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A Bibliographical Survey of the Turkic Minority in Finland

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A Bibliographical Survey of the Turkic Minority in Finland STUDIA ORTENTALIA EDTTED BY THE FTNNTSH ORTENTAL SOCIETY Jl:l t A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE PUBLISHING ACTIVITIES OF THE TURKIC MINORITY IN FINLAND BY HARR,Y HALÉN HELSINKI 1979 rsBN 95¡-95fi5-3-t rssN m39-3282 Flelsingin yliopiston monistuspalvclu Painatusjaos. Helsinki 1980 HARRY HALEN A BIBLIOCRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE PUBLISHING ACTIVITIES OF THE TURßIC MINORITY IN FINLAND Historical backs,roundl Sporadic visits to Finland by $rienÈals have been quite co¡unon in connec- fion r¡ith Russian military campaigns ever since the disastrous raid on Èhe coast of Uusimaa/Nyland in January, 1577. After the khanates of Kazan and AsErakhan were subdued by lvan the Terrible, many Tatarst Bashkirs etc. were compelled to serve in the Russian army and recollections of Strange- looking, emall and sharp-scented soldiers among the Russians ç¡ere not in- frequent. These historical facts were soon mixed up with old folklorisCic beliefs concerning the cruel and savage cynocephalsr or dog-headed canni- bals.2 I For further information, see: MattÈi Räsänen, Suomen turkkilaisista ja heidän vaiheistaen . (Suonen Heíno 5/I94L, 64-67) i Suonen fsLøn-seurakunta 1.925-1975. Helsinki 1975,47 p.; zuhur Tahir, The Musl.ims of Finland. Hel- sinki 1955, 29 p,t Leman Arbailr, Finlandiya Türkleri ve Finlandiya. 1s- ranbuL 1966, 30 p.i c¡yâ| rsþãqî, Finlandiya . (Iúa MíLLí IUL 51L931, L3- lg and 6lLg37, l2-l7r; Naile Binark, Finlandiya'da kuruhnug olan cemiyet- Ler. (Kazan tSltglS, i-8); Suor"n musulmaanit. (suotnen tüvaLehtí 23/L935, g44); Mirja l.lilenius, Rukousherki suomalaisessa moskeijassa. (íbid. 8l 196l; l4-i5, 34); Leif Rantala, Tatarerna - vår okända minoritet. (Hufuud- stad.sbladet 9.1.1975); Margita Andergård, Kazans turkar i Finland sâÍInan- sversad ¡ninoritet. (¿bíd. 26.1.1975); M.4., De trivs i vårt samhälle men odlar egna Èradirioner, $bnd. 30.1.1975); Hil¡na Granqvist, våra 950 mu- ham¡nedaier. (Nga Pressen 41L957); Suomen Èurkkilaiset. (jratta, KOP:n hen- kilökuwnn teit¿ tr I tgl5, 14-15) ; Marja-Leena Marjamäki, Tataarikulttuurin päivät Kinnarin kansakoululla 2.6. (Keskí-Uusimaa 25.5.f974); Tataarikulc- iuuri esittäyryi J-pit¿tssä, (íbíd. 4.6.1974, 2 iff.); Tataarikulttuurin pâivää vietettiin Järvenpääss'â. (Tuusulanièin>en Vííkkouutiset 5.6.1974' I ifl.); Ilkka Kortesniemi, Suonalainen puolikuu. (Ihteíshyoä, helmikuu 1975)l articles dealing v¡ith su¡rmer courses for Tatar chiLdren: MöntsäLän 6eutu 13.6.1975 and 22.7.1977 (r'Leiriä turkiksi onkimaalla", 4 ill.)' I|usímaa L2.6,1975, Kønscn llutíset 8.7.1979i Silja Lauha, Piirteitä suomen muslimien seurakuntaelåimåistä. Helsinki 1963, 104 p. (typed masterrs thesis io dogmatics, Univ. of Helsinki); Marja-Leena Marjamäki, Suomen tataari- ¡nusiit<tci. Kenttiltutkimus Järvenpään tataariyhteisön musiikkikulttuurista. 4 HARRY HALÉN After the nar of 1808-09 befween Russia and the Swedish croun' Finland be- came a parÈ of the Russian empire, an autonomous Grand Duchy with itS own legislative organs. Russian troops ¡tere stationed in Finnish garrisons ând e co-exisÈence lasCing over one hundred years began. The possible Orienral elements among these troops have hardly left any lasting traces behind from the first decades of the Grand Duchy (except the cemetery in Prästö, Âland) Their presence has been largely incidental and r¡iLl not be discussed here. A co¡ûpletely different matter vras the ner¡ kind of irmligration which began sometime in Ehe 1860s. As early as the year 1836 more sedentary Muslim ele- menÈs in Finland - r¡ho resided chiefly in the fortress of Viapori/Sveaborg until 1843 - lrere recorded by the imam (being under the MAbkAnä'í &trcly¿Í'i Onenburþîyd) in the net"¿l<a dä¡täre, r¡hich listed the names of newborn chil- dren, the deceased etc. Records are preserved from the years 1836-50 and 1871. These early imnigrants !ùere most probably of the sane kind as Èhe lat.er ones, viz. Mishär Tatars from the province of Nizhniy Novgorod. They were living south of Sergað, the end-sÈation of the railway. Near the border of Simbirsk province Chey inhabited about 30-40 villages, Èhe mosr important of which ¡rere Aqguq (Annrycoao), Uraz (lrysoera), Yañapar, luqg,r' Quysu (Ooe- quú Bpae), fïnuðqi, öð-ki.il (Wsoeepoe), Qizil-yar (Kwcnaap), Mädänä, ånd õrmuali. One typical account describing the motives for their imrnigration is given by the merchent Hasan l{amidulla: ttDuring these Èimes my grandfather, the late Hamidulla, lived in St.Petersburg as a merchanc. Because of a historical event in 1868 he came to Finland for the first tine snd settled in Viborg. As the honesÈy and high cultural level of the Finns caused him wonder, and having noticed the land to be a real goldrnine for a merchant, he imediately wrote a letter to his sons in the Aktuk village, Hairec- din, Hisametdin, and my faÈher, Nisametdin, asking them to come as soon as possibLe to Finland. When the three sons of Hamidulla sud- denly disappeared from the village, the people burned with curiosity. At last they were told that Hamidulla had virtually found a goldmine in Finland. So began their iuunigrarion hither. They earned a good living as pedlars and were able to Èak€ care of thei.r faurilies by (typed masterts thesis in ethnomusicology, Univ. of Helsinki' 1979' 94 p.. + appendices); Marja-Leena Marj¿rmäki & Ilkka Koleh¡nainen, Tatarian music in Finland. (Antropologíeka studier 25-26lScockholm 1978' 132-14l) . 