The Defender
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' ' ., ,�- NONIMPORTATION AND THE SEARCH FOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IN VIRGINIA, 1765-1775 BRUCE ALLAN RAGSDALE Charlottesville, Virginia B.A., University of Virginia, 1974 M.A., University of Virginia, 1980 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corcoran Department of History University of Virginia May 1985 © Copyright by Bruce Allan Ragsdale All Rights Reserved May 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: 1 Chapter 1: Trade and Economic Development in Virginia, 1730-1775 13 Chapter 2: The Dilemma of the Great Planters 55 Chapter 3: An Imperial Crisis and the Origins of Commercial Resistance in Virginia 84 Chapter 4: The Nonimportation Association of 1769 and 1770 117 Chapter 5: The Slave Trade and Economic Reform 180 Chapter 6: Commercial Development and the Credit Crisis of 1772 218 Chapter 7: The Revival Of Commercial Resistance 275 Chapter 8: The Continental Association in Virginia 340 Bibliography: 397 Key to Abbreviations used in Endnotes WMQ William and Mary Quarterly VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Hening William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; Being� Collection of all the Laws Qf Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the year 1619, 13 vols. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia Rev. Va. Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, 7 vols. LC Library of Congress PRO Public Record Office, London co Colonial Office UVA Manuscripts Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia VHS Virginia Historical Society VSL Virginia State Library Introduction Three times in the decade before the Revolution. Vir ginians organized nonimportation associations as a protest against specific legislation from the British Parliament. -
The Linden Times
The Linden Times A bi-weekly newsletter for the members & friends of the Calvert County Historical Society – March 19, 2021 This edition of The Linden Times is four pages in celebration of The Maryland 400. No, the Maryland 400 is not a NASCAR race held in Maryland; rather it is about Maryland’s first and most distinguished Revolutionary soldiers. The Maryland 400, also called “The Old Line” , were members of the 1st Maryland Regiment who repeatedly charged a numerically superior British force during the The Maryland 400 at the Battle of Brooklyn Revolutionary War’s Battle of Long Island, NY. As the leading conflict after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the fallen soldiers were the first to die as Americans defending their country, as opposed to colonial subjects rebelling against the monarchy. The Maryland 400 sustained very heavy casualties but allowed General Washington to successfully save the bulk of his nearly surrounded continental troops and evacuated them to Manhattan. This historic action is commemorated in the State of Maryland's nickname, “The Old Line State." The lineage for the Maryland Regiment can be traced to June 14, 1775, when military units were formed to protect the frontiers of western Maryland. In August of that year, another two companies assembled in Frederick, Maryland. They then marched 551 miles in 21 days to support General Washington’s efforts to drive the British out of Boston. Later, more Maryland militia companies, (armed with older, surplus British muskets and bayonets), were formed and then sent north to support Washington’s battles for New York City. -
David Library of the American Revolution Guide to Microform Holdings
DAVID LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION GUIDE TO MICROFORM HOLDINGS Adams, Samuel (1722-1803). Papers, 1635-1826. 5 reels. Includes papers and correspondence of the Massachusetts patriot, organizer of resistance to British rule, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Revolutionary statesman. Includes calendar on final reel. Originals are in the New York Public Library. [FILM 674] Adams, Dr. Samuel. Diaries, 1758-1819. 2 reels. Diaries, letters, and anatomy commonplace book of the Massachusetts physician who served in the Continental Artillery during the Revolution. Originals are in the New York Public Library. [FILM 380] Alexander, William (1726-1783). Selected papers, 1767-1782. 1 reel. William Alexander, also known as “Lord Sterling,” first served as colonel of the 1st NJ Regiment. In 1776 he was appointed brigadier general and took command of the defense of New York City as well as serving as an advisor to General Washington. He was promoted to major- general in 1777. Papers consist of correspondence, military orders and reports, and bulletins to the Continental Congress. Originals are in the New York Historical Society. [FILM 404] American Army (Continental, militia, volunteer). See: United States. National Archives. Compiled Service Records of Soldiers Who Served in the American Army During the Revolutionary War. United States. National Archives. General Index to the Compiled Military Service Records of Revolutionary War Soldiers. United States. National Archives. Records of the Adjutant General’s Office. United States. National Archives. Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty and Warrant Application Files. United States. National Archives. Revolutionary War Rolls. 1775-1783. American Periodicals Series I. 33 reels. Accompanied by a guide. -
