Appendices

— APPENDICES —

Appendix 1: Description of studied in Chapter 2

Summarised from: McCarthy PM (1998) 'Flora of . Volume 48: Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups.' (CSIRO: Canberra, Australia.)

Australian Native Ferns

Adiantum aethiopicum L., (1759) , ADIANTACEAE Maiden hair

Rhizome creeping, to 3 mm diameter, stoloniferous; stolons wiry, ca. 1.5 mm diameter; scales thin, yellow, transparent, broadly triangular, entire, often spirally curled. Fronds densely tufted, or sometimes scattered along stolons, to 75 cm long. Stipe to 40 cm long, glossy, glabrous, red-brown, bearing conspicuous basal scales similar to those of the rhizome. Lamina 3-pinnate, Distribution ovate to triangular, 12–40 cm long, 5–23 cm wide. Pinnae narrowly triangular. Pinnules round to flabellate; distal margin sometimes shallowly lobed; lobe margins entire or obscurely dentate when sterile; stalks not articulated. Sori 1–5 along the distal margins, 1 (–2) per lobe; soral flaps reniform to (sub)lunate, usually at the base of a broad shallow sinus on the pinnule margin. Spores 64 per sporangium, with largest diameter (34.6–) 41.1 (–53.6) µm. Terrestrial in open forest.

Blechnum cartilagineum Sw., (1806) Gristle

Rhizome short-creeping to erect. Sterile and fertile fronds similar, 20–50 (– 200) cm long, 4–20 (–34) cm wide. Stipe 8–70 cm long, brown to stramineous, blackening at base; basal scales subulate, entire, black; scale scars above. Lamina deltoid to ovate, pinnate, with 12–25 (–50) pairs of pinnae; rachis and costae stramineous to brown, glabrous or with sparse Distribution scales and hairs; sterile pinnae linear-lanceolate, 2–19 cm long, 6–15 mm wide, acuminate, adnate or semi-adnate throughout with broad bases with margins serrate; basal pinnae similar or longer and deflexed; fertile pinnae similar or slightly narrower. Spores 38 × 28 µm; perine scaberulous; exine smooth to granulose. Common but intermittent in a broad range of communities and a variety of substrata, from sea-level to 1000 m, occasionally in forest margins or moist open heaths in montane areas. In drier regions it is confined to gullies and stream banks in sclerophyllous forest.

229 A. G. Kachenko

Blechnum nudum (Labill.) Mett. ex Luerss., (1876) BLECHNACEAE Fishbone water fern

Rhizome forming an erect trunk. Fronds dimorphic (fertile fronds narrower and slightly shorter), 20–80 (–140) cm long, 3–12 (–21) cm wide. Stipe 2–24 cm long, purplish black to dark reddish brown; scales acuminate, entire, dark brown to black, sparse; scales and appressed hairs on distal part of stipe. Lamina oblong-lanceolate to ovate, mostly pinnate, pinnatisect near apex, Distribution with 23–65 pairs of pinnae; rachis and costae purplish black and glossy especially on lower surface, becoming stramineous towards apex and on upper surface, glabrous at maturity or with small entire often bullate, sometimes bicolorous scales and fine often appressed hairs; sterile pinnae narrowly linear-triangular, evenly tapering to apices, 2–10.5 cm long, 5–10 mm wide, adnate; margins entire; basal pinnae shorter and more obtuse; fertile pinnae linear, 3.5–5.3 cm long, 1.5–4 mm wide. Spores 51 × 35 µm; perine alate-costate, granulose-scaberulous within; exine smooth, scaberulous to granulose. This species occasionally occurs in more open habitats, where the sterile fronds are paler green to yellowish and the fertile fronds are significantly shorter

Calochlaena dubia (R.Br.) M.D.Turner & R.A.White, (1988) DICKSONIACEA Common Ground Fern, Rainbow Fern

Rhizome short- to medium-creeping, 1.5–2 cm thick, bearing red roots, hairy; hairs soft, some short and silvery, others longer and brown. Fronds moderately crowded, 30–150 cm long, erect with drooping tips, green to yellow green. Stipe ca. as long as lamina, hairy towards the base. Lamina broadly triangular, 3–4-pinnate, 30–80 cm long and broad, herbaceous to Distribution coriaceous, sparsely hairy; hairs more dense on the undersurfaces of rachises and veins; rachises pale, often mottled with brown. Ultimate segments oblique to the rachis, bluntly lobed; margins recurved. Sori in 2 marginal rows. Often forming extensive patches on hillsides in open eucalypt forest, also colonising disturbed sites such as road cuttings.

230 Appendices

Dennstaedtia davallioides (R.Br.) T.Moore, (1861) , Lacy Ground Fern

Rhizome long-creeping, woody. Stipe and rachis dark chestnut-brown below, yellow-brown at apex, bearing dense non-glandular hairs at base; hairs sparser above; stipe 30–75 cm long, 3–6 mm diam. Lamina broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 35–90 cm long, 25–70 cm wide, 3–4-pinnate at base, with sparse colourless and brown non-glandular hairs along midrib and veins. Primary Distribution pinnae in 15–25 pairs, shortly stalked; longest 23–45 cm long, 10–25 cm wide, arising at narrow angles. Secondary pinnae arising at wide angles; longest 6–15 cm long, 2–4.5 cm wide; midribs winged. Longest tertiary pinnae 10–25 mm long, 5–10 mm wide, often divided almost to midrib into narrow ultimate pinnules. Sori with or without paraphyses, 1 per sinus of ultimate segments. Spores dark, reticulate. Terrestrial in rainforest and wet eucalypt forest, especially along creek banks

Doodia aspera R.Br., (1810) BLECHNACEAE Prickly Rasp Fern Rhizome erect, to ca. 10 cm tall, or short- to long-creeping. Stipe with tubercles. Fronds not dimorphic. Lamina pinnate, 13.5–49.5 cm long, 2–30 cm wide; apical lobe ca. (one-sixth–) one-ninth to one-tenth or less of lamina length. Pinnae simple, all except (occasionally) the lowest pair adnate to rachis; longest pinnae 1–13 (–31) cm long, 4–12 (–20) mm wide; rachis and Distribution abaxial surface of pinna midvein with tubercles. Sori 0.8–2 mm long, 0.8–1.5 mm wide, discrete, rarely contiguous when mature, in 1 or 2 rows on each side of pinna midvein; inner row (0–) 0.2–1 mm from pinna midvein, nearer to it when 2 rows on each side than when only 1 is present; outer row usually nearer to margin than to pinna midvein. In tropical and temperate rainforest and open forest, usually in shade.

