Clavulina Incrustata, a New Species from Pernambuco, Brazil

Home , Cantharellaceae, Clavulina, Clavulinaceae

Clavulina incrustata, a new species from Pernambuco, Brazil

Felipe WARTCHOW*

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia/CCEN, CEP: 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, BRAZIL. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract – Clavulina incrustata is described from Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, and is characterized by the branched basidiomata, hymenium pale vinaceous fading to very pale cream-vinaceous, small subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal basidiospores, and context hyphae bearing ferrugineous brown incrusted matter. Illustrations of the holotype and a key for Neotropical taxa are provided.

Atlantic Forest / Cantharellaceae / Clavulinaceae / neotropics / taxonomy

Résumé – Clavulina incrustata, décrite de la forêt atlantique de Pernambuco, Brésil, est caractérisé par la ramification typique, la couleur vineuse de l’hyménium devenant ensuite couleur crème, les basidiospores pétites et subglobuleuses à subellipsoïdes et son context contenant des hyphes incrustées de matière brun ferrugineux. La nouvelle espèce est illustrée et une clé aux espèces néotropicales est fournie.

Cantharellaceae / Clavulinaceae / Forêt Atlantique / néotropiques / taxonomie

INTRODUCTION

Clavulina J. Schröt. is a genus in the order Cantharellales (De Kesel et al. 2011, Nakasone 2011). It often produces clavarioid basidioma and is distinguished by smooth basidiospores, basidia with stichic nuclear division that often develop a transversal septum, cornuted sterigmata and the ectomycorrhizal nature (Henkel et al. 2005, 2011). According to the latest version of the Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008) Clavulina comprises 40 species with a widespread distribution. However, the more recent account by Uehling et al. (2012) reports on 75 taxa described hitherto as many species have very recently been described, especially from the Neotropics. In all, 19 taxa of Clavulina (17 of them new species) were discovered in Guyana near to the frontier with Brazil (Thacker & Henkel 2004, Henkel et al. 2005, 2011, 2012, Uehling et al. 2012) where Clavulina is considered as one of the conspicuous elements of the ectomycorrhizal connection with the canopy tree Dycimbe corymbosa (Henkel et al. 2002) and as one of the most diverse ECM associations of Guyana and Western Amazon, that has its center of diversity in tropical South America (Tedersoo et al. 2010, Smith et al. 2011). Molecular analysis of the recent taxa described from the neotropics also allowed for an important emendation of the classical concept of Clavulina, which is no longer restricted to typical clavarioid taxa (e.g. Larsson et al. 2004, Thacker & Henkel 2004, Uehling et al. 2011).

* Corresponding author. 106 F. Wartchow

From Brazil, Hennings (1904) and Rick (1959) recorded putative Clavulina species from the States of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul respectively; Corner (1950, 1970) reported five species, C. amazonica Corner, C. connata (Berk.) Corner, C. delicia (Berk.) Corner, C. panurensis (Berk.) Corner and C. sprucei (Berk.) Corner, from the state of Amazonas, and C. cirrhata (Berk.) Corner from an imprecise locality. Other works that cited Clavulina in Brazil are Bononi (1979) and Bononi et al. (1981) with C. floridana (Murrill) Corner and C. panurensis from the State of São Paulo; Sobestiansky (2005), with C. coralloides (Fr.: Fr.) J. Schröt.; de Meijer (2006), who reported C. cf. coralloides, C. puigarii (Speg.) Corner and C. aff. rugosa (Bull.: Fr) J. Schröt. from the state of Paraná; and Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni (2009a), reported C. cirrhata from Amazonas. More recently, Baltazar & Gibertoni (2009), in a check-list based exclusively on bibliographic references, cited C. coralloides, C. floridana and C. panurensis from the State of São Paulo, and C. cartilaginea (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Corner and C. delicia from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In another Brazilian checklist, Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni (2009b) cited all taxa previously reported by Corner (1950) from Amazon, except C. amazonica which was described later (Corner 1970). In the state of Pernambuco, this genus is cited only once, by Wartchow (2012), with C. amazonensis. The aim of this work is to describe a new species of Clavulina from the Atlantic Forest of the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Atlantic Forest has been drastically reduced to several small fragments since the beginning of the colonization of Brazil in 1500 AD (Kimmel et al. 2008). The “Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin” (07º48’37”-07º49’02” S and 34º27’25”-34º56’52”W), is a protected private area of about 60 ha located at the municipality of Igarassu, in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil (Costa- Lima 1998), corresponding to an Atlantic Forest fragment surrounded by agricultural areas (mainly sugar cane plantations), and has a tree stratum 8-15 m high (Santiago & Barros, 2003). Basidiospores were measured in KOH and measurements are based on 25 spores. Abbreviations include L(W) = basidiospore length (width) average, Q gives the length/width ratio range from measured spores with in bold the average value. The key presented here is based exclusively on the literature (Corner 1950, Petersen 1964, 1984, 1988, Henkel et al. 2005, 2011, Thacker & Henkel 2004). Color code references follow the Online Auction Color chart (2004). The holotype is deposited at URM (Thiers, continuously updated).

