Indigenous Knowledge on Plant Species Of

Global Journal of HUMAN SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography & Environmental GeoSciences Volume 12 Issue 11 Version 1.0 Year 2012 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X

Indigenous Knowledge on Plant Species of Material Culture (Construction, Traditional Arts & Handicrafts) used by the Afar & Oromo Nations in & Around the Awash National Park, Ethiopia By Tinsae Bahru, Zemede Asfaw & Sebsebe Demissew Addis Ababa University

Abstract - Indigenous knowledge (IK) on plant species of material culture (construction, traditional arts and handicrafts) used by the indigenous people in and around the Awash National Park (ANP), Ethiopia was conducted ethnobotanically. The study aimed to investigate various aspects of IK on plant species of material culture. A total of 96 informants between the ages of 20 and 80 were selected using prior information. Data were collected using semi- structured interview, guided field walk, discussions and field observation. Simple Statistical methods and Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity was applied for data analysis. A total of 156 plant species of material culture belonging to 115 genera and 70 families were collected. Of these, 79 species serve as sources of raw materials for various construction purposes, while 77 for traditional art and handicrafts. Out of these, 8 species were reported by the Afar Nation, 14 by the Oromo Nation and the rest by both Nations.

Keywords : ANP, Ethiopia, indigenous knowledge, material culture. GJHSS-B Classification : FOR Code: 160507, 160802

Indigenous Knowledge on Plant Species of Material Culture Construction, Traditional Arts Handicrafts used by the Afar Oromo Nations in Around the Awash National Park, Ethiopia

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

© 2012. Tinsae Bahru, Zemede Asfaw & Sebsebe Demissew.This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Indigenous Knowledge on Plant Species of Material Culture (Construction, Traditional Arts & Handicrafts) used by the Afar & Oromo Nations in & Around the Awash National Park, 12

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Abstract - Indigenous knowledge (IK) on plant species of tools, shelters and clothing as well as more decorative material culture (construction, traditional arts and handicrafts) arts and handicrafts. used by the indigenous people in and around the Awash Plant species serve humans with many ranges National Park (ANP), Ethiopia was conducted of useful materials for building and construction of ethnobotanically. The study aimed to investigate various timber, poles, fencing and other purposes (Hill, 1952; aspects of IK on plant species of material culture. A total of 96 informants between the ages of 20 and 80 were selected using Abbiw, 1990; Cotton, 1996; Kochhar, 1998). Timber, prior information. Data were collected using semi-structured which is a major forest product, has a considerable interview, guided field walk, discussions and field observation. importance in the construction of temporary shelters 6LPSOH VWDWLVWLFDO PHWKRGV DQG -DFFDUG·V FRHIILFLHQW RI and permanent homesteads, fences and other items similarity was applied for data analysis. A total of 156 plant within the traditional societies (Hill, 1952; Cotton, 1996). species of material culture belonging to 115 genera and 70 Besides, other plant parts are used in roof construction families were collected. Of these, 79 species serve as sources especially stems and sheets of bark or split wood in of raw materials for various construction purposes, while 77 for traditional dwellings (Abbiw, 1990). He stated that in traditional art and handicrafts. Out of these, 8 species were Volume XII Issue XI Version I Ghana at least 15 various plant species are useful to reported by the Afar Nation, 14 by the Oromo Nation and the ) D D b D make roof shingles. Furthermore, roofing materials are D

rest by both Nations. About 93% of the species were reported ( with their vernacular (local) names, where 73% were reported produced by the leaves of large palm fronds and/or ce by the Afar Nation and 87% by the Oromo Nation. Planting of various species of grasses for traditional dwellings n e

these important species around homesteads and farmlands; (Abbiw, 1990; Cotton, 1996; Cunningham, 1996). For ci raising tree seedlings at nursery for large scale plantation; example, a number of thatching grasses, particularly better animal husbandry practices and improved shortage of al S Eragrosits pallens and Stipagrostis uniplumis, are used ci grazing lands to minimize overgrazing of thatched grasses; o as construction material for roofs, hut walls, yards and S sustainable utilization and conservation of the species and mats in Botswana (IUCN, 2007). The roofing plant awareness raising of the local people are recommended. materials can be chosen according to functional Keywords/phrases : ANP, Ethiopia, indigenous uman properties like availability, durability and water-proofing

knowledge, material culture. f H nature (Abbiw, 1990).

Plant and plant products also have additional al o

n uses in traditional arts and handicrafts including tool r u ccording to Cotton (1996), although synthetic handles, cooking utensils, mortar and pestles, o plant products have an increasing influence on walking/herding sticks, combs, paddles, containers and al J the existing material culture of traditional societies, b A many others. For example, fibrous stems and roots are lo both wild and cultivated plants remain vital to many used to make basket, cordage and textiles (Cotton, G aspects of traditional life. This author defined the term 1996; Cunningham, 1996). Likewise, plant extracts and Material culture as the total range of objects produced exudates are sources of dyes, gums, tannins, latex, by a particular society including functional items such as waxes, resins, adhesives and others. In turn, in many cultures, there are traditional plant based tools, which Author ɲ : Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Forestry Research Center (FRC), Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) Case are used in hunting and defense such as harpoons, Team, P.O.Box 30708, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. bows, arrows, spears, fishing reels and traps, hunting E-mail : [email protected] clubs and so forth (Abbiw, 1990; Cotton, 1996). Author ʍ : The National Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology and Therefore, the present study aimed to assess IK on plant Biodiversity, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. species of material culture (construction, traditional arts E-mails: [email protected] , [email protected] and handicrafts) used by the indigenous peoples of the

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) Afar and Oromo (Kereyu and Ittu) Nations in and around 1983). Jacobs and Schloeder (1993) reported that ANP the ANP and thereby record, compile and document the occurs in one of the most geologically active regions of associated IK to assist in the proper utilization, the world. The phenomena of rifting and volcanism are management and conservation of useful plants and the continuous processes. Hence, it is estimated to have settings of the Park as a whole. continued for 25-30 million years in Ethiopia, while about 5 million years in the ANP. According to Jacobs and Schloeder (1993), ancient alluvial and colluvial soils, a) Geographical location soils of volcanic origin as well as recent alluvial soils are The study was conducted in ANP, Ethiopia, the three major soil types of the study area. The major

which is 225 km away from Addis Ababa and situated water sources in the study area include Awash River between latitudes 8050' and 9010' north and longitudes with major tributaries around ANP including the Kesem 12 0 0 0 39 45' and 40 10' east (EMA, 1992) (Figure 1). ANP is and Kebena Rivers, Lake Beseka and the Hot Springs at 2 characterized by semi-arid climate or Qolla Zone and the northern tip of the ANP. Thirteen data collection sites

ear bimodal rainfall with the annual rainfall ranging between in ANP were: 1. Gotu, 2. Awash River, 3. Awash Gorge, Y 400 and 700 mm (Jacobs and Schloeder, 1993). Out of 4. Karreyu Lodge, 5. Ilala Sala plain, 6. Hamareti, 7. 2 the nine vegetation types of Ethiopia, the vegetation Geda, 8. Sogido, 9. Mt. Fentale, 10. Sabober, 11. type of ANP is classified under Acacia-Commiphora Dunkuku (Kudu Valley), 12. Filwuha, and 13. Sabure woodland (Sebsebe Demissew and Friis, 2009) in the (Figure 1). Somali-Masai Regional Center of endemism (White,

