human needs because resources are not unlimited in the environment and decreasing day by day. An ecosystem may be defined as a functioning interacting system conposed of one or more living organisms and their effective environment, both physical and biological. The environment includes air, water and the inter-relationship which exists among them. Any disturbance to any of these factors have inevitable repercussions on others. The interaction of Man-land-and resources and their utilization occupies a vital position when one talks of ecology, ecosystem and ecological Imblance and conservation. The geographers and its practitioners have authentic claims vl 78 79 do' -30 ROHILKHAND 68 ,76 ' i^ • ^2 • ido LOCATION MAP 3 6" 1 \ - 32- > 1 .J ROHILKHAND f-^ y m:. ^ I •sUP 7^--^."_ ' • ^—J .••;•••-..••. 2<4- 1 N " D 1 A < "A^ 16- \ \ 20 0 20 kO KM -29 \V 8- V^> •'-vSPlLIBH <.^-' -2S HJAHXNPURJ' ( } J 10 0 10 20 30 kO 50 • ' KILOMETRES F'j i vii and genuine ccaicern to understand this Intricate and con:¥)lex relationship as it leads to certain spatial structures, which need a holistic frame of analysis and understanding. Spatial concern is the donain of geography and its methods and techni­ ques invariably call for a full time approach and understanding. Geography>,whlle dealing with environment and environmental lssues^,adds an important dimension as It basically interprets complex environmental Issues on an anthropogenetic^ transformat­ ion matrix. Food chains systems of energy transfer and chemical element recycling achieve natural balance and sequence within undisturbed ecosystems. Humans, however, have had a long record of altering the smooth flow of these cycles. The inpact of humans upon the environment are conplex and are never isolated. An external action that impinges upon any part of the web of nature Inevitably triggers chain reactloas. The ultimate inpact of which appears never to be fully anticipated. Human Intervenes^ and fragile structxire of the environment disrupts and this process is on increase rapidly. Human beings are part of the natxural envlronmenty and depend for their lines on the water^ air- food and energy resour­ ces that the biosphere contains. It Is well established fact that human can not manipulate^distort, pollute or dlstroy any part of the ecosystem without diminishing its quality or dls- trupting its structure. vlll The Increasing population and poverty are the fundamen­ tal causes which make people over-exploit the natural resources of the country like land, forest and water for meeting their basic needs for enployment, for shelter for fuel and fodder for their cattle. It Is widely recognized that population growth Is essentially the result of poverty and lack of educat­ ion. However, the change of environment by human action is as old as the history of humans themself. Like other parts of the country the Rohllkhand division of Uttar Pradesh is also facing environmental problems. Rohllkhand cortprlses seven districts namely Barellly, Bijnor, Badaun, Moradabad, Shahjahanpur, Pilibhit and Raitpur. Rohllkhand is a part of Indo-Ganga alluvial tract and has an area about 30 544 sq. kms. The whole region is a fertile plain and the main rivers that pass through it are Ganga, Ramganga, Gomatl, Deoha, Aril, K^l and Sarda etc. The population of this region in 1951 was 850 3282 and in 1981 was 13168240 of U.P.inthese two decades the population has Increased about 35.42 per cent. Since land is the basic resource for providing the need of the people. The population growth directly effects the land and its forest.• In 1951 area under forest was 528852 hectares while in 1981 it reduced to only 186194 hectares .In these three decadeJ^the forest area reduced very fast about 64.7 per cent. The deforestation increases Ix the land degradation, which may be due to the soil erosion etc. The rapid development In Industrialization of this region affected the deforestation directly for its demand for land, wood, and other types of raw materials. These industries claimed their share for forest land. The registered factories under "Factory Act 1948" in 196-0 were 145 while in 1988 the number of factories increased to 929v these Industries are also responsible for the envircffimental problems. The present study aims at applying the theoritical postulates like industrialization, agriculture, population growth^etC;,on the ecological conditions of Rohilkhand. In this dissertation the scheme of chapters is as follows. Chapter-I contains the physical structvire, drainage system, soil and climate of Rohilkhand division. Chapter-II deals with the agricultural and industrial development in the region. The chapter-Ill has been devoted to the human environment. The main attributes of the population that has been taken for discussion are the trends in the growth rates, density, sex- * ratio,the religious cortposltlon and the population engaged in primary, secondary and tertiary activities. In the IVth chapter an attenpt has been made to study the pattern of ecology in Rohilkhand, and chapter-V gives a review of the work so far done. In the la sty a selected bibliography has been given^after arranging alphabetically on the author^s name.