TAXONOMY

Clavulina incrustata Wartchow sp. nov. Figs 1-2 MycoBank: MB 561193 Holotypus: BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO,IGARASSU,REFÚGIO ECOLÓGICO CHARLES DARWIN, MAY 25, 2010, F. WARTCHOW 22/2010 (URM). Etymology: refers to the extracellular incrustations on the hyphae of the context. Clavulina incrustata, a new species from Pernambuco, Brazil 107

Fig. 1. A-B. Clavulina incrustata (holotype). A. Basidiomes after about 20 hours. B. Hyphal segment from the context of the hymenial portion mounted with water. Scale bar is 10 mm for basidiome and 10 µm for microstructures. 108 F. Wartchow

Fig. 2. Clavulina incrustata. A. Basidiospores. B. Basidia, basidioles and subhymenial elements. C. Context hyphae mounted in KOH. Scale bar is 10 µm.

BASIDIOMES gregarious, each cluster up to 45 mm high and 18 mm wide, arising from the same stipe or the same point with apparent caespitose habit, but with separated stipe base; tough after dried. HYMENIUM amphigenous, pale vinaceous (OAC 611-613) fading to very pale cream-vinaceous (OAC 676) then cream to dirty white with shades of the vinaceous color; dichotomously branched, Clavulina incrustata, a new species from Pernambuco, Brazil 109 sometimes trichotomous, appearing spur-like at apices; branches sometimes laterally flattened, acuminate at apices, branching rank 2-3. STIPE 10-18 × 2-3.5 mm, brown (OAC 747) or dark brown (darker than OAC 733); straight and laterally compressed three ramifications, smooth, glabrous. ODOR indistinct; TASTE not recorded. BASIDIOSPORES (6.5-) 6.8-8 (-8.3) × 5.7-6.8 (-7) µm, L = 7.3 µm; W = 6.3 µm, Q = (1.04-) 1.11-1.20 (-1.21), Q = 1.14, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, very occasionally globose, hyaline, thin-walled; contents as one large guttule; hilar appendix sublateral or subapical, rounded obtuse. BASIDIA 43-51 × 6.5-7 µm (width measured at apex), clavate-elongate, 2-spored (very infrequently 1-3); sterigmata cornute up to 5 µm long, slightly thick-walled up to 0.7 µm thick, clamps not observed. BASIDIOLES slender clavate, abundant among basidia. SUBHYMENIUM composed of slender, colorless thin-walled hyphae around 5 µm wide. CONTEXT composed of hyphae 3-8 µm wide, interwoven, hyaline, wall 0.5-0.7 µm thick, occasionally trumpet swollen at septa; inflated hyphae 11-13 µm wide, infrequently observed. Ferruginous brown incrusted extracellular matter observed in water, Melzer’s reagent and KOH 3%, sometimes dissolved into brown liquid in this latter reagent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS nearly absent to very rare (only two observed in the context). Habitat: gregarious and scattered on soil among tropical Atlantic Forest trees, as for example, Coccoloba sp. (pers. observ.). Alves-Araujo et al. (2008) published a list of tree species from fragments of Atlantic Forest, although not exactly from our type-locality. They reported taxa of Leguminosae (all subfamilies), Nyctaginaceae (three species of Guapira) and Polygonaceae (seven Coccoloba spp.), all representing neotropical ectomycorrhizal trees (e.g. Tedersoo et al. 2010, Smith et al. 2011). Remarks: Clavulina incrustata is difficult to overlook in the field due to the pale vinaceous hymenial surface. After refrigeration for one day, the basidiome color fades to pale cream-vinaceous then cream to dirty white with shades of the vinaceous color. Microscopically, size and shape of the basidiospores, ferruginous brown incrusted hyphae and nearly absent clamp connections are diagnostic. The new species could be compared to Clavulina ornatipes (Peck) Corner (Petersen, pers. corresp.), a taxon with northern- hemisphere distribution, from the USA to far-east Asia, but not in Europe. It differs in the dull tan to leaden gray color of the branches, more strigose stipe and larger basidiospores, of which the smallest mean is 9.2 × 7.7 µm and the largest 10.8 × 9.5 µm (Petersen 1964). Another clampless taxon, C. cartilaginea (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Corner from Cuba and Malaya shares a vinacecous tint of branches, but differs in its concolorous stipe with often strigose base, much more polychotomous branches in one plane (palmate-flabellate), larger basidiomes up to 110 mm high and the pseudoparenchymatous nature of the subhymenium (Corner 1950). In