231 A. G. Kachenko

Hypolepis muelleri N.A.Wakef., (1943) , DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Harsh Ground Fern

Stipe and rachis mostly yellow-brown, bearing sparse non-glandular hairs; stipe 12–80 cm long, 1.5–5 mm diam. Lamina rhombic to broadly ovate, 20– 100 cm long, 15–70 cm wide, 3-pinnate at base, with abundant colourless stiff slightly curved non-glandular hairs 0.3–0.8 mm long on undersides of veins and midribs. Primary pinnae in 15–30 pairs; longest 13–45 cm long, Distribution 6.5–28 cm wide. Longest secondary pinnae 3.5–15 cm long, 12–50 mm wide, decreasing markedly in size along primary pinnae; midrib winged. Longest tertiary pinnae 6–25 mm long, 3–10 mm wide. Veins ending in apices of ultimate pinnules. Sori with paraphyses among sporangia, unprotected by laminal flaps, often absent from lowest 2 pairs of pinnae. Spores pale, echinate, 31–34 × 20–23 µm. Found along creek banks and drainage channels in dry, shaded, sclerophyll forest, and on swampy ground in more open country.

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl, (1836) DAVALLIACEAE Fishbone Fern, Herringbone Fern, Sword Fern

Stolons often producing spherical tubers to 15 mm diam.; stolons, tubers and basal portions of stipes densely covered with linear-lanceolate brown scales with short basal processes and denticulate margins. Fronds to 1 m long (rarely longer); rachis bearing scales consisting of a round dark base giving rise to 1 longer and many shorter hair-like processes. Pinnae usually Distribution glabrous, with an enlarged rounded basal auricle overlapping the rachis. Sterile pinnae 12–35 mm long, 6–11 mm wide; margins crenulate towards the rounded apex. Fertile pinnae often shorter, with crenate margins. Sori submarginal, usually in very regular rows with open side of reniform indusium oriented towards pinna apex. Naturalised in the Sydney region and recorded as an occasional garden escape in Victoria. Probably pantropical, but its is confused. Terrestrial on banks or in rock crevices in exposed sites, occasionally epiphytic or in limestone caves.

232 Appendices

Pellaea falcata (R.Br.) Fée, (1850–1852) ADIANTACEAE Sickle Fern

Rhizome long-creeping; scales narrowly ovate, ca. 1.5–2 mm long, basally attached, with a midrib of black occluded cells; margins entire, of paler brown open cells; apex attenuate and acute. Fronds 37–105 cm long. Stipe 10–25 cm long (20–30% length of frond), ca. 5–10 mm apart, dark brown, ± cylindrical; stipe and rachis clothed with scales and uniseriate hairs; scales narrowly Distribution triangular, 3–4 mm long, spreading, persistent, mid- to dark brown. Lamina 1- pinnate, narrowly ovate, 18–67 cm long, with 27–65 (–95) sessile or shortly stalked pinnae (stalk less than 2 mm long). Pinnae oblong to linear-oblong, 22–56 mm long, 5–12 mm wide, dark green above, pale green beneath, coriaceous, ± glabrous; base truncate to cordate; margins entire, sometimes minutely crenate or toothed towards apex; apex obtuse or acute; veins free, forked, obscure. Sporangia in a continuous, marginal band ca. 1 mm wide, absent from base and sometimes from apex; indusium membranous, obscured by sporangia at maturity. Spores trilete, ± globose, coarsely echinate Terrestrial or lithophytic in rainforest or tall open forest.

Australian Naturalised Ferns

Pteris vittata L., (1753) Ladder Brake, Chinese Brake

Terrestrial or lithophytic ferns. Rhizome short-creeping; scales numerous, conspicuous, ca. 5 mm long, narrowly triangular, pale brown. Fronds monomorphic, arching, appearing to radiate from a crown. Stipe usually ca. 2– 25 cm long, pale brown, grooved, scaly towards base. Lamina 1-pinnate, oblong-obovate, ca. 15–80 cm long, ca. 5–30 cm wide. Pinnae closely spaced, Distribution to 25 cm long, narrowly oblong and tapering above, decreasing in length from apex to base, most pinnae attached by midrib only; base subcordate, ± overlying rachis; margins finely serrate in sterile zones. Lowermost pinnae very much shorter, deltoid to cordate; terminal pinna usually the longest; veins free, at ±90° to costa, simple or once-forked. Paraphyses abundant. Found especially among rocks in and near creeks and in stone wall.

233 A. G. Kachenko

Appendix 2: Raw dry weight data from Chapter 2

Frond (g) Root (g) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Adiantum aethiopicum 0 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 Adiantum aethiopicum 0 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 Adiantum aethiopicum 0 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14 Adiantum aethiopicum 50 0.84 0.82 0.17 0.29 0.97 0.45 0.36 1.40 0.18 0.47 1.17 0.38 Adiantum aethiopicum 50 0.90 0.86 0.66 1.45 0.29 0.15 1.04 1.44 1.53 2.72 0.52 0.18 Adiantum aethiopicum 50 0.19 0.51 0.53 0.49 0.58 0.68 0.19 1.62 0.67 0.66 1.23 0.63 Adiantum aethiopicum 100 0.38 0.32 0.35 0.52 1.05 0.14 0.28 0.60 0.96 1.30 1.69 0.16 Adiantum aethiopicum 100 0.25 0.72 0.47 0.58 0.35 0.96 0.27 0.79 0.99 1.30 0.35 1.67 Adiantum aethiopicum 100 – 0.51 0.29 0.36 1.41 0.37 – 0.72 0.59 1.23 1.33 1.53 Adiantum aethiopicum 500 0.75 0.30 0.93 0.66 0.66 0.82 0.22 0.70 1.14 1.90 0.74 0.79 Adiantum aethiopicum 500 – 0.35 0.52 0.45 0.37 1.23 – 0.96 1.02 1.11 0.35 2.23 Adiantum aethiopicum 500 – 0.17 0.81 1.47 – 0.92 – 0.71 1.36 1.16 – 0.65