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and established as data collection sites. Following this,

ethnobotanical data were collected between September, a) Sampling techniques and data collection 2008 and March, 2009, on three field trips that were A reconnaissance survey of the study area was carried out in each study site, following the methods by conducted from August 15-30, 2008 in order to obtain Martin (1995), Cotton (1996) and Cunningham (2001). an impression about site conditions, to collect Semi-structured interview, guided field walk, discussions information on accessibility of plant species that serve and observation, with informants and key informants as material culture and to identify sampling sites. were applied based on a checklist of questions using

Accordingly, 13 study sites (see Figure 1) were selected the Afar and Oromo languages with the help of

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) translators to obtain IK of the local people on plant composition between the Afar and the Oromo Nations species of material culture. Voucher specimens were were compared as it was described in Kent and Coker collected, identified and kept at National Herbarium, (1992). Accordingly, JCS was calculated between paired Addis Ababa University. habitat types (A and B) as follows: During the study, information regarding the IK c on plant species of material culture in and around the JCS = ------ANP was gathered and the selection of informants and c + b + a , where key informants was carried out based on prior information obtained from clan and religious leaders, a - is the number of species found only in habitat A, NQRZOHGJHDEOH HOGHUV 3DUN·V VFRXWV i.e., who have b - is the number of species found only in habitat B and served in the ANP for more than 12 years and members

12 c - is the number of common species found in habitat A

2 of either the Afar or the Oromo Nations), pastoralists and B. and agropastoralists. Others included individuals from ear different age groups, gender and Nations as well as field Finally, JCS was multiplied by 100 in order to Y observation. Despite the effort made to involve as many obtain the percentage similarity in species composition 42 women informants, only few women could take part in between the Afar and the Oromo Nations as applied by the study as they are not encouraged culturally within Kent and Coker (1992). the society. Others are lack of permission from their husbands or other socio-cultural reasons, which they refrain from describing. Consequently, informants were a) Diversity and distribution of species of material selected from the Afar and/or the Oromo Nations based culture on the vicinity of their Kebeles to the Park. Four Kebeles In this field study, a total of 156 plant species of from the Afar Nation (Awash, Doho, Dudub and Sabure material culture were recorded, being distributed in 115 Kebeles), whereas five Kebeles from the Oromo Nation genera and 70 families (Appendix 1). Of these, 79 (Benti, Fate Leidy, Gelcha, Ilala and Kobo Kebeles) were species serve as sources of raw materials for various taken. Of these, 96 informants 7 or 8 individuals for each construction purposes and 77 are used for traditional art study site (76 men and 20 women) between the ages of and handicrafts (Figure 3). Out of 156 plant species of 20 and 80 were selected using prior information. Out of material culture, 8 species were reported by the Afar Volume XII Issue XI Version I these, 36 key informants (32 men and 4 women) were Nation, 14 by the Oromo Nation and the rest by both of ) selected. Basic information on plant species of material

D D b DD them. About of the species were reported with their (

culture including their vernacular names, habit, part (s) vernacular names, where were reported by the Afar used, uses and their major use categories was/were Nation and by the Oromo Nation. Shrubs 61 collected from informants. species contributed the highest proportion of b) Ethnobotanical data analysis growth forms, which was followed by trees 58 . The data were analyzed and summarized using Stems 119 (76.8%), followed by cut branches 24 () simple statistical tools such as percentages, graphs and were the most frequently utilized parts of the plant tables. The -DFFDUG·V&RHIILFLHQWRI6LPLODULW\ (JCS) was species in the study area by the local peoples. Some also calculated and the similarity in plant species species are used in more than one material culture.

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Figure 3 : Taxa of plant species for material culture.

Local communities in and around the ANP are household furniture and/or utensils, tool handles, dry

highly dependent on plant species for various fencing, roofs and/or walls thatching and so many other construction purposes such as house construction, uses. Findings showed that more than 87% of the plant species are used as a raw material for various construction purposes (house construction, furniture,

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) fence posts and dry fencing) by the local communities in On the other hand, out of 77 plants of traditional the study area. Some of the species used in house art and handicrafts, 57 species (36.8%) are sources of construction (load-bearing house posts, beams, roof farm implements, tool handles, household utensils and supports, house walls and others), furniture as well as fencing tool (FELKA (Af); KOKO (Or)). The rest species fence posts include Acacia tortilis, Acacia nilotica, serve for ritual values, soften leather, toothbrush, bed Ac acia brevispica, Acacia mellifera, Acacia senegal, making, walking/herding sticks, bows and arrows, Balanites aegyptiaca, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, coloring/soften hair and many others (Appendix 1). Most Dichrostachys cinerea, Cordia monoica, Tamarindus of the species such as Acacia tortilis, Balanites indica, Terminalia brownii, Ehretia cymosa and Ziziphus aegyptiaca, Berchemia discolor, Ceiba pentandra, Celtis species. Similarly, a study conducted in North Shoa toka, Cordia monoica, Dobera glabra, Tamarindus Zone revealed that Acacia brevispica and Acacia nilotica indica, Terminalia brownii, Ximenia americana, Ziziphus for construction uses; Ehretia cymosa and Terminalia species and many others are widely used for farm 12 0 brownii for farm tools, whereas Ehretia cymosa for implements, tool handles, household utensils and 2 making furniture are more preferred by key informants fencing tool (FELKA (Af); KOKO (Or)). In turn, Grewia ear

(Hussien Adal, 2004). However, from field observation species are used for walking and/or herding sticks by Y

and informants report, it is clear that many homes children or elder persons; Terminalia brownii for coloring around the study area are built from exotic tree species the body; the resin of Ficus vasta as adhesive and such as Eucalyptus globulus and Prosopis juliflora due sealant and so forth. Again, the most widely used to scarcity of indigenous tree species. Again, the fiber species for toothbrush reported by the informants were from the bark of Acacia oerfota, Acacia tortilis and Salvadora persica, Cadaba farinosa, Olea europaea Grewia species provide as ropes for tying the walls and subsp. cuspidata and Sida rhombifolia. Likewise, roofs during house construction. On the other hand, Gemedo-Dalle et al. (2005) documented Salvadora plant species having thorns as well as faster growing persica as the most important plant species for rate were preferred more by the local peoples for dry toothbrushes in Borana lowlands, whereas Munishi et al. fencing around homesteads, animal enclosures and (2006) documented Salvadora persica and Cadaba farmlands. For instance, local people use various types farinosa in Tanzania for the same purpose. Of these, of dry fencing by piling up branches of thorny plant Salvadora persica is the best toothbrush from all and it species particularly Acacia, Ziziphus and Cadaba is even sold in local and national market areas including species, Balanites aegyptiaca, Commiphora Awash Sebat Kilo, Metehara, Addis Ketema, Sabure, habessinica and Prosopis juliflora. Melka Jilo and Addis Ababa towns as well as along the Volume XII Issue XI Version I ) D D b D Roofs, in turn, were thatched with a variety of main highway. D grass species, the most commonly used being They have also certain cultural values within (