addition, the basidiospores are larger (7-10 × 6-8.5 µm). However, his description is largely based on Malayan specimens, while the holotype from Cuba is similar to our specimens at least in two points: the basidiospores measuring 7-9 × 6-8 µm (according Corner’s 1950 type study), and basidiomes around 40 mm high (11/2 inches, as described by Berkeley & Curtis 1968 for Lachnocladium cartilagineum Berk. & M.A. Curtis). However, no color is given in the protologue. Coker (1923: 198) also examined the type and reported similar basidiospores to C. incrustata (6.2-8.5 × 5.5-7.5 µm), but reported unilateral instead of an amphigenous hymenium. Later studies by Petersen (1984) also revealed the unilateral hymenium, basidiospores 7.9-8.6 × 6.1-8.3 µm and mostly uninflated 110 F. Wartchow context hyphae (2.5-4.5 µm diam.). Due the differences mainly in the disposition of the hymenium, C. cartilaginea is regarded here as distinct from C. incrustata. Lachnocladium cartilagineum sensu Rick (1959) is a misidentification, since colored echinulate basidiospores are described for this taxon. Other neotropical species, such as C. connata (Berk.) Corner, C. delicia (Berk.) Corner and C. sprucei (Berk.) Corner, all clampless, differ in the distinctly ellipsoid basidiospores (7.5-9 × 5.5-6.5 µm in C. connata and 9.5-11 × 5-6 µm in C. delicia), a very unusual trait for the genus. Clavulina sprucei was recently rediscovered in the Guiana Shield and has somewhat larger basidiospores 8-10 × 6.5-8 µm in comparison to C. connata and C. delicia, and pale creamish white basidiome color (Henkel et al. 2011). Clavulina amazonensis was fully examined by Petersen (1988) based on Venezuelan collections and examination of the holotype, and also lacks clamp connections. However, it differs from C. incrustata in the thick-walled 2-3(-4)- spored basidia, smaller basidiospores 6.1-7.2 × 5.4-6.5 µm, Q = 1.06-1.24, Q = 1.12 and pale orange-tan hyphae in the context (Petersen 1988). It has recently been found in Guyana by Henkel et al. (2011) and in the Atlantic forest of Northeast Brazil by Wartchow (2012). Other species, such as C. humicola T.W. Henkel et al. and C. griseohumicola T.W. Henkel et al. from Dicymbe dominated forests from the Guiana Shield also lack or have very few clamps, but clearly differ in the non- or occasionally branched habit and color of the basidiomes (Henkel et al. 2005). The recently described C. tepurumenga T.W. Henkel & Aime from the Guyana Shield has similar basidiospores (7-9 × 6-7 µm, average Q = 1.19), but clearly differs in the higher basidiomes of 40-116 mm, light lilac-gray color, maturing to deeper purplish gray hymenium, smooth, colorless context hyphae and abundant clamp connections (Henkel et al. 2011). A very interesting feature was observed in C. incrustata. As the name suggests, the context hyphae of this new taxon present abundant brownish ferruginous incrustations on their wall that are partly dissolved in KOH 3%. This character has not been described in recent works on Clavulina (e.g. Petersen 1988, Thacker & Henkel 2004, Henkel et al. 2005, 2011). As this morphological feature could have a taxonomic significance in Clavulina, Petersen (pers. comm.), suggested that related species should also be checked for this character. Until then, we consider it to be diagnostic for the recognition of our C. incrustata. An artificial key to neotropical species of Clavulina This key includes only Neotropical taxa that where fully described and illustrated (Berkeley & Curtis 1868, Corner 1950, 1970, Petersen 1984, 1988, Thacker & Henkel 2004, Henkel et al. 2005, 2011, Uehling et al. 2012, Wartchow 2012). Not included in this key are C. floridana (Bononi 1979), C. cartilaginea (Rick 1961), C. cf. coralloides, C. puiggarii, C. aff. rugosa (de Meijer 2006) due to the lack of description details or the necessity to re-examine these collections, since they might not occur naturally in Brazil. In addition, the Northern hemisphere C. castaneopsis is also included for a better comparison with our new species. 1a. Clamp connections absent or very rare ...... 2 1b. Clamp connections abundant ...... 13 2a. Basidiomes simple or only infrequently united at their base ...... 3 2b. Basidiomes in caespitose clusters ...... 4 Clavulina incrustata, a new species from Pernambuco, Brazil 111