Blechnum cartilagineum 0 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 Blechnum cartilagineum 0 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 Blechnum cartilagineum 0 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Blechnum cartilagineum 50 – 0.33 0.18 – 0.89 – – 0.75 0.46 – 0.79 – Blechnum cartilagineum 50 – 0.28 0.67 – 0.25 – – 0.37 0.62 – 0.14 – Blechnum cartilagineum 50 0.25 0.31 0.85 – 0.67 0.21 0.11 0.33 0.71 – – 0.89 Blechnum cartilagineum 100 – 0.31 0.32 – 0.16 0.56 – 0.37 0.38 – 0.25 0.25 Blechnum cartilagineum 100 – 1.03 0.83 1.13 0.60 0.83 – 1.47 0.95 1.45 0.66 0.66 Blechnum cartilagineum 100 – 0.28 0.55 1.25 0.31 0.62 – 0.40 0.93 1.83 0.26 0.26 Blechnum cartilagineum 500 – 0.28 0.04 – – – – 0.33 0.43 – – – Blechnum cartilagineum 500 – 0.15 1.99 1.27 0.34 0.60 – 0.20 1.07 1.83 0.37 0.37 Blechnum cartilagineum 500 – 0.23 0.52 0.59 0.48 0.64 – 0.38 0.56 1.03 0.20 0.20

234 Appendices

Appendix 2: Raw dry weight data from Chapter 2

Frond (g) Root (g) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Blechnum nudum 0 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Blechnum nudum 0 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Blechnum nudum 0 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 Blechnum nudum 50 0.10 – 0.31 – 0.21 0.04 0.09 – 0.49 – 0.18 0.05 Blechnum nudum 50 – – 1.13 0.16 0.74 0.11 – – 0.94 0.10 0.48 0.12 Blechnum nudum 50 – – 0.44 – 0.84 – – – 0.39 – 0.40 – Blechnum nudum 100 0.04 – 0.31 0.07 – 0.30 0.06 – 0.25 0.06 – 0.36 Blechnum nudum 100 0.08 0.68 0.95 0.08 – 0.04 0.05 0.49 0.56 0.11 – 0.04 Blechnum nudum 100 0.03 0.11 0.63 – 0.23 0.41 0.04 0.08 0.57 – 0.15 0.27 Blechnum nudum 500 – 0.14 – 0.10 – 0.14 – 0.10 – 0.14 – 0.18 Blechnum nudum 500 – – – 0.33 – 0.28 – – – 0.14 – 0.23 Blechnum nudum 500 – 0.21 – – 0.37 0.31 – 0.19 – – 0.33 0.26

Calochlaena dubia 0 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 Calochlaena dubia 0 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 Calochlaena dubia 0 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.48 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 Calochlaena dubia 50 0.17 – 0.13 – 0.18 0.08 0.07 – 0.05 – 0.21 0.11 Calochlaena dubia 50 0.15 0.43 0.32 – 0.47 0.91 0.10 0.02 0.08 – 0.78 0.56 Calochlaena dubia 50 0.06 – – 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.17 – – 0.67 0.69 1.07 Calochlaena dubia 100 0.55 – 0.03 0.20 0.17 0.79 0.72 – 0.05 0.14 0.32 0.85 Calochlaena dubia 100 0.38 – – 0.11 0.38 0.19 0.49 – – 0.20 0.39 0.25 Calochlaena dubia 100 0.73 0.36 – – 0.28 – 0.89 0.07 – – 0.20 – Calochlaena dubia 500 – 0.18 0.16 0.13 0.43 0.04 – 0.30 0.16 0.17 0.48 0.13 Calochlaena dubia 500 – – – – – – – – – – – – Calochlaena dubia 500 – – – 0.25 – 0.06 – – – 0.14 – 0.10

235 A. G. Kachenko

Appendix 2: Raw dry weight data from Chapter 2

Frond (g) Root (g) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Dennstaedtia davallioides 0 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Dennstaedtia davallioides 0 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 Dennstaedtia davallioides 0 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dennstaedtia davallioides 50 0.45 1.62 0.62 0.13 0.60 0.39 0.28 0.88 0.40 0.07 0.30 0.19 Dennstaedtia davallioides 50 0.53 – 0.20 0.50 0.76 0.02 0.33 – 0.10 0.27 0.52 0.01 Dennstaedtia davallioides 50 0.24 – 0.82 – 0.56 0.81 0.12 – 0.52 – 0.25 0.40 Dennstaedtia davallioides 100 1.13 – 2.15 – 0.95 0.83 0.42 – 1.73 – 0.51 0.68 Dennstaedtia davallioides 100 0.21 1.40 0.92 1.23 1.10 0.57 0.04 0.75 0.73 0.77 0.56 0.37 Dennstaedtia davallioides 100 0.61 0.58 1.07 – 1.00 – 0.47 0.36 0.76 – 0.60 – Dennstaedtia davallioides 500 0.32 – 1.57 – – 1.31 0.08 – 0.89 – – 0.80 Dennstaedtia davallioides 500 0.25 1.67 1.50 0.70 0.10 1.15 0.11 0.99 0.84 0.33 0.10 0.58 Dennstaedtia davallioides 500 – – 1.77 – – 1.17 – – 0.95 – – 0.86

Doodia aspera 0 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 Doodia aspera 0 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 Doodia aspera 0 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 Doodia aspera 50 0.10 0.63 0.30 0.49 0.25 0.37 0.14 0.92 1.10 1.04 0.38 0.79 Doodia aspera 50 0.54 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.70 0.49 0.81 0.90 0.80 0.96 1.02 0.89 Doodia aspera 50 0.30 0.22 0.15 0.56 1.33 0.19 0.61 0.50 0.35 0.91 1.76 0.48 Doodia aspera 100 0.12 0.25 0.48 0.75 1.50 0.42 0.29 1.28 0.87 1.19 1.65 0.76 Doodia aspera 100 0.34 0.95 0.63 0.17 0.33 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.88 0.39 1.77 0.83 Doodia aspera 100 0.47 0.61 0.36 0.78 0.27 0.25 0.68 0.90 0.43 1.24 1.51 0.84 Doodia aspera 500 0.34 0.63 0.49 0.79 0.15 0.19 0.34 1.10 0.99 1.23 0.42 0.54 Doodia aspera 500 0.43 0.21 0.36 0.98 0.16 0.90 0.62 0.52 0.44 1.73 0.41 1.10 Doodia aspera 500 0.34 0.50 0.39 – 0.16 0.14 0.13 1.00 0.77 – 0.43 0.64