2 See ny article: Idän vierasheimoisËen vierailuista Suomessa Venäjän sota- väen mukana . (Hís toríallínen Aikal<anskír'i a 2 | 197 9, 99-109) . A bibliographical survey 5 sending them money. AÈ presenÈ rhey live in several towns in Finland. They number about ll50 persons, of rvhich approximately half live in tte1iinki." 3 In one of the earliest address directories of Helsinki (Adrese-lhlender fön Helsitrgfons stad 1870-71) we find a Tatar mullah, Timur Galeyeff (= fzzet- cAlÏyef, ullah Timitrgali, present-day Ali) - in lacer directories he is also given as a pedlar. The number of Turks increased year by year. In 1870 there were at least 46 of the¡n in Helsinki. During this early period the Muslims had only a charitable society of their orvn, howeverr the Muslio Congregation of Finland was founded in 1925 (then 528 members). It numbered âs mâny as 669 members in 1935, and togeÈher r¡ith the TemPere congregation (founded in 1943) they had a total of 938 members in 1978. The strean of iurmigranÈs was sporadic until the Russian revolulionr but increased con- siderably after 1917 (roughly until 1925). One of the last nas the Astra- khan Kirghiz Is*7irza Osman, who escaped from prison in the USSR in 1930. From 1932 on he lived as a petty dealer of sundry wares in Helsinki. Of Èhe more than one hundred different Turkic fanily names in Finland in 1970 soure of the largesÈ groups were the following (all ¡¡ith the same fanily name are noÈ mutually related): Samaletdin (65 persons), Bedrerdin (54)' Ali (51)' Saadetdin (50), Hairetdin (37), Ainetdin (37), Ha¡nidulla/llamidullen (34), Schakir (34), Hasan (34? - there is a Je¡¡ish farnily lrith the same name), Arifulla/Arifutlen (27), Sadik (23), ALkara (21), Asis (20), Besh¿r (20), Osman (19), Nisanetdin (16), Fethulla (16), tlafin (15). This Turkic (chiefly Mishär Tacar) minority is very v¡el1 established and ir has become an integral part of Finnish society. It is ¡torthy of a good deal of admiration in many respecÈs, not the least of which is its vigorous cul- tural activity. Compared with t¡ro olher Finnish ninority grouPs which come to mind, the Jews (1379 persons in 1978) and Gypsies (approx. 6000)' the Turks have shown a renatkable creative ability. Literature is one of Èhe manifestations of this creaÈivity and ic can be considered ¿ continuation of the rich literary traditions which flourished among the Volga Tatars before f918.4 3 From a leaflet entitled Kustanta;jalúø (t'From the Publisher") which was nineographed by Hasan Hamidulla in Helsinki, 1968r in connection with his facsirnile-edition of a Qurtãn from Kazan, celebrating the cenÈenary of his grandfatherr s imigration. 4 Cf. my Handbook of Oríental co'l'Lectíons in Finland. (SIAS' Monograph Se- ries, 3l). Bangkok 1978, pp. 134-288 (Turcica 1828-19f9). 6 HARRY HALÉN Most of the literary products vrere still writ|en in the ÈradiÈional Arabic script, which was convenient for the old generacion. Later on different kinds of Romanisation r¡tere adopted, but ûo unanimous standArd has been Cre- ated. The growing influence of Modern Turkish is clearly vi.sible troughout and it has resulted in some bewildering solutions. An orthography based on Finnish sound equivalents would be the simplest meËhod. This is, in fact, widely used in proper ¡lâmes, whereas the ¡tritten language suffers from some artificial graphemic solutions, e.g. the Tatar sound ri is given as ø, and e I a] again -,t,: yege?lp (pro yd\ttrep) , bîLsln (pro belsen) , kliñ'l'îm (pro küng- ^s Len) etc. The letters i and t are used quite inconsistently. Many publica- tions have a secondary Èitle page wilh some kind of Romanisation and a Fin- nish translatiorr of it. Such are given after a stroke without aLterations' This bibliography is far frou being complete and some of the iteros given r¡ere difficult to check properly. Nevertheless I wish to offer this prelimi- nary list in order to promote interest in this kind of minority research in Finland. The literary products are mostly published in very smal1 quantities and distributed among the minority only. No library has a complete set of them and often even the aulhor hinself has given ahtay hi8 last copy. This material has been compiled from ¿ number of sources but without the help of my Tatar friends it would have been irnpossibLe Èo obtain any sâtisfâctory resulÈs.
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