Cymbopogon pospischilii, which is commonly used by both Nations due to sharing of resources. For instance, n e pastoralists for house construction around the study both the Afar and the Oromo Nations use Vernonia ci area. A similar result was also reported by Jacobs and cinerascens as cultural comb having only one stick, al S

Schloeder (1993). Likewise, Afar pastoralists also used which is thinner or pointed at both ends. Again, Acacia ci o the leaves of Hyphaene thebaica and Typha spp., which brevispica, Acacia tortilis and Balanites aegyptiaca are S are the most preferred species for roof thatching. Other used by both Nations for fencing tool (FELKA (Af); KOKO commonly used roof thatching materials include (Or)), which is a long stem ending with forked ends. uman Chrysopogon, Aristida adscensionis, Hyparrhenia Similarly, the smoke bath from Terminalia brownii wood species, Pennisetum setaceum, Sporobolus cosimilis with other ingredients (e.g. Boswellia papyrifera incense, f H

and many others. The people in Cheffa further revealed sandals, etc.) is commonly used by women to scent al o n that roofs are thatched with Hyparrhenia hirta and (ERITOLE (Af); BUKBUKA (Or)) their bodies and clothes as r u

Hyparrhenia rufa during the construction of houses. well as to flavouring milking utensils (AYINE (Af); CHOCHO o

Fröman and Persson (1974) described that the tall and (Or)). Such diverse uses of plant species over wider al J stemmy Hyparrhenia species are widely used for roof geographical areas between both Nations indicated that b lo thatching. As informants stated that, in a rare case, if the existence of common knowledge (Kebu Balemie and G other resources are not available, the leaves of Fassil Kebebew, 2006) as well as cultural diffusion Calotropis procera are also used as roof thatching. This (Teshome Soromessa and Sebsebe Demissew, 2002; result is reported conversely in Ghana by Abbiw (1990) Kebu Balemie and Fassil Kebebew, 2006) across a and Cotton (1996), where the stems of Calotropis range of diverse cultures and geographical areas. procera was used as roof thatching. However, the Consequently, both Nations share most of the useful corrugated iron sheets are replacing the use of roof plant species around them within each other (Kebu thatching grasses through time due to modernization. Balemie and Fassil Kebebew, 2006). Another reason might be due to shortage of tall grasses On the contrary, useful plants also have in the area. In turn, materials for house construction and certain cultural and ritual values within particular social traditional household utensils were replaced gradually groups. For instance, stem and leaves of Doum palm by plastics and industrial products as a result of tree (Hyphaene thebaica) and Typha spp., which are urbanization and loss of traditional way of life. restricted in the Northern tip of ANP, are a very important

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) resource for house and granary (major means of storing purpose values (use diversity) in various ways. These crops) construction, basketry, bed making and roof are forage/fodder, fuel wood (charcoal and firewood), thatching around the Sabure, Doho and Dudub Kebeles medicine, food as well as miscellaneous uses. Out of by the Afar Nation. Women also make mats for sitting or the total recorded plant species which serve as material sleeping on, as well as for drying crops. In line with this, culture, 16% of the species were found to have 4 and 5 Ziziphus mucronata and Ziziphus spina-christi are used distinct uses each, while 34% with 6 uses to the local E\ WKH $IDU 1DWLRQ WR ZDVK DQG VRIWHQ GHDG SHUVRQ·V people (Appendix 1) body as well as coloring/soften hairs. Whereas, Ficus sycomorus, Acacia tortilis and Balanites aegyptiaca are c) Variation of indigenous knowledge between the Afar highly respected and conserved by the Oromo Nation and the Oromo Nations since they are the most important and widely used Research outputs during data collection revealed that both Nations equally reported 19 species 12 plants in the Oromo culture. Most traditional rituals and 0 2 meetings are held in the shade of Ficus vasta, Ficus for material culture independently, whereas 118 were sycomorus and Acacia tortilis trees. However, in the common to both Nations (Table 1). The percentage

ear

Y similarity (about 76%) for the species, in turn, indicated case of the Afar Nation such traditional rituals and that since the two groups situated almost in close meetings are held in any type of tree shade without the 62 geographical settings, there is a cultural diffusion and selection of species. This indicated that IK distribution sharing of experiences and knowledge between them. can be influenced by socio-cultural factors among Thus, they commonly utilize the same species. different Nations (Cotton, 1996).

b) Plant species of material culture use diversity Overall, plant species that serve as material culture in the study area were found to have multi-

Table 1 : The species similarity between the Afar and the Oromo Nations for plant species of material culture and the JCS in the study area Total number Total number of species reported by: -DFFDUG·V Percentage

of species The Afar The Oromo Both coefficient similarity Volume XII Issue XI Version I Nation Nation Nations of similarity )

D D b DD ( 156 19 19 118 0.76 76

Network (HoA-REC/N), members of the Afar and the Oromo Nations, Awash-Fentale Wereda and Fentale Indigenous people in and around the study area Wereda Offices, all the staff members of National mainly depend on plant species of material culture for Herbarium and ANP, the Department of Biology and various construction purposes as well as traditional art others which directly or indirectly offered their various and handicrafts. As a result, high diversity of species is supports. recorded even if human-induced and natural factors influence the species. Planting of these important species around homesteads and farmlands for rnal ofSocial Science rnal Human household use and sale; raising tree seedlings at 1. Abbiw, D. K. (1990). Useful plants of Ghana: West

nursery for large scale plantation of more exploited African uses of wild and cultivated plants. species (e.g. Terminalia brownii, Acacia spp., Olea Intermediate technology publications, London and lobal Jou europaea subsp. cuspidata, Tamarindus indica, etc.); the Royal Botanic Gardens, UK. 337pp. G better animal husbandry practices and improved 2. Abiyot Berhanu, Zemede Asfaw and Ensermu shortage of grazing lands to minimize overgrazing of Kelbessa (2006). Ethnobotany of plants used as thatched grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon pospischilii, insecticides, repellants and anti-malarial agents in

Chrysopogon plumulosus, Hyparrhenia spp., etc.); Jabitehnan District, West Gojjam. SINET: An sustainable utilization and conservation of the species Ethiopian Journal of Science 29(1): 87-92. and awareness raising of the local people are 3. Berihun Gebremedhin and Solomon Yirga (2005). A recommended. study on abundance, group size and composition of 6RHPPHULQJ·V *D]HOOH Gazella soemmerringii) in Awash National Park and Alledeghi wildlife reserve, The main author would like to acknowledge the Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Horn of Africa Regional Environment Center and 28(2):161-170.

