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Molecular Detection of Marteilia Sydneyi, Pathogen of Sydney Rock Oysters
DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 40: 137-146.2000 Published March 14 Dis Aquat Org ~ Molecular detection of Marteilia sydneyi, pathogen of Sydney rock oysters Sarah N. ~leeman'l*,Robert D. ~dlard~ '~epartmentof Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia '~rotozoaSection, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia ABSTRACT: The life cycle of Marteilia sydneyi, the aetiological agent of QX disease in the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea commercialis, is not known. We have developed and optirnised 2 diagnostic assays, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridisation, for use in investigating the role of pos- sible alternative hosts in the life cycle of this pathogen. PCR primers, designed within the ITS1 rDNA of M. sydneyi, amplified a 195 bp fragment. Sensitivity of the PCR assay was assessed using DNA extracted from known numbers of sporonts purified from infected oyster digestive gland. DNA equiva- lent to 0.01 sporonts was detectable following agarose gel electrophoresis. The potential inhibitory effect of the presence of host DNA on the PCR assay was tested by the addition of oyster genornic DNA during amplification. Concentrations of host DNA in excess of 50 ng per 20 p1 reaction reduced the sensitivity of the test. Environmental validation of the PCR assay was demonstrated by the amplifica- tion of M. sydneyl DNA from 50 ng of genomic DNA extracted from QX-infected oysters. A DNA probe was constructed using the M. sydneyi unique primers and was able to detect 10 pg of M. sydneyi PCR amplified DNA in dot-blot hybridisations. The probe hybridised with presporulating and sporulating M. -
Protist Phylogeny and the High-Level Classification of Protozoa
Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338–348 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ejp Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 September 2003; 29 September 2003. Accepted: 29 September 2003 Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Pro- tozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eu- karyotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the an- cestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Re- taria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Cilio- phora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane). -
The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231610049 The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes Article in Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology · September 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 961 2,825 25 authors, including: Sina M Adl Alastair Simpson University of Saskatchewan Dalhousie University 118 PUBLICATIONS 8,522 CITATIONS 264 PUBLICATIONS 10,739 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Christopher E Lane David Bass University of Rhode Island Natural History Museum, London 82 PUBLICATIONS 6,233 CITATIONS 464 PUBLICATIONS 7,765 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Biodiversity and ecology of soil taste amoeba View project Predator control of diversity View project All content following this page was uploaded by Smirnov Alexey on 25 October 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The Journal of Published by the International Society of Eukaryotic Microbiology Protistologists J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 59(5), 2012 pp. 429–493 © 2012 The Author(s) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2012 International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes SINA M. ADL,a,b ALASTAIR G. B. SIMPSON,b CHRISTOPHER E. LANE,c JULIUS LUKESˇ,d DAVID BASS,e SAMUEL S. BOWSER,f MATTHEW W. BROWN,g FABIEN BURKI,h MICAH DUNTHORN,i VLADIMIR HAMPL,j AARON HEISS,b MONA HOPPENRATH,k ENRIQUE LARA,l LINE LE GALL,m DENIS H. LYNN,n,1 HILARY MCMANUS,o EDWARD A. D. -
Pathogens and Parasites of the Mussels Mytilus Galloprovincialis and Perna Canaliculus: Assessment of the Threats Faced by New Zealand Aquaculture
Pathogens and Parasites of the Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Perna canaliculus: Assessment of the Threats Faced by New Zealand Aquaculture Cawthron Report No. 1334 December 2007 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The literature on pathogens and parasites of the mytilid genera Mytilus and Perna was surveyed with particular focus on M. galloprovincialis and P. canaliculus. Likely pathological threats posed to New Zealand mussel aquaculture were identified and recommendations were discussed under the following topics. Epidemiological differences between New Zealand Mytilus and Perna There is a paucity of data for this comparison. Comparability or otherwise would inform predictions as to the threat posed by overseas Mytilus parasites to New Zealand Perna and vice versa. Samples of P. canaliculus and M. galloprovincialis should be surveyed to establish any significant difference in parasite loads or pathology. Invasive dynamics and possible development