Transnationalism, Remittances and Asymmetries

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Transnationalism, Remittances and Asymmetries Transnationalism, Remittances and Asymmetries Multi-Local Family Ties of Senegambian Migrants in Finland Oula Ilari Lovio University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Sociology Master’s Degree Programme in Ethnic Relations, Cultural Diversity and Integration Master’s Thesis May 2013 Supervisor: Marja Tiilikainen Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Social Research Tekijä – Författare – Author Oula Ilari Lovio Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Transnationalism, Remittances and Asymmetries. Multi-Local Family Ties of Senegambian Migrants in Finland Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Sociology Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s Thesis May 2013 119 – Referat – Abstract This Master’s Thesis studies the multi-local family ties, transnational practices and social dynamics behind remittances in the context of Senegalese and Gambian migrants in Finland. Transnationalism refers to the ways migrants continue to be active in communities of origin, and thus participate in familial, social, economic, religious, political and cultural processes that span across national, geographic and cultural borders. This study focuses on transnationalism in the sphere of family life. Transnationalism is a central approach in contemporary international migration scholarship, and has gradually gained attention in the Finnish context. Migration in the West African countries of Senegal and Gambia is a common way of achieving socio-economic upward mobility and transnational practices of migrants are prevalent. The research questions of this Thesis are: 1) How family ties in Finland shape the transnational engagement of Senegambian migrants? and 2) How expectations of remittances shape the transnational family ties of Senegambian migrants, and how are remittances negotiated? In answering these questions the study draws from the theoretical orientation of transnationalism and the formulation of transnationalism as social spaces. In addition, concepts of relativizing and frontiering and an analytical framework of asymmetries in transnational relations are employed. The data of the study is gathered by conducting 12 semi-structured interviews with Senegalese and Gambian migrants residing in Finland, mapping the participants’ transnational relations and practices, ties and opportunities in Finland, and representations related to migration in Senegal and Gambia. The methods of qualitative analysis employed are thematic analysis and an analysis strategy of multiple case design. The findings show that the participants of the study are engaged in transnational practices that mostly locate themselves in the sphere of family life. At the same time, nearly all participants have family ties with Finns, which enables mobility and transnationalism, but at the same time attaches migrants to Finland in a way that also has implications for the transnational engagement. Migrants’ family and migration trajectories are shaped by different familial obligations and socio-economic opportunity structures in the different locations of the transnational social space. Transnational family ties are reproduced through communication and remittances, but due to high expectations of remittances, relationships are continuously negotiated. Remittances are shaped by cultural dynamics and norms associated with an ‘African family’ are reproduced, but also questioned. However, frustration in transnational relations can be better explained by examining spatial dynamics, and looking into the asymmetries within transnational relations. The study provides important sociological information on the role of transnationalism among migrant groups in Finland. It also shows the need for further study and to bridge the gap between research on transnational families and bi-cultural families. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Migration, transnationalism, transnational families, remittances, asymmetries, multi-local family ties, bi- cultural families , Senegal, Gambia Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Sosiaalitieteiden laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Oula Ilari Lovio Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Transnationaalisuus, rahalähetykset ja asymmetriat. Senegambialaisten maahanmuuttajien monipaikkaiset perhesiteet Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Sosiologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2013 119 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tämä tutkielma tarkastelee Suomessa asuvien senegalilaisten ja gambialaisten siirtolaisten monipaikkaisia perhesiteitä, transnationaalisia