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) 4. Cotton, C. M. (1996). Ethnobotany: Principles and 17. Martin, G. J. (1995). Ethnobotany: A Method of Applications. John Willey and Sons Ltd. Chichester. Manual. Chapman & Hall, London. 268pp. 424pp. 18. Munishi, P. K. T., Temu, R. P. C., Kessy, J. F., Sitoni, 5. Cunningham, A. B. (1996). People, park and plant D. and Majenda, M. (2006). Ethnobotany and local use. Recommendations for multiple-use zones and use of Indigenous plant species in representative development alternatives around Bwindi sites of the Somali-Masai phytochorion in Northern Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. People and Tanzania. In: Drylands Ecosystems: Challenges and Plants working paper 4. UNESCO, Paris. 59pp. Opportunities for Sustainable Natural Resources 6. Cunningham, A. B. (2001). Applied Ethnobotany: Management. Proceedings of the Regional People, Wild plant Use and Conservation. People Workshop held at Hotel Impala, Arusha, Tanzania, and Plants Conservation Manuals. Earthscan June 7-9, 2006, pp.112-120, (Nikundiwe, A. M. and 12 publications Ltd., London and Sterling, VA. 300pp. 0 Kabigumila, J. D. L., eds). 2 7. EMA (1992). Map of Awash National Park. Addis 19. NMSA (2009). Meteorological Data (Rainfall and

Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Mapping Authority. Four Temperature) of Awash National Park obtained from ear Y Sheets of Paper 1:50,000. nearby town, Awash Sebat Kilo Meteorological

8. Fröman, B. and Persson, S. (1974). An Illustrated Station. National Meteorological Service Agency, Guide to the Grasses of Ethiopia. Chilalo Agricultual Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Development Unit (CADU), Asella. 504pp. 20. Sebsebe Demissew and Friis, I. (2009). Natural 9. Gemedo-Dalle, Maass, B. L. and Isselstein, J. vegetation of the Flora area. In: Flora of Ethiopia (2005). Plant Biodiversity and Ethnobotany of and Eritrea.Vol. 8. General part and Index to Vols 1 - Borana Pastoralists in Southern Oromia, Ethiopia. 7, pp. 27-32, (Hedberg, I., Friis, I. and Persson, E., The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY eds). National Herbarium, Biology Department, 10458-5126 U.S.A. Economic Botany 59(1): 43-65, Science Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis 2005. Ababa and Department of systematic Botany, 10. Hill, A. F. (1952). Economic Botany: A Textbook of Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. nd Useful Plants and Plant Products. 2 ed. McGraw- 21. Teshome Soromessa and Sebsebe Demissew Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. 560PP. (2002). Some uses of plants by the Benna, Tsemay 11. Hussien Adal (2004). Traditional use, management and Zeyise people, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiopian and conservation of useful plants in dryland parts of Journal of Natural Resources 4(1):107-122. Volume XII Issue XI Version I

North Shoa Zone of the Amhara National Region: An 22. White, F. (1983). The vegetation of Africa. A ) D D b D D

Ethnobotanical Approach. M. Sc. Thesis, AAU. ( Descriptive memoir to accompany the 174pp. UNESCO/AFTAT/UNSO. Vegetation Map of Africa, ce n 12. IUCN (2007). The Real Jewels of the Kalahari: Paris, UNESCO, Natural Resource Research. e Drylands Ecosystem Goods and Services in 356pp. ci

Kgalagadi South District, Botswana. The world al S ci

conservation union. 51PP. o S 13. Jacobs, M. J. and Schloeder, C. A. (1993). The Awash National Park Management Plan, 1993-1997.

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© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) Appendix 1 : List of plant species as a raw material for construction purposes ( material culture ) in the ANP. Key: Major use category [F = Forage/fodder; Fu = Fuel wood; M = Medicine; Fo = Food; Mc = Material culture; Mi = Miscellaneous uses]; Habit (Ha) [C-Climber; H-Herb; S-Shrub; T-Tree]; [* Species reported by the Afar Nation; ** Species reported by the Oromo Nation; Species without asterisks are reported by both Nations]; Note [Components of house construction include load-bearing house posts, beams, roof supports, house walls, windows and doors]

Scientific Family Ha Vernacular Major use Part (s) Uses name name name category used 12 0

2 Acacia Fabaceae SHAMARESA (Or) F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; House brevispica cut construction, ear Harms fence posts; Y branches dry fencing 82 F, Fu, Mc, Mi Acacia Fabaceae T Stem; Fence posts; cut dry fencing dolichocephala Harms branches

Fabaceae S MAKA’ARTO/ F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; House Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. MA’EGHERTO (Af); cut construction, SEPENE GURO (Or) branches furniture; dry

fencing

Acacia negrii ESEL E TO Fabaceae S K - (- ) F, Fu, Mc Stem; cut Fence posts; Pic. - Serm. branches dry fencing (Af); KESELE (Or)

Volume XII Issue XI Version I Acacia nilotica Fabaceae T KESEL-E (-TO) F, Fu, M, Fo, Stem; cut House )

branches D D b DD (L.) Willd. (Af); Mc, Mi ( ex Del. construction, BURKUKE (Or) fence posts; dry fencing

Stem; cut House construction; Acacia oerfota Fabaceae S GOMERTO F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi (Forssk.) dry fencing; (Af); AJO (Or) branches; Schweinf. bark fiber used as rope & tying material

Acacia Fabaceae T SEKEKTO (Af); F, Fu, Mc Stem; cut House construction, prasinata DODOTI (Or) branches fence posts; Hunde dry fencing rnal ofSocial Science rnal Human

House construction, Acacia r GERE’INITO (Af); F, Fu, Mc Stem; cut Fabaceae T fence posts; lobal Jou obusta Burch. WANIGAYO (Or) branches G dry fencing

Acacia senegal Fabaceae S ADADO (Af); F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem and House construction, branches; cut furniture; (L.) Willd. SEPENSA DIMA/ SEPESA (Or)

Acacia Fabaceae T ADIGENTO/ F, Fu, Fo, Mc branches dry fencing seyal Del. MAKANI Stem; cut House construction, (Af); WACHU (Or) branches; fence posts; bark dry fencing;

Acacia r Fabaceae T GERE’INITO (Af); F, Fu, Mc Stem; cut House construction, fence posts; obusta Burch. WANIGAYO (Or) branches dry fencing