236 Appendices

Appendix 2: Raw dry weight data from Chapter 2

Frond (g) Root (g) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn muelleri 0 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 Hypolepis muelleri 0 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 Hypolepis muelleri 0 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Hypolepis muelleri 50 0.81 1.61 1.48 3.57 0.67 2.64 0.16 0.47 0.64 0.72 0.35 0.89 Hypolepis muelleri 50 1.24 3.25 3.24 1.64 1.89 1.12 0.29 0.70 0.89 0.35 0.63 0.26 Hypolepis muelleri 50 0.54 1.97 1.51 0.87 1.39 1.28 0.23 0.78 0.41 0.30 0.45 0.32 Hypolepis muelleri 100 0.17 2.06 0.90 1.98 2.12 0.76 0.05 0.73 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.35 Hypolepis muelleri 100 – 0.61 2.53 – 2.60 2.80 – 0.21 0.94 – 0.79 0.92 Hypolepis muelleri 100 0.31 1.79 1.99 3.89 2.83 1.88 0.01 0.81 0.69 1.06 1.05 0.54 Hypolepis muelleri 500 – 1.08 3.34 0.83 1.53 2.11 – 0.59 0.59 0.20 0.49 0.45 Hypolepis muelleri 500 – 2.47 – 3.45 0.20 1.47 – 0.75 – 0.76 0.08 0.35 Hypolepis muelleri 500 – 3.96 2.77 – 1.79 – – 0.70 0.87 – 0.68 –

Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 3.44 3.44 3.44 3.44 3.44 3.44 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.49 Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 Nephrolepis cordifolia 50 1.51 1.68 1.10 0.66 0.38 1.09 1.28 1.25 1.14 0.58 0.34 1.09 Nephrolepis cordifolia 50 0.70 1.39 1.55 0.98 0.77 0.39 0.62 0.80 1.44 0.72 1.05 0.50 Nephrolepis cordifolia 50 0.59 0.80 2.02 0.22 1.02 0.56 0.33 0.48 1.80 0.28 0.56 0.37 Nephrolepis cordifolia 100 0.93 1.24 2.00 0.48 0.78 0.81 0.87 1.39 1.96 0.50 0.39 0.63 Nephrolepis cordifolia 100 0.26 2.69 1.91 3.27 8.36 0.55 1.98 2.32 1.60 2.91 2.95 0.66 Nephrolepis cordifolia 100 0.56 0.44 0.64 0.74 0.92 0.47 0.32 0.36 0.41 0.48 0.69 0.34 Nephrolepis cordifolia 500 1.96 1.44 0.92 1.80 0.97 0.46 1.14 1.07 0.59 1.76 0.70 1.30 Nephrolepis cordifolia 500 0.84 1.53 1.91 3.05 1.99 2.16 1.46 1.61 1.66 1.99 1.51 0.36 Nephrolepis cordifolia 500 0.22 0.44 1.16 0.67 0.79 0.80 0.16 0.30 0.97 0.49 0.67 0.84

237 A. G. Kachenko

Appendix 2: Raw dry weight data from Chapter 2

Frond (g) Root (g) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn falcata 0 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 Pellaea falcata 0 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 Pellaea falcata 0 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Pellaea falcata 50 0.43 0.85 0.26 0.07 0.04 – 0.18 0.52 0.27 0.05 0.04 – Pellaea falcata 50 – – 0.16 0.29 0.21 0.68 – – 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.69 Pellaea falcata 50 – – 0.65 0.01 0.18 0.48 – – 0.70 0.07 0.17 0.56 Pellaea falcata 100 0.12 0.06 0.28 0.22 0.71 0.27 0.13 0.18 0.29 0.15 0.44 0.26 Pellaea falcata 100 0.23 0.48 0.78 0.42 – 0.37 0.13 1.35 0.76 0.32 – 0.32 Pellaea falcata 100 0.04 0.39 0.14 0.74 1.09 0.20 0.05 0.43 0.16 0.71 0.57 0.17 Pellaea falcata 500 0.39 0.40 0.52 0.25 0.90 0.19 0.30 0.42 0.59 0.11 0.44 0.07 Pellaea falcata 500 0.08 0.19 – 0.62 0.69 0.58 0.06 0.22 – 0.24 0.57 0.37 Pellaea falcata 500 – – 0.20 0.99 1.36 0.34 – – 0.21 0.44 1.35 0.21

Pteris vittata 0 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 Pteris vittata 0 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 Pteris vittata 0 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 Pteris vittata 50 – – 1.49 1.17 1.10 1.34 – – 0.78 0.40 0.68 0.85 Pteris vittata 50 1.35 0.63 – 0.31 0.24 0.12 0.49 0.17 – 0.12 0.10 0.07 Pteris vittata 50 0.89 1.43 – 0.90 0.85 0.69 0.95 0.91 – 0.46 0.72 0.27 Pteris vittata 100 0.65 1.16 1.20 – – 0.84 0.40 0.76 1.06 – – 0.71 Pteris vittata 100 0.74 0.90 – 1.04 0.64 0.41 0.05 0.48 – 0.71 0.41 0.26 Pteris vittata 100 2.15 – – – 1.18 0.51 1.25 – – – 1.03 0.30 Pteris vittata 500 – 1.54 0.69 – – 0.75 – 0.96 0.62 – – 0.68 Pteris vittata 500 1.35 0.89 0.47 0.61 0.24 1.47 0.51 0.38 0.16 0.27 0.18 0.62 Pteris vittata 500 0.52 – 0.80 0.70 0.51 – 0.20 – 0.26 0.38 0.36 –