3a. Basidiomes dull-orange; basidiospores 6.5-8.5 × 6-8 µm ...... C. humicola 3b. Basidiomes dark bluish gray; basidiospores 8-9.5 × 7-9 µm .. C. griseohumicola 4a. Basidiomes with a resupinate fertile portion...... 5 4b. Basidiomes lacking this structure ...... 7 5a. Basidiomes with erect portion typically coralloid ...... C. effusa 5b. Basidiomes with erect portion rounded ...... 6 6a. Basidiome with erect portion subglobose/subcerebriform, yellow- cream; basidiospores typically subglobose, with spore wall 0.3-0.7 µm thick and a hilar appendix 0.5-0.75 µm long ...... C. cerebriformis 6b. Basidiome with erect portion not subglobose/subcerebriform, grayish; basidiospores sublacrymiform, with spore wall 0.8-1 µm thick and a hilar appendix 1-1.3 µm long...... C. cinereoglebosa 7a. Hymenium unilateral...... 8 7b. Hymenium amphigenous ...... 9 8a. Basidiospores elongate, Q = 1.85 ...... C. delicia 8b. Basidiospores subglobose, Q = 1.16 ...... C. cartilaginea 9a. Basidiospores mostly ellipsoid, basidiomes whitish...... 10 9b. Basidiospores globose to broadly ellipsoid; basidiomes differently colored 11 10a. Basidiomes 40-50 mm high; basidiospore width 5.5-6.5 µm; basidia 45-65 µm long; fruiting on soil...... C. connata 10b. Basidiomes somewhat shorter, frequently less than 48 mm; basidiospore width 6.5-8 µm; basidia 29-44 µm long; fruiting of small woody sub- strata ...... C. sprucei 11a. Basidiomes brownish; mean basidiospores size ranging from 9.8 × 8.5 µm (var. castaneopsis) to 10.8 × 9.5 µm (var. lignicola); distribution in Northern Hemisphere...... C. castaneopsis 11b. Basidiomes with some shade of vinaceous or orange; basidiospores smaller; neotropical distribution ...... 12 12a. Basidiomes with vinaceous tints; context composed of hyaline hyphae with extracellular incrustated wall; basidiospores (6.5-) 6.8-8 (-8.3) × 5.7-6.8 (-7) µm ...... C. incrustata sp. nov. 12b. Basidiomes sordid grayish orange; context with orange-tan hyphae, without extracellular incrustations; basidiospores 6.1-7.2 × 5.5-6.5 µm ...... C. amazonensis 13a. Basidiomes deeply infundibuliform...... C. craterelloides 13b. Basidiomes typically clavarioid ...... 14 14a. Basidiomes simple, only infrequently united at base ...... 15 14b. Basidiomes in caespitose clusters ...... 16 15a. Basidiomes grayish blue with purplish overtones; basidiospores 8-9.5 (-11) × (6-) 7-8 µm ...... C. dicymbetorum 15b. Basidiomes dull orange tan; basidiospores 6-8 (-9) × 4.5-7 µm ...... C. monodiminutiva 16a. Basidiomes brownish or blackish ...... 17 16b. Basidiomes lilac, purplish, orange, ochraceous or pinkish...... 18 112 F. Wartchow