of pathological threat The greatest potential threat to New Zealand Perna canaliculus aquaculture appears to be posed by parasites introduced by invading Mytilus species. These common ship-borne fouling organisms are a likely source of overseas pathogens, the most important of which are probably Marteilia spp. and disseminated haemic neoplasia. Hybridisation of invasive and local mussels presents a further potential pathology hazard by production of a more susceptible reservoir host thus giving the potential for production of more infected hosts and greater water load of transmission stages. Such an increase in transmission stages might be a cause of concern for Perna canaliculus whose susceptibility is currently unknown. Studies on Marteilia and haemic neoplasia are required to address the following questions: Is Perna canaliculus susceptible to either of these pathogens? What are the current prevalences of these pathogens in local mytilids? What species of mussels are entering New Zealand waters? Do they include Mytilus spp. -
Review of National Cockle Mortality Issues and Options for Fishery Management in Kent and Essex IFCA
Appendix A to Agenda item B3 Review of National Cockle Mortality Issues and Options for Fishery Management in Kent and Essex IFCA Dr Andrew Woolmer March 2013 Cockle Mortality and Biosecurity Management Review Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1. The Thames cockle fishing industry ..................................................................................... 3 1.2. Management of the cockle stocks ....................................................................................... 3 1.3. KEIFA response to mortalities in cockle stocks ................................................................... 4 1.4. Overview of mass mortality in cockles ................................................................................ 4 1.4.1. Physical Environmental factors ........................................................................................ 7 1.4.2. Anthropogenic Factors ..................................................................................................... 8 1.4.3. Pathogens and disease .................................................................................................... 9 2. Case Studies of Recent UK Mortality Events ............................................................................ 12 2.1. Burry Inlet, South Wales .................................................................................................... 12 2.2. The Three Rivers Estuary, South -
Fine Structure of Marteilia Sydneyi Sp. N.: Haplosporidan Pathogen of Australian Oysters
W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles Virginia Institute of Marine Science 1976 Fine Structure of Marteilia sydneyi sp. n.: Haplosporidan Pathogen of Australian Oysters Frank O. Perkins Virginia Institute of Marine Science Peter H. Wolf Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Perkins, Frank O. and Wolf, Peter H., Fine Structure of Marteilia sydneyi sp. n.: Haplosporidan Pathogen of Australian Oysters (1976). Journal of Parsitology, 62(4), 528-538. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/1990 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THC JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY Vol. 62, No. •, August 1976, p. 528-538 FINE STRUCTURE OF MARTE/LIA SYDNEY/ SP. N. HAPLOSPORIDAN PATHOGEN OF AUSTRALIAN OYSTERS* Frank 0. Perkins and Peter H. Waif Virgin ia Institute of Morine Scie nce, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 ond Fisheries Branch, Chief Secre tary's Deportment, Sydney Austrolio AOSTnACT: A new species of oyster pathogen, Marteilia syd11eyi, from Australian oysters, Crassostrea commercialis, is described incorporaling light and electron micro~ropr obsrrvatious. The pathogen is a hnplosporidan which e,ists n.s a plasmodiwn in the oyster hepatopnncreas. Upon sporulation, 8 to 16 uninuclcate sporangial prlmordia are internally cleaved ( endogenously budded ) from each plasmodium; thus c.-onver:;ion lo a sporangiosorus occurs. Each spornngium enlnrsres and internally cleaves into 2 or 3 spore primordia each of which, in turn, internally cleaves into 3 uninuclcalc sporoplnsms of graded sizes, the largest containing the \ mailer 2 in u vacuole and the inte m1ediale-~izcd one containing the smallest in a vacuole. -
Systema Naturae. the Classification of Living Organisms