238 Appendices

Appendix 2: Raw concentration data from Chapter 2

Frond (mg kg –1) Root (mg kg –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Adiantum aethiopicum 0 0.05 0.46 6.23 1.16 0.81 35.78 0.05 1.12 11.85 8.76 0.85 28.45 Adiantum aethiopicum 0 0.06 0.37 7.65 0.50 1.07 41.48 1.12 44.53 191.19 25.98 17.67 304.07 Adiantum aethiopicum 0 0.07 0.62 16.38 1.39 1.54 123.47 0.68 4.83 40.77 4.59 3.10 229.52 Adiantum aethiopicum 50 8.52 1.02 16.65 9.28 2.35 76.51 28.92 2.34 55.98 16.40 17.67 169.83 Adiantum aethiopicum 50 13.65 1.47 22.50 4.36 1.74 76.83 17.78 4.18 43.25 10.28 9.70 167.17 Adiantum aethiopicum 50 16.09 1.39 8.71 9.97 1.15 72.41 27.45 6.28 31.01 13.27 16.67 126.89 Adiantum aethiopicum 100 10.22 1.12 10.02 11.84 3.41 186.63 44.21 7.13 59.97 24.53 24.64 343.31 Adiantum aethiopicum 100 18.84 0.99 11.17 16.81 2.68 68.84 69.43 4.45 56.18 47.93 25.10 108.83 Adiantum aethiopicum 100 – 1.54 7.32 10.58 2.02 82.02 – 4.68 54.74 18.93 37.24 172.09 Adiantum aethiopicum 500 61.72 3.76 13.36 26.85 8.83 246.40 145.72 17.60 109.82 87.71 195.54 856.08 Adiantum aethiopicum 500 – 1.58 23.52 65.84 31.70 108.38 – 19.87 218.19 177.63 285.03 332.59 Adiantum aethiopicum 500 – 2.93 11.79 – 10.65 120.81 – 18.66 133.30 – 208.46 423.67

Blechnum cartilagineum 0 0.02 1.30 5.98 0.77 0.87 37.93 0.24 1.21 42.24 2.15 3.14 122.97 Blechnum cartilagineum 0 0.04 0.36 7.21 0.85 0.95 30.05 0.12 1.32 37.55 1.96 1.78 46.43 Blechnum cartilagineum 0 0.02 0.38 5.28 0.70 0.91 31.77 0.14 0.96 30.74 1.74 5.66 53.92 Blechnum cartilagineum 50 – 0.52 18.64 1.40 – – – 2.82 83.32 12.34 – – Blechnum cartilagineum 50 – 2.02 7.85 12.08 – – – 6.49 76.64 35.85 – – Blechnum cartilagineum 50 18.88 1.93 3.65 2.33 – 56.38 23.37 2.96 62.47 13.25 – 159.96 Blechnum cartilagineum 100 – 2.90 7.98 18.47 – 66.78 – 19.47 68.05 27.07 – 137.79 Blechnum cartilagineum 100 – 5.34 3.68 6.07 1.71 33.23 – 16.83 92.38 38.09 34.31 125.64 Blechnum cartilagineum 100 – 0.79 5.56 6.73 2.27 58.70 – 21.75 101.13 41.67 38.04 168.01 Blechnum cartilagineum 500 – 0.62 5.55 – – – – 55.35 38.27 – – – Blechnum cartilagineum 500 – 16.03 4.80 149.45 11.26 297.58 – 65.95 237.85 222.90 248.88 485.89 Blechnum cartilagineum 500 – 1.24 7.20 99.76 21.28 166.22 – 91.56 52.33 407.86 321.49 264.06

239 A. G. Kachenko

Appendix 2: Raw concentration data from Chapter 2

Frond (mg kg –1) Root (mg kg –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Blechnum nudum 0 0.31 9.01 10.17 0.62 1.20 39.19 0.28 9.48 42.51 4.90 14.28 261.79 Blechnum nudum 0 0.15 14.59 9.23 0.50 1.55 50.60 0.16 31.88 36.01 0.34 13.26 117.71 Blechnum nudum 0 0.04 13.43 10.95 0.07 1.41 90.41 1.15 17.40 36.17 3.17 7.82 146.34 Blechnum nudum 50 10.81 – 5.59 3.23 – 59.75 43.06 – 79.92 24.28 – 171.70 Blechnum nudum 50 – – 5.85 2.71 21.08 52.55 – – 48.01 13.64 31.98 356.24 Blechnum nudum 50 – – 6.24 9.59 – – – – 47.72 13.96 – – Blechnum nudum 100 177.63 – 3.19 – 6.33 29.63 111.60 – 61.51 – 70.35 – Blechnum nudum 100 0.27 6.16 9.21 – 1.39 14.95 217.28 7.93 35.64 – 54.62 108.89 Blechnum nudum 100 50.66 15.79 7.33 12.78 – 45.23 174.89 12.34 63.45 68.73 – 23.64 Blechnum nudum 500 – 21.82 – – 3.07 277.04 – 23.47 – – 346.03 363.37 Blechnum nudum 500 – – – – 38.00 143.19 – – – – 418.79 243.13 Blechnum nudum 500 – 11.95 – 45.10 – 280.19 – 66.46 – 155.37 – 316.64

Calochlaena dubia 0 0.06 0.35 4.36 0.75 1.60 49.67 0.19 1.00 16.87 1.36 2.17 60.55 Calochlaena dubia 0 0.03 0.43 4.53 0.65 1.21 44.00 0.18 0.75 17.13 3.62 2.39 152.86 Calochlaena dubia 0 0.03 0.47 6.04 0.45 1.15 39.45 0.21 0.68 32.67 3.91 2.29 254.91 Calochlaena dubia 50 15.22 – 7.80 3.53 – 34.49 36.07 – 30.33 7.28 – 116.42 Calochlaena dubia 50 14.56 1.85 2.74 2.22 – 33.53 17.43 17.57 53.93 15.64 – 94.34 Calochlaena dubia 50 11.34 4.44 2.86 0.47 36.32 18.89 17.60 12.97 14.80 95.44 Calochlaena dubia 100 31.28 – 13.30 15.09 1.35 38.93 30.27 – 88.47 37.60 36.18 67.28 Calochlaena dubia 100 35.47 – – 4.41 2.55 50.02 39.22 – – 28.46 44.08 94.36 Calochlaena dubia 100 27.72 7.99 – 11.47 – – 36.62 5.42 – 29.84 – – Calochlaena dubia 500 – 14.77 8.15 11.60 55.83 122.63 – 64.40 57.35 36.53 78.08 439.43 Calochlaena dubia 500 – – – – – – – – – – – – Calochlaena dubia 500 – 3.19 – 27.55 217.53 – 401.66 – 161.09 315.65