Acacia senegal Fabaceae S ADADO (Af); F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem and House construction, (L.) Willd. SEPENSA DIMA/ branches; cut furniture; branches SEPESA(Or) dry fencing Acacia Fabaceae T ADIGENTO/ F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; cut House construction,

seyal Del. MAKANI branches; fence posts; 12

0 (Af); WACHU (Or) bark dry fencing; 2 fiber from bark ear is used as rope Y

Acacia tortilis Fabaceae T E’IBITO/BEHBEY F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; cut House construction, (Forssk.) Hayne (Af); DEDECHA (Or) branches; furnit ure; dry fencing; bark bark used for ropes CHIRI (Or) Temporary Acalypha Euphorbiaceae S F, Fu, Mc, Mi Stem & house fruticosa branches Forssk. construction Agave sisalana Agavaceae H YA’A (Af); Mc, Mi Stem; leaves House construction; Perrine ex Engl. ALGE DHELTU (Or) fibers are used to make strong ropes

Poaceae Aristida H DURFI (Af) F, Mc Whole part Roof thatching Volume XII Issue XI Version I adscensionis L. ) D D b D D

House construction, ( Balanites Balanitaceae T UDAYITO/ALA’ITO F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; cut fence posts, ce aegyptiaca (Af); BEDENO (Or) branches n furniture; e (L.) Del. ci dry fencing al S ci

Rhamnaceae o Berchemia T YEYEBITO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem House construction, S Discolor JEJEBA (Or) fence posts, (Klotzsch) furniture uman Hemsl. f H

Boscia Capparidaceae S - Stem House construction al o

F, Fu, Fo, Mc n r

salicifolia Oliv. * u o al J

Cadaba Capparidaceae S FURA (-YITO)/ F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; cut House construction; b lo farinosa Forssk. UMHELE branches dry fencing

N (Af); G KELIKNATIONHA (Or)

Calotropis Asclepiadaceae S GELE’ATO/ Fu, M, Mc, Mi Stem; leaves House construction; procera (Ait.) GHULA’ENTO (Af); used for roof Ait.f. FELFELA ADAL (Or) thatching if thatching grass is scarce

Capparis Capparidaceae S HARENIGEMA (Or) F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Cut branches Dry fencing tomentosa Lam.

Ceiba Bombacaceae TFERENJI TUTI (Af) F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem House construction, pentandra fence posts, (L.) Gaertn.* furniture

Celtis toka Ulmaceae T GUDIBI’ATO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Furniture 12

0 (Forssk.) 2 METEKOMA (Or) Hepper & Wood

ear Y Chrysopogon Poaceae H DURFI (Af); F, Mc Whole part Roof thatching 102 aucheri ALELO (Or) (Boiss.) Stapf

Chrysopogon Poaceae H DURFI (Af); F, Mc Whole part Roof thatching plumulosus DEREMO (Or) Hochst.

Mc Cissampelos Menispermaceae CHIDI (Or) Stem Tying material mucronata A. Rich. **

Vitaceae Cut branches Cissus C ALI’E (Af); M, Fo, Mc Dry fencing quadrangularis L. CHOPHI (Or)

Volume XII Issue XI Version I )

D D b DD Cissus Vitaceae URI F, Fo, Mc Stem; bark Furniture; ( C B (Or)

rotundifolia fiber used as (Forssk.) tying material Vahl **

House Combretum Combretaceae T WE’IBA’ITO (Af); F, Fu, Mc , Mi Stem construction, molle R. Br. RUKESA (Or) ex G. Don fence posts, furniture

Commiphora Burseraceae T YEYEBITO (Af); F, Fu, Mc Stem Furniture, rnal ofSocial Science rnal Human erythraea CHELANKA (Or) fence posts (Ehrenb.) Engl. lobal Jou

G Commiphora Burseraceae S HEDAYITO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; cut Furniture, Habessinica HAMESA (Or) branches fence posts; (Berg) Engl. dry fencing

Cordia monoica Boraginaceae S MINE GURE F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem House construction, Roxb. SUBULA (Af); fence posts, furniture MEDERO (Or)

Crotalaria Fabaceae H IJISISE (Or) Fu, M, Mc, Mi Stem; cut House construction; incana L. branches dry fencing

Cryptostegia Asclepiadaceae S HALI MERO (Af); Fu, Mc, Mi Stem & House construction, grandiflora HAKONKOL (Or) branches; to construct granary bark Roxb. ex R. Br. (GOTERA (Or)) for storing cereal crops **; fiber used as 12

tying material 0 2

ear Cymbopogon Poaceae H ISESU/AYISO F Whole part Roof thatching Y

pospischilii (-YITA) (Af) (K. Schum.) C.E. Hubb. Dalbergia Fabaceae S DILO LELAFA (Or) F, Fu, Mc Stem House construction, lactea Vatke ** fence posts

Dichrostachys Fabaceae S JIRME (Or) F, Fu, Mc, Mi Stem; cut House construction, cinerea (L.) branches; fence posts; Wight & Arn. bark dry fencing; fibers are used as tying materials

GHERSA F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi House construction, Dobera glabra Salvadoraceae T Stem Volume XII Issue XI Version I (Af); ADE (Or) fence posts, furniture (Forssk.) Poir. ) D D b D D

( ce

Boraginaceae S MINE GURE (Af); n Ehretia cymosa F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc Stem; bark House construction, e

Thonn. ULAGA (Or) fence posts, ci furniture; fiber used al S ci

as tying material o S

Ficus sycomorus L. Moraceae T SUBULA (Af); Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem House construction, uman

OD A (Or) fence posts, f H furniture al o n r u

Ficus vasta Forssk. Moraceae T MARA’ITO (Af); Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem House construction, o KILTU (Or) fence posts, furniture al J b lo G Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae S - F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Furniture, (Burm.f.) Merr. ** fence posts

Grewia bicolor Juss. Tiliaceae S ADIBI’ATO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; bark House construction; HARORESA (Or) fiber used as tying material

Grewia Tiliaceae S ADIBI’ATO/ F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; bark House construction; ferruginea Hochst. FO (Af); fiber used as ex A. Rich. HARORESA (Or) rope & tying material

Grewia Tiliaceae S ADIBI’ATO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; bark House construction; MUDHE GURE (Or) fiber used as tying schweinfurthii material Burret

Eucalyptus Myrtaceae T BAHIR ZAFI Fu, M, Mc Stem House construction, globulus Labill. (Af & Or) fence posts, furniture

Euclea racemosa Ebenaceae S MIESSA (Or) F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem House construction, Murr. subsp. fence posts

12 schimperi (A. DC.)

2 White

ear Y House construction; Grewia tenax Tiliaceae S HEDAYITO/ HUDA F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; bark 122 (Forssk.) Fiori /MINE GURE (Af); fiber used DEKA TUNTUNA (Or) as rope & tying material Grewia velutina Tiliaceae S ADIBI’ATO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; bark House construction; (Forssk.) Vahl HARORESA (Or) fiber used as rope & tying material

Grewia villosa Tiliaceae S GARIWA (Af); F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; bark House construction; Willd. OGOMDI (Or) fiber used as rope & tying material

Hagenia Rosaceae T BEGALA (Af); Fu, M, Mc Stem House construction, HETO (Or) fence posts, furniture

Volume XII Issue XI Version I abyssinica

) (Bruce) J.F. Gmel.