Systema Naturae. The classification of living organisms. c Alexey B. Shipunov v. 5.601 (June 26, 2007) Preface Most of researches agree that kingdom-level classification of living things needs the special rules and principles. Two approaches are possible: (a) tree- based, Hennigian approach will look for main dichotomies inside so-called “Tree of Life”; and (b) space-based, Linnaean approach will look for the key differences inside “Natural System” multidimensional “cloud”. Despite of clear advantages of tree-like approach (easy to develop rules and algorithms; trees are self-explaining), in many cases the space-based approach is still prefer- able, because it let us to summarize any kinds of taxonomically related da- ta and to compare different classifications quite easily. This approach also lead us to four-kingdom classification, but with different groups: Monera, Protista, Vegetabilia and Animalia, which represent different steps of in- creased complexity of living things, from simple prokaryotic cell to compound Nature Precedings : doi:10.1038/npre.2007.241.2 Posted 16 Aug 2007 eukaryotic cell and further to tissue/organ cell systems. The classification Only recent taxa. Viruses are not included. Abbreviations: incertae sedis (i.s.); pro parte (p.p.); sensu lato (s.l.); sedis mutabilis (sed.m.); sedis possi- bilis (sed.poss.); sensu stricto (s.str.); status mutabilis (stat.m.); quotes for “environmental” groups; asterisk for paraphyletic* taxa. 1 Regnum Monera Superphylum Archebacteria Phylum 1. Archebacteria Classis 1(1). Euryarcheota 1 2(2). Nanoarchaeota 3(3). Crenarchaeota 2 Superphylum Bacteria 3 Phylum 2. Firmicutes 4 Classis 1(4). Thermotogae sed.m. 2(5). -
Protista (PDF)
1 = Astasiopsis distortum (Dujardin,1841) Bütschli,1885 South Scandinavian Marine Protoctista ? Dingensia Patterson & Zölffel,1992, in Patterson & Larsen (™ Heteromita angusta Dujardin,1841) Provisional Check-list compiled at the Tjärnö Marine Biological * Taxon incertae sedis. Very similar to Cryptaulax Skuja Laboratory by: Dinomonas Kent,1880 TJÄRNÖLAB. / Hans G. Hansson - 1991-07 - 1997-04-02 * Taxon incertae sedis. Species found in South Scandinavia, as well as from neighbouring areas, chiefly the British Isles, have been considered, as some of them may show to have a slightly more northern distribution, than what is known today. However, species with a typical Lusitanian distribution, with their northern Diphylleia Massart,1920 distribution limit around France or Southern British Isles, have as a rule been omitted here, albeit a few species with probable norhern limits around * Marine? Incertae sedis. the British Isles are listed here until distribution patterns are better known. The compiler would be very grateful for every correction of presumptive lapses and omittances an initiated reader could make. Diplocalium Grassé & Deflandre,1952 (™ Bicosoeca inopinatum ??,1???) * Marine? Incertae sedis. Denotations: (™) = Genotype @ = Associated to * = General note Diplomita Fromentel,1874 (™ Diplomita insignis Fromentel,1874) P.S. This list is a very unfinished manuscript. Chiefly flagellated organisms have yet been considered. This * Marine? Incertae sedis. provisional PDF-file is so far only published as an Intranet file within TMBL:s domain. Diplonema Griessmann,1913, non Berendt,1845 (Diptera), nec Greene,1857 (Coel.) = Isonema ??,1???, non Meek & Worthen,1865 (Mollusca), nec Maas,1909 (Coel.) PROTOCTISTA = Flagellamonas Skvortzow,19?? = Lackeymonas Skvortzow,19?? = Lowymonas Skvortzow,19?? = Milaneziamonas Skvortzow,19?? = Spira Skvortzow,19?? = Teixeiromonas Skvortzow,19?? = PROTISTA = Kolbeana Skvortzow,19?? * Genus incertae sedis. -
On Infections by Marteilia Refringens and Mytilicola in Testinalis in The
DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published March 30 Dis. aquat. Org. l Effects of stock and culture environment on infections by Marteilia refringens and Mytilicola intestinalis in the mussel Mytil us galloprovincialis cultured in Galicia (NW Spain) 'Centro de Investigacions Marinas, Conselleria de Pesca. Marisqueo e Acuicultura, Xunta de Galicia, E-36600 Vilagarcia de Arousa. Spain '~epartamentode Biologia Fundamental, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ABSTRACT The effects of stock and culture environment on the prevalence of Marteilia refringens and Mytilicola intestinalis in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, cultured in the Ria de Arousa (Gali- cm. NW Spaln) were studied in a transplantation experiment. Mussel seed from 4 natural populations (stocks) of the Galician coast were transferred to culture ropes hung from the fore-part and aft-part (sit- uations) of rafts located in 3 culture areas (sites) inside the ria. The prevalence of M. refringens was mainly affected by the culture site. Thus, mussels cultivated in the inner area of the ria showed signif- icantly higher prevalences than those in the middle and outer ones. Stock and situation within the raft showed less important effects. None of the 3 factors investigated showed important effects on the prevalence of M, intestinalis. KEY WORDS: Myt~lusgalloprovincial~s Marteilia refringens . Mytilicola intestinalis . Prevalence Stock . Culture environment . Transplantation . Mussel cultivation INTRODUCTION mass mortalities; however, recent evidence suggests that some pathologic problems may affect the cultured Stock and culture environment are the most feasible mussels. First, infections caused by several parasites factors to manage when a disease threatens a bivalve have been reported in 2 extensive surveys in this culture. -
Adl S.M., Simpson A.G.B., Lane C.E., Lukeš J., Bass D., Bowser S.S