240 Appendices

Appendix 2: Raw concentration data from Chapter 2

Frond (mg kg –1) Root (mg kg –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Dennstaedtia davallioides 0 1.17 5.44 7.47 0.66 1.22 52.31 0.15 4.45 22.70 0.40 0.93 90.85 Dennstaedtia davallioides 0 0.36 5.06 8.35 0.90 1.08 66.62 1.59 3.85 25.38 0.36 1.47 186.66 Dennstaedtia davallioides 0 0.81 22.52 8.95 4.59 4.35 93.70 0.10 6.81 21.54 0.30 1.54 170.45 Dennstaedtia davallioides 50 12.62 8.26 6.17 4.60 11.44 101.27 15.97 3.21 45.47 19.38 3.04 167.20 Dennstaedtia davallioides 50 6.44 – 12.53 5.01 2.00 245.14 23.75 – 54.93 10.16 12.76 Dennstaedtia davallioides 50 17.16 – 12.51 9.20 – 76.15 20.81 – 37.43 26.29 – 166.24 Dennstaedtia davallioides 100 26.93 – 22.43 12.11 – 65.77 8.01 – 47.62 33.42 – 160.17 Dennstaedtia davallioides 100 37.47 8.01 7.84 9.78 3.30 100.43 56.17 5.27 62.62 24.61 2.38 212.49 Dennstaedtia davallioides 100 23.25 6.89 9.56 90.09 – – 45.44 2.44 47.58 107.43 – Dennstaedtia davallioides 500 632.06 – 23.51 – – 209.22 554.15 – 154.42 – – 356.24 Dennstaedtia davallioides 500 236.95 3.61 21.67 29.33 21.63 257.52 492.70 14.24 136.27 314.76 176.79 253.87 Dennstaedtia davallioides 500 – – 72.38 – – 166.85 – – 174.74 – – 52.55

Doodia aspera 0 0.04 0.44 5.42 0.61 0.92 28.93 0.05 0.73 27.11 0.99 1.62 41.70 Doodia aspera 0 0.02 0.20 8.59 0.60 0.97 40.31 0.11 1.81 61.22 2.40 2.78 90.97 Doodia aspera 0 0.03 0.36 6.99 0.52 0.98 23.81 0.14 9.16 29.72 5.34 1.97 111.80 Doodia aspera 50 8.36 0.30 8.98 3.19 1.85 30.31 17.32 2.07 61.88 15.78 20.35 92.06 Doodia aspera 50 3.86 0.06 6.97 3.95 0.61 23.74 20.41 2.79 68.69 16.28 17.92 85.71 Doodia aspera 50 7.48 0.71 8.13 1.36 1.00 20.00 16.30 3.20 51.29 11.02 15.77 80.32 Doodia aspera 100 16.44 1.24 6.05 12.93 0.91 46.95 26.26 16.80 86.07 28.29 37.43 186.54 Doodia aspera 100 3.84 0.44 7.53 10.11 0.29 28.99 30.19 7.62 86.79 39.55 68.09 186.35 Doodia aspera 100 21.92 4.15 5.21 6.22 1.22 56.90 37.51 28.24 80.44 33.19 34.62 74.30 Doodia aspera 500 47.97 2.79 8.28 272.17 9.87 112.25 146.62 76.28 239.98 235.89 316.22 431.64 Doodia aspera 500 23.56 8.30 13.79 136.11 19.36 84.05 161.61 114.76 263.65 226.48 309.69 142.54 Doodia aspera 500 91.93 5.38 15.83 113.57 – 93.14 525.74 121.79 197.42 288.40 – 251.86

241 A. G. Kachenko

Appendix 2: Raw concentration data from Chapter 2

Frond (mg kg –1) Root (mg kg –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Hypolepis muelleri 0 0.88 6.72 5.86 0.33 0.49 40.40 2.31 8.53 46.22 1.25 1.93 206.24 Hypolepis muelleri 0 0.72 7.76 5.82 0.02 0.98 49.35 2.27 19.07 31.68 2.03 2.52 275.04 Hypolepis muelleri 0 0.12 27.07 6.30 0.38 1.88 75.59 0.26 43.87 39.22 2.27 10.28 236.20 Hypolepis muelleri 50 7.26 4.43 9.04 5.96 7.37 40.64 17.82 4.21 63.12 20.43 15.00 349.83 Hypolepis muelleri 50 4.79 2.32 6.65 2.96 0.89 50.53 7.47 7.34 68.03 12.32 18.70 347.65 Hypolepis muelleri 50 6.47 2.36 6.95 3.64 1.24 134.17 14.38 6.62 57.02 12.47 22.21 208.48 Hypolepis muelleri 100 11.67 4.08 9.26 7.54 0.68 61.39 34.95 6.50 114.97 33.71 45.88 197.22 Hypolepis muelleri 100 – 5.27 7.35 8.26 – 82.52 – 10.74 57.26 49.01 – 222.11 Hypolepis muelleri 100 7.73 4.30 8.42 7.49 0.73 60.96 18.53 10.72 65.07 39.37 34.16 441.44 Hypolepis muelleri 500 – 3.74 24.99 22.12 5.11 115.83 – 55.85 196.02 162.15 303.34 385.59 Hypolepis muelleri 500 – 3.19 – 69.92 3.42 119.01 – 45.96 – 284.03 101.80 264.10 Hypolepis muelleri 500 – 3.48 10.80 34.47 – – – 63.43 223.55 202.93 – –

Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 0.06 0.59 9.11 0.93 1.02 35.70 0.14 4.17 23.78 2.82 1.40 41.41 Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 0.09 0.61 8.01 1.18 1.58 38.42 0.05 0.45 26.88 1.74 1.93 24.56 Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 0.05 0.36 6.96 0.93 1.28 22.90 0.08 1.04 11.69 1.42 0.73 18.23 Nephrolepis cordifolia 50 5.69 0.68 5.39 4.80 1.56 81.29 8.81 2.78 41.33 16.38 9.80 96.95 Nephrolepis cordifolia 50 4.42 0.43 5.69 5.50 1.38 75.95 13.73 3.50 39.11 9.52 17.13 70.77 Nephrolepis cordifolia 50 2.73 0.33 4.85 5.44 1.75 106.38 19.08 2.94 30.32 12.19 20.64 73.18 Nephrolepis cordifolia 100 5.79 0.63 5.40 8.69 2.23 72.83 14.53 5.29 41.44 11.60 29.15 95.79 Nephrolepis cordifolia 100 3.79 0.24 7.51 7.81 7.56 84.06 7.12 7.31 48.38 14.89 14.89 113.94 Nephrolepis cordifolia 100 3.54 0.33 6.08 11.45 1.93 99.69 13.46 11.95 82.41 19.57 30.64 83.39 Nephrolepis cordifolia 500 17.68 0.28 11.14 36.42 5.81 18.24 31.44 19.78 114.39 119.98 111.81 230.50 Nephrolepis cordifolia 500 9.86 0.22 9.91 25.45 1.55 40.50 96.48 11.17 105.41 56.68 95.34 95.09 Nephrolepis cordifolia 500 13.74 0.33 7.99 57.89 5.99 179.81 60.92 9.49 116.28 104.62 60.56 106.91

