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Aménager Le Grand Paris : Regards Croisés Avec Le Grand Londres Et New York City

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Aménager Le Grand Paris : Regards Croisés Avec Le Grand Londres Et New York City Capstone Sciences Po 2017 pour la Société du Grand Paris Aménager le Grand Paris : Regards croisés avec le Grand Londres et New York City Livrable n°1 : Rapport Equipe : Justine Briard, Master Governing the large metropolis Johanne Collet, Master Governing the large metropolis Alexander Deubner, Master Governing the large metropolis Elena Vann, Master Governing the large metropolis Tuteur - Sciences Po : Clément Boisseuil, Chercheur associé au Centre d’études européennes Version du vendredi 16 juin 2017 Image sur la page de garde réalisée à partir de : https://thestickerstudio.com/s87914373 2 Remerciements Nous tenons à remercier tout particulièrement notre tuteur, Clément Boisseuil, pour le temps qu’il nous a consacré tout au long de ce projet, ses maintes relectures et précieux conseils. Nous remercions aussi chaleureusement Catherine Barbé qui nous a permis de participer à une expérience enrichissante, nous a fait part de ses riches connaissances en matière d’urbanisme, et pour l’intérêt qu’elle a porté à notre travail. Merci également à sa stagiaire, Maia Bilhou-Nabera. Nous remercions également l’ensemble des personnes avec qui nous avons pu échanger à propos des sites étudiés, qui ont su se rendre disponibles pour répondre à nos diverses questions. Merci également à Laure Ceccarelli et David Guillot pour nous avoir accueillis dans leur conférence sur le droit de l’urbanisme français, donnée dans le cadre de la formation organisée pour le Master Exécutif Stratégie et financement de l’immobilier, cogéré par l’Ecole Urbaine. 3 4 Résumé exécutif La Société du Grand Paris a fait appel aux étudiants de l’Ecole Urbaine de Sciences Po afin de proposer une comparaison des modalités d’aménagement des quartiers de gare en vigueur au sein du Grand Paris, du Grand Londres et de New York City. Cette étude qualitative s’ajoute aux nombreux travaux quantitatifs portant sur l’impact économique du Grand Paris Express. Elle vise à rendre compte des processus opérationnels, juridiques, et financiers propres aux opérations d’urbanisme et d’aménagement au sein de deux quartiers du Grand Paris en comparaison avec quatre autres cas au sein des métropoles du Grand Londres et de New York City (deux sites par métropole). L’objectif de cette enquête est de mettre en évidence les avantages et les contraintes des modalités d’urbanisme et d’aménagement de ces différentes aires métropolitaines pour au final en tirer différents enseignements pour le Grand Paris. Six axes comparatifs ont été retenus : les modes de pilotage et de gouvernance des projets urbains, le niveau de flexibilité de leur programmation, la centralité des politiques de transports en leur sein, l’importance des dynamiques de concertation relatives à leur concrétisation, leur calendrier de réalisation et leur échelle d’application. Trois questionnements traversent l’enquête : (1) En quoi les nouvelles méthodes franciliennes d’aménagement des quartiers de gare se distinguent-elles des stratégies françaises plus traditionnelles et de celles employées au sein des métropoles du Grand Londres et de New York City ? (2) Quels en sont les avantages et contraintes ? (3) Quels enseignements le Grand Paris peut-il tirer de cette comparaison en termes d’aménagement urbain ? Le rapport se structure en quatre parties : une introduction précise la commande et la méthodologie employée pour y répondre, une grande partie empirique analyse nos six sites d’études en fonction des six critères comparatifs retenus, une partie plus théorique revient de façon concise sur les enseignements tirés de la comparaison des six cas et enfin une conclusion met en évidence les apports de l’étude. Quatre enseignements sont plus précisément mis en avant. Premièrement, concernant le recours aux opérateurs privés d’aménagement, il ressort que leur mobilisation est nécessaire du point de vue financier et peut être bénéfique pour conduire efficacement certaines opérations urbaines. En revanche, nous montrons qu’il est nécessaire d’encadrer leurs pratiques et qu’il est important que la puissance publique demeure investie sur les enjeux urbains, en particulier en ce qui concerne les acquisitions foncières. Deuxièmement, nous relevons les bénéfices et les contraintes des acteurs publics impliqués dans les projets d’aménagement. Nous rappelons leur pouvoir d’initiative et leur responsabilité d’encadrement et de coordination des opérations urbaines. Troisièmement, nous montrons les avantages et les inconvénients de la flexibilité accordée à la programmation urbaine. Si la flexibilité peut être vectrice d’adaptation aux besoins locaux et aux évolutions territoriales, elle comporte également le risque de voir les calendriers retardés. Une programmation plus rigide ne peut être efficace que si elle a fait initialement l’objet d’une concertation et d’un consensus entre l’ensemble des parties prenantes aux projets. Quatrièmement, nous mettons en exergue l’importance des processus de concertation. S’ils peuvent de prime abord ralentir les projets, ils forment une garantie de leur légitimité, évitant ainsi les résistances et les controverses urbaines. 