The Journal of Published by the International Society of Eukaryotic Microbiology Protistologists J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 59(5), 2012 pp. 429–493 © 2012 The Author(s) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2012 International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes SINA M. ADL,a,b ALASTAIR G. B. SIMPSON,b CHRISTOPHER E. LANE,c JULIUS LUKESˇ,d DAVID BASS,e SAMUEL S. BOWSER,f MATTHEW W. BROWN,g FABIEN BURKI,h MICAH DUNTHORN,i VLADIMIR HAMPL,j AARON HEISS,b MONA HOPPENRATH,k ENRIQUE LARA,l LINE LE GALL,m DENIS H. LYNN,n,1 HILARY MCMANUS,o EDWARD A. D. MITCHELL,l SHARON E. MOZLEY-STANRIDGE,p LAURA W. PARFREY,q JAN PAWLOWSKI,r SONJA RUECKERT,s LAURA SHADWICK,t CONRAD L. SCHOCH,u ALEXEY SMIRNOVv and FREDERICK W. SPIEGELt aDepartment of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada, and bDepartment of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada, and cDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA, and dBiology Center and Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, Cˇeske´ Budeˇjovice, Czech Republic, and eZoology Department, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, and fWadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, 12201, USA, and gDepartment of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada, and hDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and iDepartment -
The Phagotrophic Origin of Eukaryotes and Phylogenetic Classification Of
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2002), 52, 297–354 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02058-0 The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa Department of Zoology, T. Cavalier-Smith University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK Tel: j44 1865 281065. Fax: j44 1865 281310. e-mail: tom.cavalier-smith!zoo.ox.ac.uk Eukaryotes and archaebacteria form the clade neomura and are sisters, as shown decisively by genes fragmented only in archaebacteria and by many sequence trees. This sisterhood refutes all theories that eukaryotes originated by merging an archaebacterium and an α-proteobacterium, which also fail to account for numerous features shared specifically by eukaryotes and actinobacteria. I revise the phagotrophy theory of eukaryote origins by arguing that the essentially autogenous origins of most eukaryotic cell properties (phagotrophy, endomembrane system including peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, nucleus, mitosis and sex) partially overlapped and were synergistic with the symbiogenetic origin of mitochondria from an α-proteobacterium. These radical innovations occurred in a derivative of the neomuran common ancestor, which itself had evolved immediately prior to the divergence of eukaryotes and archaebacteria by drastic alterations to its eubacterial ancestor, an actinobacterial posibacterium able to make sterols, by replacing murein peptidoglycan by N-linked glycoproteins and a multitude of other shared neomuran novelties. The conversion of the rigid neomuran wall into a flexible surface coat and the associated origin of phagotrophy were instrumental in the evolution of the endomembrane system, cytoskeleton, nuclear organization and division and sexual life-cycles. Cilia evolved not by symbiogenesis but by autogenous specialization of the cytoskeleton. -
17 Parasitic Diseases of Shellfish
17 Parasitic Diseases of Shellfish Susan M. Bower Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sciences Branch, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9T 6N7 Introduction shrimp) that were not mentioned in Lee et al. (2000) and have unknown taxonomic Numerous species of parasites have been affiliations are discussed prior to presenting described from various shellfish, especially the metazoans that are problematic for representatives of the Mollusca and shellfish. Crustacea (see Lauckner, 1983; Sparks, 1985; Sindermann and Lightner, 1988; Sindermann, 1990). Some parasites have Protozoa Related to Multicellular had a serious impact on wild populations Groups and shellfish aquaculture production. This chapter is confined to parasites that cause Microsporida significant disease in economically impor- tant shellfish that are utilized for either Introduction aquaculture or commercial harvest. These Many diverse species of microsporidians pathogenic parasites are grouped taxonomi- (Fig. 17.1) (genera Agmasoma, Ameson, cally. However, the systematics of protozoa Nadelspora, Nosema, Pleistophora, Thelo- (protistans) is currently in the process of hania and Microsporidium – unofficial revision (Patterson, 2000; Cox, 2002; Cavalier- generic group), have been described from Smith and Chao, 2003). Because no widely shrimps, crabs and freshwater crayfish accepted phylogeny has been established, worldwide (Sparks, 1985; Sindermann, parasitic protozoa will be grouped accord- 1990). The majority of these parasites are ing to the hierarchy used in both volumes detected in low prevalences (< 1%) in wild edited by Lee et al. (2000). In that publica- populations. Although the economic impact tion, Perkins (2000b) tentatively included of most species of Microsporida on crusta- species in the genera Bonamia and Mikrocytos cean fisheries is unknown, some species are in the phylum Haplosporidia.