242 Appendices

Appendix 2: Raw concentration data from Chapter 2

Frond (mg kg –1) Root (mg kg –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Pellaea falcata 0 0.06 2.40 9.46 0.91 0.77 90.97 0.69 11.27 28.23 5.92 2.86 60.43 Pellaea falcata 0 0.02 2.40 8.14 0.70 0.41 53.79 0.01 6.20 51.59 0.70 0.81 71.08 Pellaea falcata 0 0.02 9.24 5.52 0.82 0.74 41.08 0.63 14.24 40.09 1.95 1.60 107.60 Pellaea falcata 50 79.26 32.83 14.22 4.27 26.35 – 152.50 116.01 65.19 39.95 75.63 – Pellaea falcata 50 – – 17.30 12.64 56.04 – – 216.60 21.39 49.14 56.87 Pellaea falcata 50 – – 13.08 9.41 9.82 40.29 – – 47.91 17.51 69.74 109.89 Pellaea falcata 100 54.67 12.52 14.62 21.82 13.03 111.22 66.62 16.09 66.41 45.61 97.96 68.06 Pellaea falcata 100 23.53 5.54 23.09 – 23.78 93.52 39.59 21.63 113.03 – 65.89 136.46 Pellaea falcata 100 70.09 4.26 22.02 28.56 0.90 139.63 73.82 6.40 120.36 26.03 58.96 132.66 Pellaea falcata 500 62.29 4.67 21.13 143.75 85.88 50.64 218.93 235.38 62.25 159.42 138.05 433.88 Pellaea falcata 500 124.00 8.52 – 39.68 73.44 241.44 246.15 136.58 – 192.54 276.78 397.63 Pellaea falcata 500 – 15.07 57.59 38.79 514.37 – 362.07 146.58 232.30 486.69

Pteris vittata 0 0.02 6.31 8.97 3.13 0.46 44.48 0.10 9.08 21.26 2.68 0.73 31.12 Pteris vittata 0 0.03 16.20 11.05 2.57 3.17 57.32 0.00 12.44 43.02 1.40 2.02 52.71 Pteris vittata 0 0.06 3.25 5.68 0.46 0.62 28.68 0.01 24.25 60.01 2.84 2.33 44.00 Pteris vittata 50 – – 10.03 5.58 0.62 29.63 – – 60.90 23.41 20.37 80.47 Pteris vittata 50 2.96 7.60 – 6.56 2.51 160.79 19.95 18.02 47.90 26.17 116.90 Pteris vittata 50 2.08 5.37 – 0.28 1.10 27.13 15.94 15.20 – 20.01 17.46 71.99 Pteris vittata 100 5.62 6.65 8.16 – – 28.92 39.18 18.99 94.21 – – 70.08 Pteris vittata 100 21.72 4.71 – 5.37 1.26 77.39 37.08 10.12 – 50.01 49.48 104.22 Pteris vittata 100 13.05 – 35.40 7.10 – 32.54 41.78 – 283.66 30.96 – 92.81 Pteris vittata 500 – 5.91 10.47 – – 121.52 – 97.53 217.87 – – 205.39 Pteris vittata 500 17.99 – 10.73 54.49 29.66 52.48 118.90 – 236.65 297.16 128.56 190.12 Pteris vittata 500 39.30 6.22 9.48 19.16 12.16 – 297.88 88.90 112.05 175.51 236.86 –

243 A. G. Kachenko

Appendix 2: Raw accumulation data from Chapter 2

Frond (µg plant –1) Root (µg plant –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Adiantum aethiopicum 0 0.03 0.25 9.15 0.98 1.42 47.00 0.05 1.71 23.88 1.39 17.79 46.93 Adiantum aethiopicum 0 0.03 0.07 7.72 0.95 0.26 37.93 1.76 71.23 307.24 28.16 41.42 480.06 Adiantum aethiopicum 0 0.03 0.20 9.91 0.84 0.70 73.04 0.72 5.01 44.69 3.23 4.80 247.70 Adiantum aethiopicum 50 7.09 0.59 2.83 0.62 8.74 31.70 10.48 2.85 10.04 8.24 18.84 62.36 Adiantum aethiopicum 50 12.26 1.01 14.60 2.26 1.19 10.72 18.53 5.60 65.36 25.89 5.20 29.79 Adiantum aethiopicum 50 3.11 0.56 4.42 0.47 5.60 45.41 5.21 9.69 20.44 10.92 15.94 75.91 Adiantum aethiopicum 100 3.85 0.26 3.31 1.67 12.18 25.07 12.57 4.08 57.21 31.78 40.96 54.98 Adiantum aethiopicum 100 4.66 0.49 5.08 1.44 5.84 60.30 18.62 3.27 55.23 32.32 16.61 171.18 Adiantum aethiopicum 100 – 0.63 1.98 0.66 14.54 28.12 – 3.15 32.24 45.45 24.75 254.01 Adiantum aethiopicum 500 46.35 1.03 12.05 5.71 17.57 197.10 32.77 12.07 124.92 370.35 64.32 674.18 Adiantum aethiopicum 500 – 0.45 12.03 14.30 23.95 125.89 – 18.78 222.32 314.92 62.95 727.29 Adiantum aethiopicum 500 – 0.45 9.19 15.38 – 105.60 – 12.99 180.03 242.06 – 272.51

Blechnum cartilagineum 0 0.01 0.84 4.67 0.57 0.43 26.91 0.19 0.84 38.70 2.73 1.75 108.26 Blechnum cartilagineum 0 0.00 0.03 3.64 0.41 0.31 12.89 0.06 0.66 24.07 1.03 1.10 26.19 Blechnum cartilagineum 0 0.00 0.03 1.85 0.28 0.17 9.86 0.05 0.33 15.02 2.72 0.73 23.74 Blechnum cartilagineum 50 – 0.07 3.20 – 1.00 – – 1.88 37.97 – 9.58 – Blechnum cartilagineum 50 – 0.48 4.97 – 2.93 – – 2.30 47.44 – 5.10 – Blechnum cartilagineum 50 4.65 0.51 2.71 – 1.39 10.49 2.57 0.87 44.29 – – 136.60 Blechnum cartilagineum 100 – 0.79 2.38 – 2.85 34.31 – 7.06 26.01 – 6.74 33.15 Blechnum cartilagineum 100 – 5.20 2.68 1.73 3.46 22.70 – 24.33 87.37 49.59 24.88 78.80 Blechnum cartilagineum 100 – 0.14 2.83 2.60 1.97 32.52 – 8.48 94.01 69.28 10.71 41.91 Blechnum cartilagineum 500 – 2.37 8.68 14.10 50.22 175.46 – 13.06 255.10 455.12 82.87 178.60 Blechnum cartilagineum 500 – 0.22 3.49 12.52 48.11 102.92 – 34.93 29.15 330.94 81.48 51.58 Blechnum cartilagineum 500 – 0.09 0.21 – – – – 18.37 16.38 – – –