D D b DD (

Hippocratea Celastraceae C MISI (Af); F, Fu, Mc Stem & House construction, to construct granary africana (Willd.) TERO (Or) branches Loes. (GOTERA (Or)) for storing cereal crops ** ; tying material

Hyparrhenia Poaceae H AYISOYITA/ F, Mc Whole part Roof thatching hirta (L.) Stapf ISESU (Af); MENE CHITA (Or) rnal ofSocial Science rnal Human

Prosopis Fabaceae S WEYANE F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; cut House construction,

lobal Jou juliflora(Sw.) DC. (Af & Or ) branches fence posts;

G dry fencing

Rhynchosia Fabaceae H - Mc, Mi Stem Tying material Malacophylla during house and (Spreng.) Boj. ** fence construction

Pennisetum Poaceae H AREB MURI (Or) F, Mc Whole part Roof thatching setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.

Persicaria setosula Polygonaceae H ALELITU (Or) Mc Above Used for roof thatching (A. Rich.) K. L. ground part if thatching grass Wilson is scarce Hyparrhenia rufa Poaceae H ISESU (Af); F, Mc Whole part Roof thatching

(Nees) Stapf MENE CHITA (Or)

Hyphaene Arecaceae T UNGA/ GARA’ITO F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem and House construction; thebaica (Af); METI (Or) leaves; roof thatching; 12

(L.) Mart.* leaves; bark fiber used as 0 2 tying material

ear Y NGA GARA’ITO

Arecaceae U / F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem and

Hyphaene T House construction; thebaica (Af); METI (Or) leaves; roof thatching; (L.) Mart.* leaves; bark fiber used as tying material Lantana Verbenaceae S BADUWA HARA (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi Cut branches Dry fencing camara L. MIDAN DUBRA (Or)

Maerua Capparidaceae S DUNIBIAYITO/ F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Household furniture, angolensis SEKILELI’A (Af) fence posts, furniture DC. *

Manilkara Sapotaceae T BUTUYE (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem House construction, Volume XII Issue XI Version I butugi Chiov. BUTUJI (Or) fence posts, furniture ) D D b D D

( Moringaceae Moringa T - Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Household utensils, ce n

stenopetala furniture e (Bak.f.) Cuf. ci al S

ci o Morus mesozygia Moraceae S - F, Fu, Mc Stem Furniture, fence posts S Stapf uman

Olea europaea Oleaceae T WEYIBO (Af); F, Fu, M, Mc, Mi Stem House construction, f H L. subsp. EJERSA (Or) fence posts, furniture al o n

Cuspidata r u

(Wall.ex G.Don) o Cif. al J b lo G Parkinsonia Fabaceae S - F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; cut Fence posts; aculeata L. branches dry fencing

Pennisetum Poaceae H - F, Mc Whole part Roof thatching menzianum Leeke

Rhynchosia Fabaceae Mc Tying material CKELELA (Or) Stem minima (L.) DC. ** during house and fence construction

Salvadora persica L. Salvadoraceae S HADAYITO/ F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc Stem House construction, furniture DADAHO (Af ); ADE (Or ) Fence posts,

12 Schinus molle L. Anacardiaceae T KUNDO BERBERE (Or) Fu, M, Mc, Mi Stem

0 furniture 2

ear Sesbania sesban Fabaceae S ENCHINI/ F, Fu, Mc Stem; young House construction; Y (L.) Merr. HARCHA (Or) stems fibers used as 142 tying material

Sporobolus Poaceae H HAMELITO (Af) F, Mc Whole part Roof thatching cosimilis Fresen.

Fence posts, Sterculia africana Sterculiaceae T KERERI (O r) F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; cut (Lour.) Fiori furniture; branches dry fencing

Fabaceae T SEGENTU (Af); House construction, Tamarindus F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc , Mi Stem indica L. ROKA (Or) fence posts , furniture Volume XII Issue XI Version I

) Terminalia E IBA ITO House construction, Combretaceae T W ’ ’ (Af); D D b DD F, Fu, M, Mc, Mi Stem ( brownii BIR’ENSA (Or) fence posts, Fresen. furniture

Trilepisium Moraceae T SELAW ETA (Or) Fu, Mc Stem House construction, madagascariense fence posts, DC. ** furniture

Typha spp.* Typhaceae H GEDE (Af) F, Mc Whole part Roof and walls thatching

Ximenia Olacaceae T HUDHA (Or) F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Fence posts, rnal ofSocial Science rnal Human L. furniture americana

Ziziphus Rhamnaceae T KUSIR-A (-TO) F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; cut House construction, lobal Jou

G mucronata Willd. (Af); branches fence posts, KURKURA HADO furniture; (Or) dry fencing

Ziziphus Rhamnaceae T KUSIR-A (-TO) F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; cut House construction, spina-ch branches fence posts, (Af); KURKURA (Or) risti (L.) Desf. furniture; dry fencing

Appendix 2 : List of plant species as sources of traditional arts and handicrafts (material culture) in the ANP . Key: Major use category [F = Forage/fodder; Fu = Fuel wood; M = Medicine; Fo = Food; Mc = Material culture; Mi = Miscellaneous uses]; Habit (Ha) [C-Climber; H-Herb; Semi-parasitic-SP; S-Shrub; T-Tree]; [* Species reported by the Afar Nation; ** Species reported by the Oromo Nation; Species without asterisks are reported by both Nations]

Scientific Family name H Vernacular Major Part (s) Uses use category name a name used 12

0 HAMBUKTO (Af); F, Mc Stem Toothbrush Abutilon ramosum Malvaceae H 2 Guill. & Perr. ATAYE (Or) ear Y

Acacia Fabaceae HAMARESA (Or) F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Tool handles, S brevispica farm implements, Harms long stem ending with forked ends used as fencing tool (FELKA (Af); KOKO (Or))

Acacia mellifera Fabaceae S MAKA’ARTO/MA’ F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem (wood) Farm tools (Vahl) Benth. EGHERTO (Af); SEPENE GURO (Or)

Stem; bark Acacia nilotica Fabaceae T KESEL-E (-TO) F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Tool handles, (L.) Willd. ex Del. (Af); BURKUKE (Or) household utensils

(mortars and pestles), Volume XII Issue XI Version I

arrows & bows *; ) D D b D D

ink making, to (

soften leather ce n e ci Acacia oerfota Fabaceae S GOMERTO (Af); F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem Household utensils (milking utensils) al S (Forssk.) Schweinf. AJO (Or) ci o S

Acacia prasinata Fabaceae T SEKEKTO (Af); F, Fu, Mc Stem Farm tools uman Hunde DODOTI (Or) f H