Committees of Self Governance by Penny Waite
Carlyle House July, 2012 D OCENT D ISPATC H Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority Committees of Self Governance By Penny Waite Although the port of Alexandria did not experience formed May 26, 1773 to “consider the British battle during the Revolutionary War, it was a strategic claims as a common cause to all, and to produce a destination for much needed supplies to the colony. unity of action.” Governor Dunmore had John Carlyle’s stature as a successful merchant, dismissed the Assembly with bills undone. experienced commissary, and civic leader allowed Suspecting that Dunmore would suspend the revolutionary leaders, such as George Washington and Assembly again in 1774, the delegates were George Mason, to capitalize on his talents to help elected to meet in convention whether or not the further the Revolution. Though we know Carlyle was legislative session was dismissed by the Governor. not a young man, Edmund Randolph wrote, “The old who had seen service in the Indian War of 1755, roused Surely the prominent members of Alexandria were the young to resist the ministry.” During the abuzz with the uncertainty. A letter dated May 29, Revolutionary period, John Carlyle’s merchant activities 1774 was sent by the Committee of were significantly impacted by the trade embargo Correspondence for the Alexandria Town against England called for by the First Continental Committee and signed by John Carlyle and John Congress in 1774. Though most of the records and Dalton on behalf of eight other members. It states journals of the committees have been lost, we can get that the committee was “formed for the purpose of communicating to each other, in the most speedy manner, their sentiments on the present interesting and Alarming situation of America.” There was, in all probability, a secret element to the work of this committee and the committees formed by the local counties. -
Gist Family of South Carolina and Its Mary Land .Antecedents
The Gist Family of South Carolina and its Mary land .Antecedents BY WILSON GEE PRIVATELY PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY JARMAN'S, INCORPORATED CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 1 9 3 4 To THE MEMORY OF MY MOTHER PREFACE Among the earliest impressions of the author of this gen ealogical study are those of the reverence with which he was taught to look upon the austere to kindly faces in the oil portrai~ of his Gist ancestors as they seemed from their vantage points on the walls of the room to follow his every movement about the parlor of his boyhood home. From his mother, her relatives, his father, and others of the older people of Union County and the state of South Carolina,_ he learned much of the useful and valorous services rendered by this family, some members of which in almost each gen eration have with varying degrees of prominence left their mark upon the pages of history in times of both peace and war. Naturally he cherished these youthful impressions concerning an American family which dates far back into the colonial days of this republic. As he has grown older, he has collected every fragment of authentic material which he could gather about them with the hope that they might be some day permanently preserved in such a volume as this. But it is correct to state that very likely this ambition would never have been realized had not his cousin, Miss Margaret Adams Gist of York, South Carolina, who for thirty-five years or more has been gathering materials on the Gist family, generously decided to turn over to him temporarily for hi~ use her rich collections of all those years. -
S4404 Peter Howard
Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements Pension Application of Peter Howard: S4414 Transcribed and annotated by C. Leon Harris The State of Ohio} Logan County Ss.} On this 23rd day of October AD 1832. personally appeared in open Court before the Hon. George B. Holt President and Turner McPherson, Robert Smith & Levi Carwood Associate Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of said County of Logan, Peter Howard aged eighty seven years in March last, who being first duly sworn according to law, doth on his oath make the following declaration, in order to obtain the benefit of the Act of Congress passed June 7th 1832. That he enlisted in the service of the United States for the term of three years as a soldier in the revolutionary war, at Richmond in the State of Virginia, in the month of May or June as well as he recollects, in the year 1777. The names of his Captain & subaltern officers he is now unable to recollect; the company to which he was attached was in the 15th Regiment of the Virginia Line and was commanded by Col Gaskin [sic: Gaskins] and Gen. Woodford or Woolford [sic: William Woodford] commanded the Brigade. Not long after his enlistment they were marched up near Alexandria in Virginia, where many of the soldiers were inoculated for the small pox and were encamped some time for that purpose. Thence we marched to Lancaster in Pennsylvania where we were billeted out for some time on the inhabitants of that place and Little York. Thence we marched to Valley Forge where Head Quarters were established & there remained in quarters thro the winter of 1777 & 1778. -