käytäntöjä sekä sosiaalista dynamiikkaa siirtolaisten rahalähetysten taustalla. Transnationaalisuus (suomeksi myös ylirajaisuus) viittaa tapoihin, joilla siirtolaiset ylläpitävät toimintaa ja suhteita synnyinmaahansa ja osallistuvat näin sosiaalisiin, taloudellisiin, uskonnollisiin, poliittisiin ja kulttuurisiin prosesseihin, jotka ylittävät kansallisia, maantieteellisiä ja kulttuurisia rajoja. Tässä tutkielmassa keskitytään transnationaalisuuteen perhe-elämän alueella. Transnationaalisuus on keskeinen näkökulma kansainvälisessä muuttoliikkeiden tutkimuksessa, ja on vähitellen tullut osaksi myös suomalaista tutkimusta. Länsiafrikkalaisissa Senegalissa ja Gambiassa maastamuutto on keskeinen keino paremman sosioekonomisen aseman saavuttamiseksi ja siirtolaisten transnationaaliset käytännöt ovat yleisiä. Tutkielman tutkimuskysymykset ovat seuraavat: 1) Miten perhesiteet Suomessa vaikuttavat senegambialaisten siirtolaisten transnationaaliseen sidonnaisuuteen?, ja 2) Miten odotukset rahalähetyksistä muokkaavat senegambialaisten siirtolaisten transnationaalisia perhesuhteita, ja minkälaisia neuvotteluja rahalähetyksistä käydään? Näiden kysymysten tarkastelussa hyödynnetään määritelmää transnationaalisuudesta sosiaalisena tilana. Tämän lisäksi hyödynnetään kahta transnationaalisiin perheisiin liittyvää käsitettä (relativizing, frontiering) sekä analyyttistä kehystä asymmetrioista transnationaalisissa suhteissa. Tutkielman aineisto koostuu kahdestatoista Suomessa asuvan senegalilaisen ja gambialaisen maahanmuuttajan puolistrukturoidusta haastattelusta, joissa on kartoitettu tutkittavien transnationaaliset suhteet ja käytännöt, siteet ja elämännäkymät Suomessa sekä Senegalissa ja Gambiassa esiintyviä siirtolaisuuteen liitettyjä representaatioita. Kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen analyysimetodeista on käytetty teemoittelua sekä monitapaustutkimuksen analyysistrategiaa. Tutkielman löydökset osoittavat, että tutkimukseen osallistuneiden transnationaaliset käytännöt paikantuvat ennen kaikkea perhe-elämän alueelle. Lähes kaikilla tutkittavilla on kuitenkin perhesiteitä myös Suomeen, jotka toisaalta ovat mahdollistaneet maastamuuton ja transnationaalisuuden, mutta samanaikaisesti kiinnittävät siirtolaiset Suomeen tavalla, jolla myös on vaikutuksia heidän transnationaaliselle sidonnaisuudelle. Siirtolaisten perhe- ja maahanmuuttopolut ovat tulosta erilaisista perhevelvollisuuksista ja mahdollisuusrakenteista transnationaalisen sosiaalisen tilan eri paikoissa. Transnationaalisia perhesuhteita uusinnetaan kommunikaation ja rahalähetysten avulla. Suhteet ovat kuitenkin usein neuvottelujen alaisia johtuen tutkittaviin kohdistetuista korkeista odotuksista lähettää rahaa. Kulttuuriset käsitykset perhevelvollisuuksista vaikuttavat rahalähetyksiin ja normeja, jotka koskevat käsityksiä ’afrikkalaisesta perheestä’ uusinnetaan, mutta myös kyseenalaistetaan. Jännitteet näissä transnationaalisissa suhteissa johtuvat kuitenkin enemmän tilaan liittyvästä dynamiikasta, joka tekee suhteista asymmetrisia. Tutkielma tuottaa yhteiskunnallisesti merkittävää tietoa transnationaalisuudesta Suomessa asuvien maahanmuuttajaryhmien keskuudessa. Sen lisäksi se osoittaa tarpeen jatkotutkimukselle, jossa kaksikulttuuristen perheiden ja transnationaalisten perheiden tutkimusalat tulisi tuoda yhteen. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Muuttoliikkeet, transnationaalisuus, transnationaaliset perheet, rahalähetykset, asymmetriat, monipaikkaiset perhesiteet, kaksikulttuuriset perheet, Senegal, Gambia Table of Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 2 Senegal and Gambia: Migrations, Remittances and Families ................................. 5 2.1 Senegal and the Gambia .......................................................................................... 5 2.2 Representations, Ambivalences and the Culture of Migration ............................... 8 2.3 Family Organization in Post-Colonial West Africa ................................................ 9 2.4 Senegambians and Immigration to Finland ........................................................... 12 3 Previous Studies ......................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Research on Migration in Finland ......................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Research on African Migrants in Finland ...................................................... 16 3.1.2 Studies with a Transnational Optic ................................................................ 17 3.2 Research on Transnational Families ..................................................................... 19 3.2.1 Transnational Families and Remittances ......................................................
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