17a. Basidiomes light gray to blackish; basidiospores 6-8 × 5-6 µm; basidia with 4-5 (-6) sterigmata...... C. nigricans 17b. Basidiomes brown then dirty grayish cream; basidiospores 8.5-10.5 (12) × 7-9.5 µm; basidia with 2 sterigmata...... C. caespitosa 18a. Basidiomes first light lilac gray then deeper purplish gray ...... C. tepurumenga 18b. Basidiomes showing orange tints...... 19 19a. Basidiomes whitish to pale ochraceous; branches flattened; basidia 36-50 µm long ...... C. panurensis 19b. Basidiomes light pinkish orange or paler; branches blunt-rounded; basidia 47-69 µm long ...... C. kunmudlutsa

Acknowledgements. I thank Dr. M. Cathy Aime, Dr. Ron Petersen, Dr. Bart Buyck and one anonymous reviewer for kindly reading and improving our manuscript, Maria Aparecida da Silva and Nelson Lima-Junior for helping during collection and Dr. Leonor C. Maia for kindly letting me use the laboratory facilities. FACEPE is acknowledged for a post-doctoral grant (BFP Proc. 0100-2.03/09) to the author.

REFERENCES

ALVES-ARAÚJO, A., ARAÚJO D., MARQUES J., MELO A., MACIEL J.R., UIRAPUÃ J., PONTES T., LUCENA M.F.A., DUBOCAGE A.L. & ALVES M. 2008 — Diversity of angiosperms in fragments of Atlantic Forest in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Bioremediation, Biodiversity and Bioavailability 2: 14-26. BALTAZAR J.M. & GIBERTONI T.B., 2009 — A checklist of the aphyllophoraceous fungi (Basidiomycota) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Mycotaxon 109: 439-442. BERKELEY M.J. & CURTIS M.A., 1868 — Fungi Cubenses. Journal of Linnean Society, London 10: 280-341. BONONI V.L.R., 1979 — Basidiomicetos do Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso. III. Espécies clavarióides, teleforóides e estereóides. Rickia 8: 105-121. BONONI V.L.R., TRUFEM S.F.B. & GRANDI RAP., 1981 — Fungos macroscópicos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, Brasil, depositados no herbário do Instituto de Botânica. Rickia 9: 37-53. COKER W.C., 1923 — The clavarias of the United States and Canada. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. COSTA-LIMA M.L.F., 1998 — A Reserva da Biosfera da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica em Pernambuco: Situação Atual, Ações e Perspectivas. Série Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera nº 12, São Paulo. CORNER E.J.H., 1950 — A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera. Oxford University Press, London. CORNER E.J.H., 1970 — Supplement to “A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera”. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 33: 1-299. DE KESEL A., YOROU N.S., BUYCK B., 2011 — Cantharellus solidus, a new species from Benin (West-Africa) with a smooth hymenium. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 32(3): 277-283. GOMES-SILVA A.C. & GIBERTONI T.B., 2009a — Revisão do Herbário URM. Novas ocorrências de Aphyllophorales para a Amazônia brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 32: 587-596. GOMES-SILVA A.C. & GIBERTONI T.B., 2009b — Checklist of the aphyllophoraceous fungi (Agaricomycetes) of the Brazilian Amazonia. Mycotaxon 108: 319-322. HENKEL T.W., TERBORGH J. & VILGALYS R.J., 2002 — Ectomycorrhizal fungi and their leguminous hosts in the Pakaraima Mountain of Guyana. Mycological Research 106: 515-531. HENKEL T.W, MESZAROS R., AIME M.C. & KENNEDY A., 2005 — New Clavulina species from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Mycological Progress 4: 343-350. Clavulina incrustata, a new species from Pernambuco, Brazil 113