Acacia robusta Fabaceae T GERE’INITO (Af); F, Fu, Mc Stem Household utensils al o n

WANIGAYO (Or) r

Burch. u o

Stem; seed al J Acacia senegal Fabaceae S ADADO (Af); F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Farm implements; b (L.) Willd. SEPENSA DIMA/ dye is used lo G SEPESA (Or) for coloring

Acacia Fabaceae T ADIGENTO/ F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; bark Farm implements, seyal Del. MAKANI (Af); tool handles, WACHU (Or) household utensils, fencing tool (FELKA (Af); KOKO (Or)); dye is extracted from bark

Acacia tortilis Fabaceae T E’IBITO/BEHBEY F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; Household utensils (Forssk.) Hayne (Af); DEDECHA (Or) leaves & bark (mortars and pestles), fencing tool (FELKA (Af); KOKO (Or)); ritual value ** Agave sisalana Agavaceae H YA’A (Af); Mc, Mi Leaves Fibers are used to Perrine ex Engl. ALGE DHELTU (Or) make sacks and mat

Asteraceae HARITI (Af); ARITI (Or) Above ground Ritual value 12 Artemisia H Mc, Mi 0 part 2 absinthium L. **

ear Y Asparagus Asparagaceae C HIDE SERE/SERITI M, Fo, Mc, Mi Whole plant Ritual value africanus Lam. ** (Or) 162

Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae T UDAYITO/ALA’ITO F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; whole Household utensils, (L.) Del. (Af); BEDENO (Or) farm implements, plant tool handles, fencing tool (FELKA (Af); KOKO (Or)); cultural value**

Berchemia Rhamnaceae T YEYEBITO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Household utensils, discolor JEJEBA (Or) tool handles, (Klotzsch) Hemsl. farm tools, toothbrush Volume XII Issue XI Version I

) T LUBATEN (Af); Burseraceae F, Fu, Fo, Mc Resin (incense)

D Resin D b DD Boswellia papyrifera ( (Del.) Hochst. MUKE ITANA (Or) (incense) is used as smoking for good scent (ERITOLE (Af))

S Cadaba farinosa Capparidaceae FURA (-YITO)/ F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem Toothbrush, Forssk. NUMHELE (Af); walking sticks KELIKNATIONHA (Or)

Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae S GELE’ATO/ Fu, M, Mc, Mi Whole plant; To make GHULA’ENTO (Af); stem (wood) cultural pillow rnal ofSocial Science rnal Human (Ait.) Ait.f. ** FELFELA ADAL (Or)

FERENJI TUTI f(A) Stem; mature Household utensils, lobal Jou Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae T F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi

G (L.) Gaertn. * tool handles, fruit farm implements; fibers from mature fruit used as making pillow and mattresses

Celtis toka (Forssk.) Ulmaceae T GUDIBI’ATO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Household utensils, Hepper & Wood METEKOMA (Or) tool handles, farm implements

Combretum molle Combretaceae T WE’IBA’ITO (Af); F, Fu, Mc, Mi Stem (wood) Tool handles, R. Br. ex G. Don RUKESA (Or) farm implements, household utensils

Gum & resin is used Commiphora erythraea Burseraceae T YEYEBITO (Af); F, Fu, Mc Gum & resin (Ehrenb.) Engl. CHELANKA (Or) for an incense and insecticide

F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem Tool handles, Commiphora habessinica Burseraceae S HEDAYITO (Af); farm implements, HAMESA (Or) (Berg) Engl. household utensils, toothbrush Stem Cordia monoica Roxb. Boraginaceae S MINE GURE/SUBULA F, Fu, Fo, Mc Tool handles, 12

(Af); MEDERO (O r) farm implements, 0 household utensils 2

(mortars and pestles) ear Y

Stem Farm implements, Crotalaria incana L. Fabaceae HIJISISE (Or) Fu, M, Mc, Mi herding sticks

Cucumis prophetarum Cucurbitaceae H HARE GOGE (Or) F, M, Mc, Mi Fruit Boys play with L. ** fruit like a ball

Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae H TEJI SAR (Af); Mc Above ground (DC.) Stapf ** TIJ SARA (Or) Ritual value

DDichrostachys cinerea Fabaceae S JIRME (Or) F, Fu, Mc, Mi Stem Household utensils (L.) Wight & Arn. (mortars and pestles), tool handles Volume XII Issue XI Version I

Salvadoraceae GHERSA (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi Household utensils ) D

Stem D b Dobera glabra T D D

(Forssk.) Poir. ADE (Or) (mortars and pestles), ( ce

tool handles, n camel saddles, e ci toothbrush al S ci

INE GURE o Ehretia cymosa Boraginaceae SM (Af); F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc Stem Household utensils, S Thonn. ULAGA (Or) tool handles, farm implements, walking/herding sticks uman f H

Eucalyptus globulus l. Myrtaceae T BAHIR ZAFI Fu, M, Mc Stem Tool handles, al o n farm implements r Labil (Af & Or) u o al J Euclea racemosa Ebenaceae SMIESSA (Or) F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Tool handles, b Murr. subsp. lo

farm implements, G schimperi (A. DC.) household utensils, White toothbrush

Ficus sycomo Moraceae T rus SUBULA (Af); Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; whole Household utensils; L. ODA (Or) plant; bark ritual value **; to make beehives

Ficus vasta Forssk. Moraceae T MARA’ITO (Af); Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; resin; Household utensils; KILTU (Or) bark adhesive and sealant; to make beehives

Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae S - F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Tool handles, (Burm.f.) Merr. household utensils, farm implements

Mc Fiber derived Gossypium Malvaceae S TUT (Af) Seed hairs hirsutum L. from seed hairs (cotton) is used for making clothes

Stem 12 Tiliaceae S ADIBI’ATO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Tool handles, 0 Grewia bicolor 2 Juss. HARORESA (Or) bed making *, walking/cultural/ ear Y herding sticks, bows & arrows, 182 toothbrush

Grewia ferruginea Tiliaceae S ADIBI’ATO/FO F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Farm implements, Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Af); HARORESA bed making *; (Or) walking/herding sticks, bows & arrows

Grewia Tiliaceae S ADIBI’ATO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Farm implements, schweinfurthii MUDHE GURE (Or) bed making * Burret

Grewia tenax Tiliaceae S HEDAYITO/ F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Farm implements, (Forssk.) Fiori HUDA/MINE GURE (Af); Volume XII Issue XI Version I bed making *, walking/ EKA TUNTUNA (Or) ) D herding sticks,

D D b DD

( bows & arrows

Grewia velutina Tiliaceae S ADIBI’ATO (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Tool handles,bed (Forssk.) Vahl HARORESA (Or) making *, walking /herding sticks, bows & arrows, fencing tool (FELKA (Af); KOKO (Or))

Grewia villosa Tiliaceae S GARIWA (Af); F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; Bark Tool handles, farm Willd. OGOMDI (Or) implements,bed making *, walking /herding sticks,

rnal ofSocial Science rnal Human bows & arrows; fluid from inner bark is extracted & used as coiling hairs culturally * lobal Jou G Hagenia abyssinica Rosaceae T BEGALA (Af); Fu, M, Mc Stem Household utensils, (Bruce) J.F. Gmel. HETO (Or) tool handles, farm implements, bed making

Hibiscus Malvaceae H AKILEHENA (Af) F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem; root Walking sticks; micranthus L. f. magical value *

Bed making, Hyphaene Arecaceae T UNGA/GARA’ITO F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem and thebaica (Af); METI (Or) leaves; fibers making baskets (L.) Mart. * from bark; & mats; to fix seed milking utensil;

Indigofera Fabaceae H HERCHUMEN (Or) Fu, M, Fo, Mc Stem; leaves Household utensils; arrecta coloring han Hochst. , toothbrush, ex A. Rich.

