Tweeting God: a Practical Theological Analysis of the Communication of Christian Motifs on Twitter
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Tweeting God: A practical theological analysis of the communication of Christian motifs on Twitter Jan Albert van den Berg BA(Hons), BD, MDiv, MPhil, PhD A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2018 School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry Abstract Social media is considered one of the crucial drivers of a rapidly changing world. The continuing and growing influence of social media as an innovative, but also disruptive power can be observed in various fields, in which traditional practices are already being newly developed and run. Over the past decade, existing research has explored the influence of social media on church and religious practices. The relevance of this research, however, is further accentuated by the growing expressions of ‘lived religion’, which describes the contemporary articulation and communication of belief. In this research, the collage of existing descriptions is further developed by investigating the possible role and meaning of the social media platform Twitter in the formulation and communication of Christian motifs. The character of the investigation is formed in the creative tension between the traditional formulation of theological language and the possibility of creating new contemporary Christian expressions that are accessible to all people. The seven articles presented in this thesis are directly linked to the central theme of the research. In the thesis, the articles are logically and congruently grouped by making use of the key metaphor of ‘networked religion’, which is structurally backed by seven related perspectives. A detailed introductory chapter and a summary conclusion chapter provide orientation and reflection, respectively. The articles are based on a practical theological orientation. In choosing this orientation for the research, I recognised the close, yet complex reflexive relationship between practice and theory. Methodologically, the experimental research project is anchored to a standard supposition for a practical theological description and reflection in formulating the praxis. In order to state the practical theological orientation, all the articles present a clear, but not exclusive qualitative, character. A narrative accent, with strong autobiographical emphases, which is also inherently part of the character of Twitter, stands central to the deployment, management, administration and documentation of the research. On the basis of an extensive literature study and an analysis of comprehensive empirical data, four levels of description and analysis are indicated and presented in the included articles. As expression of a classical, practical theological orientation, the continuous circular interaction between empirical data and theoretical perspectives is presented on the ii following four levels. Firstly, a descriptive-empirical explanation of the origin and character of social media, with specific reference to Twitter as a microblogging platform, is provided. This description is complemented by perspectives from an initial pilot study, which serves as the design for the later empirical research. Secondly, a specific hermeneutic for the interpretation of the social media phenomenon, with specific emphasis on the meaning of social media, in particular Twitter, is investigated. With direct reference to related empirical data, further theoretical perspectives are used to reflect on further elucidation and interpretation. Thirdly, a normative dimension, with strong emphasis on the possible value and meaning of Christian motifs on Twitter, is provided. On the basis of a variety of detailed analyses, specific Twitter data sets associated with important periods on the Christian calendar are presented, analysed and described. Lastly, the strategic or pragmatic meaning of the research is investigated on the basis of a reflective movement. Specific relevant sets of empirical data from Twitter are presented, analysed and described, in order to illustrate their potential value in the formulation of theological expressions and Christian motifs. The four levels of research are reflected in the content and nature of the seven articles in the thesis, in view of the key metaphor of ‘networked theology’. The contribution of the research rests in the new formation of theory that could lead to creative, positive and relevant informing and construction of the praxis of theological articulation and communication. iii Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, financial support and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my higher degree by research candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis and have sought permission from co-authors for any jointly authored works included in the thesis. iv Publications during candidature Articles: • Schoeman, K. & Van den Berg, J.A., 2011, ‘An appreciation for the positive! Appreciative engagement as congregational- and pastoral lens’, HTS Teologiese/Theological Studies 76(2), Art. #887, 7 pages. DOI: 10.4102/hts.v67i2.887 • De Beer, A. & Van den Berg, J.A., 2011, ‘A discourse on eschatology and promissiotherapy with women after the loss of a husband’, In die Skriflig 45(1),141-159. • Van den Berg, J.A., 2011, ‘Locus theologicus as next-generation architecture- Annotations to the design of a biographical theologia habitus in the future workplace’ Dutch Reformed Theological Journal 52(3-4), 553-564. • Van den Berg, JA., 2012, ‘Theoretical signposts for tracing spirituality within the fluid decision-making of a mobile virtual reality’ HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 68(2), Art. #1290, 6 pages. DOI.org/10.4102/hts.v68i2.1290 • De Beer, A., Van den Berg, J.A., 2012, ‘Women’s experience of loneliness after the loss of a spouse: A description of a narrative pastoral engagement’ Koers - Bulletin for Christian Scholarship 77(2), Art. #408, 9 pages. DOI.org/10.4102/koers.v77i2.408 • Fourie, M.C. & Van den Berg, J.A., 2013, ‘Middle-career development through spiritual lifestyle coaching: Preliminary theoretical perspectives’ HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 69(2), Art. #1246, 9 pages. DOI.org/10.4102/hts.v69i2.1246 • Botha, C. & Van den Berg, J.A., 2013, ‘Living out a calling to teach: A practical theological engagement’ Verbum et Ecclesia 34(1), Art. #790, 8 pages. DOI.org/10.4102/ve.v34i1.790 • Van den Berg, J.A., 2014, ‘Reaching beyond: Blogging a digital autobiographical practical theology’ Verbum et Ecclesia 35(2), Art. #873, 6 pages. DOI.org/10.4102/ve.v35i2.873 • Van den Berg, J.A., 2014, ‘Fast, faster, poorest decisions?: A practical theological exploration of the role of a speedy mobinomic world in decision-making’ HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 70(1), Art. #2615, 5 pages. DOI.org/10.4102/hts.v70i1.2615 • Van den Berg, J.A., De Beer, A., Fourie, M., 2014, ‘Some steps in a possible re- configuration of pastoral therapy? Perspectives on developing perspectives’ Acta Theologica 34(1), 197-213. DOI.org/10.4314/actat.v34i1.11 v • Van den Berg, J.A., 2014, ‘The story of the hashtag(#): A practical theological tracing of the hashtag(#) symbol on Twitter’ HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 70(1), Art. #2706, 6 pages. DOI.org/10.4102/ hts.v70i1.2706 • Foot, L.M. & Van den Berg, J.A., 2014, ‘Living beyond apartheid: narratives of church members from a longitudinal pastoral involvement’ NGTT 55(1-2), 44-60. http://ngtt.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/515/535 • Van den Berg, J.A., 2014, ‘Tweeting #humanwaste: A practical theological tracing of #humanwaste as a trend on Twitter’ HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 70(2), Art. #2632, 6 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ hts.v70i2.2632 • Van den Berg, J.A. & Ganzevoort, R.R., 2014, ‘The art of creating futures - Practical theology and a strategic research sensitivity for the future’ Acta Theologica 34(2), 166- 185. DOI.org/10.4314/actat.v34i2.10 ISSN 1015-8758 • Fourie, H.A. & Van den Berg, J.A., 2015, ‘A narrative pastoral involvement with adolescent girls who have experienced sexual abuse’ Scriptura 114:1-15. http://scriptura.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1117/1065 • Swart, M.J., Van Zyl, G.J. & Van den Berg, J.A.,