HENKEL T.W, AIME M.C., UEHLING J.K. & SMITH, M.E., 2011 — New species and distribution records of Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) from the Guyana Shield. Mycologia 103: 993-894. HENKEL T.W., AIME M.C., CHIN M.M.L., MILLER S.L., VILGALYS R. & SMITH M.E., 2012 — Ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarp diversity and discover of new taxa in Dicymbe monodominat forests of the Guiana Shield. Biodiversity and Conservation (in press). HENNINGS P., 1904 — Fungi S. Paulenses III a cl. Puttemans collecti. Hedwigia 43: 197-209. KIMMEL T., PIECHOWSKI D. & GOTTSBERGER G. 2008 — The history of fragmentation of the lowland Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco, Brazil. Bioremediation, Biodiversity and Bioavailability 2: 1-4. KIRK P.M., CANNON P.F., MINTER D.W. & STALPERS J.A., 2008 — Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. CAB International, Wallingford. LARSSON K.-H., LARSSON E. & KÕLJALG U., 2004. High phylogenetic diversity among corticioid homobasidiomycetes. Mycological Research 108: 983-1002. MEIJER A.A.R. de, 2006 — Preliminary list of the macromycetes from the Brazilian State of Paraná. Boletim do Museu Botânico Municipal (Curitiba) 68: 1-55. NAKASONE K.N. 2011 — Boidinella gen. nov. (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota). Cryptogamie, Mycologie 32(2): 191-197. ONLINE AUCTION COLOR, 2004 — Online Auction Color Chart. Online Auction Color Chart Co., Stanford. PETERSEN R.H., 1964 — Notes on clavarioid fungi. I. The Clavulina castaneopes complex. Mycologia 56: 20-28. PETERSEN R.H., 1984 — Type studies in clavarioid fungi—VIII. Persoonia 12: 225-237. PETERSEN R.H., 1988 — Notes on clavarioid fungi. XXII. Three interesting South American collections. Mycologia 80: 571-576. RICK J., 1959 — Basidiomycetes eubasidii in Rio Grande do Sul – Brasilia. 3. Hypochnaceae, Clavariaceae, Craterellaceae, Hydnaceae. Iheringia Série Botânica 5: 125-192. SANTIAGO A.C.P. & BARROS I.C.L., 2003 — Pteridoflora do Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin (Igarassu, Pernambuco, Brazil). Acta Botanica Brasilica 17: 597-604. SMITH M.E., HENKEL T.W., AIME M.C., FREMIER A.K. & VILGALYS R.J., 2011 — Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity and community structure on three co-occuring leguminous canopy tree species in a Neotropical rainforest. New Phytologist 192: 699-712. SOBESTIANSKY G., 2005 — Contribution to a macromycete survey of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina in Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48: 437-457. TEDERSOO L., SADAM A., ZAMBRANO M., VALENCIA R. & BAHRAM M., 2010 — Low diversity and high host peference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in wester Amazonia, a Neotropical biodiversity hotspot. ISME Journal 4: 465-471. THACKER J.R. & HENKEL T.W., 2004 — New species of Clavulina from Guyana. Mycologia 96: 650-657. THIERS B. [continuously updated] — Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ UEHLING J.K., HENKEL T.W., AIME M.C. SMITH M.E., 2012 — New species of Clavulina with effuse or resupinate basidiomata from the Guiana Shield. Mycologia (in press). WARTCHOW F., 2012 — Clavulina amazonensis, an Amazonian fungus discovered in the Atlantic Forest. Kurtziana 37 (in press).