5 6 Table des matières REMERCIEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 3 RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF ......................................................................................................... 5 LISTE DES ENCADRÉS ................................................................................................... 10 LISTE DES IMAGES ....................................................................................................... 11 LISTE DES CARTES ....................................................................................................... 11 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION : UNE COMPARAISON DE MÉTHODES D’AMÉNAGEMENT DES QUARTIERS DE GARE POUR LE COMPTE DE LA SOCIÉTÉ DU GRAND PARIS ....... 13 A. Une commande adressée par la Société du Grand Paris à l’Ecole Urbaine de Sciences Po ............................................................................................................................ 13 1. Objectifs de l’enquête ................................................................................................... 16 2. Détails de la commande et des livrables attendus ........................................................ 17 B. Comparer : une méthode d’enquête globale et structurante ...................................... 17 1. Définition et représentation graphique de six axes comparatifs ................................... 18 2. Sélection des cas d’études et présentation succincte des six sites étudiés ................... 22 3. Collecte des informations et déroulé de l’enquête ....................................................... 23 4. Présentation du plan ..................................................................................................... 24 PREMIÈRE PARTIE. CONTEXTES MÉTROPOLITAINS ET OPÉRATIONS URBAINES ..... 27 A. Le Grand Paris : deux procédures classiques d’aménagement urbain ...................... 27 1. Contexte métropolitain et gouvernance du Grand Paris ............................................... 28 a) Principaux modes d’aménagement en France .................................................... 28 b) L’évolution et la hiérarchie des documents d’urbanisme français ..................... 29 2. Aménagement de la ZAC Nozal – Front Populaire ..................................................... 33 a) Présentation du projet ......................................................................................... 34 b) Caractéristiques et envergure du projet ZAC Nozal-Front Populaire ................ 37 c) Gouvernance et calendrier de réalisation ........................................................... 40 d) Conclusions pour ce cas d’étude ........................................................................ 43 3. Reconversion de l’entrepôt Macdonald ........................................................................ 46 a) Contexte et programmation ................................................................................ 46 b) Gouvernance et calendrier du projet .................................................................. 51 c) Conclusions pour ce cas d’étude ........................................................................ 54 7 B. Le Grand Londres : deux aménagements initiés par une entreprise ferroviaire privée ……………………………………………………………………………………57 1. Contexte métropolitain et gouvernance du Grand Londres ......................................... 57 a) Acteurs et interlocuteurs pour les projets d’aménagement du Grand Londres .. 58 b) Négociations entre les autorités locales et les porteurs de projet ……………………………………………………………………………..61 c) Financement des aménagements publics au Royaume-Uni ............................... 62 2. King’s Cross : Eurostar et reconversion urbaine .......................................................... 63 a) Contexte : nature et fonction du site avant sa reconversion ............................... 64 b) Présentation du projet ......................................................................................... 66 c) Caractéristiques et envergure du projet de King’s Cross ................................... 68 d) Gouvernance, financement et calendrier de réalisation ..................................... 70 e) Conclusions pour ce cas d’étude .......................................................................
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