S LUKO (Or) F, Fu, Mc, Mi Stem & leaves 12 Kleinia odora Asteraceae To softenleather 0 (Forssk.) DC. ** 2

ear Lagenaria Cucurbitaceae C DELA (Af); BUKI (Or) Mc Fruit Mature fruit is used Y

DUNIBIAYITO/ as milk/water container : is decorated to express 19 their culture

Maerua Capparidaceae S SEKILELI’A (Af) F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem angolensis DC. * Manilkara Sapotaceae T BUTUYE (Af); F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem (wood) Tool handles, butugi Chiov. BUTUJI (Or) farm implements,

S Morus Moraceae - F, Fu, Mc Stem Tool handles; mesozygia Stapf

Ocimum Lamiaceae H SURI MI’A (Af); F, Mc, Mi Whole plant Making broom forskolei Benth. DAMA KESE (Or) (brush) for sweeping indoors or outdoors Volume XII Issue XI Version I Stem Ocimum stirbeyi Lamiaceae SBIRITELI (Af) Fu, Mc ) D D b D Schweinf. & Volk. D

( ce

Stem (wood); n Olea europaea Oleaceae T WEYIBO (Af); F, Fu, M, Mc, Mi Farm implements, e L. subsp. cuspidata EJERSA (Or) whole plant household utensils, ci (Wall.ex G.Don) Cif. tool handles al S

walking/herding sticks; ci o Oncocalyx Loranthaceae SP HATOTE (Af); Fu, M, Mc Whole plant To soften leather S schimperi (A. Rich.) DERTU HARORESA M. Gilbert (Or) uman

Parkinsonia Fabaceae S - F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem Tool handles, f H aculeata L. farm implements al o n r

Plicosepalus Loranthaceae SP HATOTE (Af); Fu, M, Mc Whole plant To soften leather u o Sagittifolius DERTU DEDACHA

(Engl.) Danser (Or) al J b lo

Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae S WEYANE (Af & Or ) F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem Tool handles, G (Sw.) DC. farm implements

Pupalia Amaranthaceae H SOROT KUFU (Af); F, M, Mc Fruits Children collect lappacea (L.) METENE (Or) many hooked fruits, A. Juss. fixed together like a ball & play with it

Rhus vulgaris Anacardiaceae S DEBOBESA (Or) F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc Stem Farm implements, Meikle household utensils, tool handles

Ricinus Euphorbiaceae S SHERBETI (Af ); Fu, M, Fo, Mc Seed Crushed seeds used communis L. KOBO (Or) for greasing baking plates for injera & bread, to softenleather

Household utensils, Salvadora persica L. Salvadoraceae S HADAYITO/ DADAHO F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc Stem tool handles, (Af); ADE (O r ) farm implements, toothbrush

Sansevieria Dracenaceae H YI’E (Af); ALGE (Or) Mc Leaves Fibers used for

12 ehrenbergii basket, rope &

2 Schweinf. whip making ex Baker

ear Y Schinus molle L. Anacardiaceae TKUNDO BERBERE (Or) Fu, M, Mc, Mi Stem Household utensils, tool handles, 202 farm implements

Sesbania sesban Fabaceae S ENCHINI/HARCHA (Or) F, Fu, Mc Stem Farm implements, (L.) Merr. tool handles L. Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia H WELAYINEBA (Af); F, M, Mc, Mi Stem Toothbrush HATAWI (Or) Sida schimperiana Malvaceae S WELAYINEBA (Af); F, Fu, M, Mc, Mi Stem Toothbrush Hochst. ex A. Rich. KORCHA IJOLE (Or) Solanum Solanaceae S AMBOKO ASO (Af); F, Fu, Mc, Mi Above It is hold with incanum L. ** HIDI LONI (Or) ground part cultural sticks during marriage

Sterculia africana Sterculiaceae T KERERI (Or) F, Fu, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem Household utensils, (Lour.) Fiori farm implements Volume XII Issue XI Version I

) Tamarindus Fabaceae Household utensils, SEGENTU (Af); D D b DD T F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; gum; (

L. indica ROKA (Or) bark tool handles, farm farm implements;ink ink making; to soften leather

Terminalia Combretaceae T WE’IBA’ITO (Af); F, Fu, M, Mc, Mi Stem (wood); Tool handles, brownii BIR’ENSA (Or) bark household utensils Fresen. (mortars and pestles, spoons, tongs, etc.), farm implements, smoke bath of clothes and women’s body body for good scent rnal ofSocial Science rnal Human (ERITOLE (Af); BUKBUKA (Or)) and bark smoking to flavor milking utensils lobal Jou

G (AYINE (Af); CHOCHO (Or)) ; dye used as coloring the body

Trilepisium SELAWETA (Or) T Moraceae Fu, Mc Stem Farm tools, household madagascariense utensils, tool handles DC. Stem & To make cultural Asteraceae S FILE NEME’A (Af); F, Fu, Mc Vernonia branches comb from a cinerascens KERTATUME (Or) Sch. Bip. single stick

Withania Solanaceae H GERBA ADO (Af); F, M, Mc, Mi Leaves & Herding sticks somnifera (L.) BALE URU (Or) Dunal branches

Household utensils, Ximenia L. Olacaceae T HUDHA (Or) F, Fu, Fo, Mc Stem americana farm implements, tool handles

Rhamnaceae KUSIR-A (-TO) (Af); F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; leaf & Household utensils, 12 Ziziphus mucronata T 0 Willd. KURKURA HADO (Or) stem; leaf farm implements, 2 hunting tools ear (spear shafts); Y

to wash & soften 21 dead person’s body*; coloring/soften hair * Ziziphus Rhamnaceae T KUSIR-A (-TO) (Af); F, Fu, M, Fo, Mc, Mi Stem; leaf & Household utensils, spina-christi KURKURA (Or) stem; leaf farm implements, (L.) Desf. hunting tools (spear shafts) ;to wash & soften dead person's body*; coloring/soften hair* Volume XII Issue XI Version I ) D D b D D

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