University Microfilms International 300 North Zeob Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St
INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the moat advanced technological meant to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality it heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Misting Paga(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent page);. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacen pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, _ is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find ^ good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. Whan a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning |s continued again — beginning balow the first row and continuing on untjil complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest valuir, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. -
Richard Arell, His Times, Tavern, and Neighbors by ELEANORE MARIA VAN SWEARINGEN
Richard Arell, His Times, Tavern, and Neighbors By ELEANORE MARIA VAN SWEARINGEN Who was this Richard Arell whose tavern all of the Old Town groups of Alexandria were striving to save in the summer of 1964? Why were so many interested in this little building, in addition to its considerable architectural attraction as a double flounder house and a possible representative of an early building from the days near Alexandria's beginnings. As regards the building itself, there has been architectural controversy, but some architects feel it should be saved for its own sake regardless of any historic interest attached to it. To those familiar with the Diaries of George Washington, the name Arrell's or Arrols is also familiar. Washington mentions dining or supping there some sixteen times between 1771 and 1774. Mr. Fitzpatrick, for unexplained and inexplicable reasons, identifies Arell's as the tavern of David Arell.1 I say inexplicable in the light of Mr. Fitzpatrick's frequent citations of the account books which repeatedly speak of Richard Arel!. Some years ago, in the course of other work, a collection of tavern licences in the Fairfax Court Order and Minute Books developed. I found myself with a series of licences for Richard Arell "to keep an ordinary in Alexandria" running consecutively from 1768 to 1773, yet never a licence for David. Also discovered in this period, bound into the back of Fairfax County Minute Book 1756-1763 part 2, was a deed showing Richard Arell leasing a portion of lot 48 (bounded by Fairfax & King Streets, Market Alley and Market Place) to John Rick of Baltimore, in 1778. -
S5472 Benjamin Hamrick
Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements Pension application of Benjamin Hamrick s5472 fn33Va. Transcribed by Will Graves State of Virginia, County of Nicholas [now in West Virginia]: On this 7th September in the year of our Lord 1832, personally appeared before the Circuit Superior Court of Pleas & Chancery of the County of Nicholas, same being a Court of Record, Bejamin Hamrick, a resident of the said County of Nicholas and the State of Virginia aged seventy five years who being first duly sworn according to law doth on his oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the provision made by the out Act of Congress passed June 7th, 1832. That he enlisted in the army of the United States in the year 1776 with Captain John Chilton (or Shilton) and served in the Third Regiment of the Virginia line under the following named officers. The company was commanded by Capt. Shelton, the Regiment by Col. __ [blank in original] Mercer and the Brigade by General __ [blank in original] Woodford. He left the service (he thinks) in the fall of 1780 and served during the whole time under the same enlistment. At the time he enlisted he resided in Fauquier County, Virginia. The company to which he belonged rendezvoused at the Court House of said County and the regiment at Williamsburg, Virginia, from where they marched to Alexandria and from whence they were ordered to New York island in the State of New York where they joined the regular army. He was present at the battle of Trenton and the taking of nine hundred Hessians as it was said. -
TRANSCRIPTION the Fairfax Resolves, July 18, 1774
TRANSCRIPTION The Fairfax Resolves, July 18, 1774 At a general Meeting of the Freeholders and Inhabitants of the County of Fairfax on Monday the 18 th day of July 1774, at the Court House, George Washington Esquire Chairman, and Robert Harrison Gent: Clerk of the said Meeting — 1. Resolved that this Colony and Dominion of Virginia can not be considered as a conquered Country; and if it was, that the present Inhabitants are the Descendants not of the Conquered, but of the Conquerors. That the same was not setled at the national Expence of England, but at the private Expence of the Adventurers, our Ancestors, by solemn Compact with, and under the Auspices and Protection of the British Crown; upon which we are in every Respect as dependant as the People of Great Britain, and in the same Manner subject to all his Majesty's just, legal, and constitutional Prerogatives. That our Ancestors, when they left their native Land, and setled in America, brought with them (even if the same had not been confirmed by Charters) the Civil-Constitution and Form of Government of the Country they came from; and were by the Laws of Nature and Nations, entitiled to all it's Privileges, Immunities and Advantages; which have descended to us their Posterity, and ought of Right to be as fully enjoyed, as if we had still continued within the Realm of England. — 2. Resolved that the most important and valuable Part of the British Constitution, upon which it's very Existence depends, is the fundamental Principle of the People's being governed by no Laws, to which they have not given their Consent, by Representatives freely chosen by themselves; who are affected by the Laws they enact equally with their Constituents to whom they are accountable, and whose Burthens they share; in which consists the Safety and Happiness* of the Community: for if this Part of the Constitution was taken away, or materially altered, the Government must degenerate either into an absolute and despotic Monarchy, or a tyrannical Aristocracy, and the Freedom of the People be annihilated.— 3. -
The Defender
THE DEFENDER FAIRFAX RESOLVES CHAPTER FALL/WINTER 2012 President’s Message I would like to thank all of our On January 24, I encourage all chapter members for another terrific members to attend one of my year for Fairfax Resolves! It’s hard to favorite meetings of the year, our believe that the year is already Youth Oration Contest, at Falcons coming to an end, but I have been Landing. If you have not had the honored to serve as Chapter chance to attend a chapter Oration President for 2012. It seems like I Contest, this is a chance to was installed as president just a experience the amazing talents of couple months ago! young adults in our community. We are lucky to have the VASSAR One of my most favorite jobs as Chairman of the Joseph E. Chapter President has been installing Rumbaugh Oration Contest, Darrin new members, and I have been Schmidt, a Fairfax Resolves fortunate to install many fine member, leading this fine program. compatriots into the Sons of the American Revolution. With the I would like to thank 1st Vice outstanding contributions of our President Phil Ray for an Registrar Extraordinaire, Jack outstanding job with our speaker Sweeney, our chapter roster now program this year. Phil has put forth exceeds 120 members. The Chapter an amazing effort to find owes many thanks to Jack Sweeney, inspirational speakers with and I had the pleasure of awarding interesting topics, including Jack the SAR Liberty Medal during numerous authors, who have held our November meeting for his efforts. book signings during our meetings. -
VPIS Independence Day Readings
READINGS FOR THE FOURTH OFTULY-- AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE DAY Fairfax Resolaes Virginia Declaration of Rights D e claration of Indep enden ce BiIl of Rights Pledge of Allegiance Sponsored by The Falls Church Village Preservation and Improvement Society Falls Church, Virginia The Independence Day Readings The Independence Day Readings were inaugurated by The Falls Church Village Preservation and Improvement Society on July 4,1984, in part to honor the VPIS Centennial in 1985. Over 80 citizens participated, each taking a turn at reading from the four freedom documents. Louis T. Olom, former Society President, initiated the concept and presided for the first I 2 years. He was succeeded by Ross Netherton in 1996 who has presided since that time. The event lends meaning to the national holiday that celebrates our county's origins and the democratic principles upon which our nation was founded. The Readings are normally held in the Falls Church City Council Chamber commencing at I-Iigh Noon. Table of Contents * Fairfax Resolaes - Page 1 Virginia Declaration of Rights - page L3 Declaration of Independence - page 17 BiIl of Rights - Page 24 Pledge of Allegiance - page 26 * Notes on the Doatments F ounding F athers P ortraits in the Council Chamber Fairfax County Resolves [18 ]uly 7774) At a Meeting of the Freeholders and Inhabitants of the County of Fairfax on Monday the 18tn day of |uly 1774, at the Court House, George Washington Esquire Chairman, and Robert F{arrison Cent. [eman] Clerk of the said Meeting- 1. RESOLVED that this Colony and Dominion of Virginia can not be considered as a conquered Country; and if it was, that the present Inhabitants are the Descendants not of the Conquered, but of the Conquerors.