244 Appendices

Appendix 2: Raw accumulation data from Chapter 2

Frond (µg plant –1) Root (µg plant –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Blechnum nudum 0 0.01 0.25 0.28 0.03 0.01 0.95 0.02 0.67 3.08 1.03 0.34 18.75 Blechnum nudum 0 0.02 2.28 1.40 0.22 0.04 7.11 0.00 0.71 0.80 0.29 0.00 2.51 Blechnum nudum 0 0.00 2.44 1.95 0.23 0.04 15.66 0.18 2.71 5.67 1.21 0.46 22.27 Blechnum nudum 50 1.06 – 1.61 – 0.63 2.11 4.00 – 38.61 – 4.27 7.60 Blechnum nudum 50 – – 6.08 3.39 1.81 5.05 – – 44.51 3.27 6.48 42.38 Blechnum nudum 50 – – 2.58 – 7.79 – – – 18.25 – 5.44 – Blechnum nudum 100 7.89 – 0.86 0.42 – 7.11 6.56 – 15.17 3.97 – – Blechnum nudum 100 0.02 3.98 8.32 0.10 – 0.32 9.91 3.73 19.81 6.10 – 4.52 Blechnum nudum 100 1.46 1.72 4.34 – 2.83 16.02 7.73 0.97 36.00 – 10.27 4.74 Blechnum nudum 500 – 3.07 – 0.30 – 37.97 – 2.37 – 49.46 – 62.82 Blechnum nudum 500 – – – 12.32 – 38.10 – – – 59.44 – 53.66 Blechnum nudum 500 – 2.49 – – 16.77 83.95 – 12.86 – – 50.46 82.09

Calochlaena dubia 0 0.01 0.02 1.24 0.45 0.15 13.79 0.03 0.13 3.17 0.38 0.21 10.53 Calochlaena dubia 0 0.00 0.13 4.34 1.09 0.41 40.25 0.10 0.28 10.60 1.40 2.13 93.24 Calochlaena dubia 0 0.00 0.25 8.29 1.42 0.27 49.47 0.02 0.04 3.86 0.25 0.44 29.79 Calochlaena dubia 50 2.55 – 0.95 – 0.60 2.34 2.58 – 1.51 – 1.49 12.07 Calochlaena dubia 50 2.17 0.66 0.73 – 0.92 25.15 1.70 0.41 4.09 – 11.94 49.59 Calochlaena dubia 50 0.71 – – 0.13 1.15 12.27 3.12 – – 9.74 8.76 95.59 Calochlaena dubia 100 17.17 – 0.44 0.23 2.58 26.08 21.84 – 4.79 5.17 11.93 52.14 Calochlaena dubia 100 13.33 – – 0.27 1.56 8.33 19.10 – – 8.87 11.00 21.95 Calochlaena dubia 100 20.16 2.78 – – 3.12 – 32.61 0.35 – – 6.00 – Calochlaena dubia 500 – 2.63 1.26 7.35 4.91 4.44 – 19.03 9.29 13.48 17.42 55.47 Calochlaena dubia 500 – – – – – – – – – – – – Calochlaena dubia 500 – – – 6.77 – 11.65 – – – 22.53 – 29.45

245 A. G. Kachenko

Appendix 2: Raw accumulation data from Chapter 2

Frond (µg plant –1) Root (µg plant –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Dennstaedtia davallioides 0 0.04 0.19 2.61 0.04 0.01 17.16 0.03 1.02 5.46 0.18 0.03 20.79 Dennstaedtia davallioides 0 0.23 0.34 5.60 0.63 0.05 42.91 0.49 1.12 7.88 0.41 0.03 57.06 Dennstaedtia davallioides 0 0.09 0.25 0.98 0.05 0.00 10.06 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.44 Dennstaedtia davallioides 50 5.60 12.86 3.53 0.16 2.59 36.88 4.52 2.56 18.03 0.21 5.78 29.96 Dennstaedtia davallioides 50 3.42 – 2.47 0.91 3.60 3.71 7.82 – 5.70 3.34 5.11 -0.06 Dennstaedtia davallioides 50 4.17 – 9.89 – 4.97 56.46 2.57 – 19.07 – 6.38 63.51 Dennstaedtia davallioides 100 30.38 – 47.27 – 11.23 49.31 3.33 – 81.85 – 17.03 104.35 Dennstaedtia davallioides 100 8.02 10.76 6.79 3.82 10.51 54.23 2.43 3.70 45.20 1.69 13.75 75.79 Dennstaedtia davallioides 100 14.18 3.83 9.73 – 90.13 – 21.50 0.76 35.96 – 64.66 – Dennstaedtia davallioides 500 204.08 – 36.29 – – 266.34 42.61 – 137.26 – – 279.44 Dennstaedtia davallioides 500 59.09 5.52 31.75 15.04 2.94 288.06 55.33 13.85 114.25 58.88 30.69 144.29 Dennstaedtia davallioides 500 – – 127.67 – – 187.97 – – 165.53 – – 39.89

Doodia aspera 0 0.00 0.06 2.07 0.30 0.14 9.52 0.01 0.27 16.56 0.89 0.45 22.15 Doodia aspera 0 0.01 0.08 6.57 0.63 0.27 27.63 0.10 1.82 73.01 3.12 2.57 102.04 Doodia aspera 0 0.00 0.07 8.45 1.03 0.34 22.94 0.17 14.15 46.74 2.85 8.11 168.84 Doodia aspera 50 0.82 0.00 2.54 0.81 0.73 8.96 2.49 1.63 67.76 20.89 5.95 67.96 Doodia aspera 50 2.06 0.14 3.38 0.21 2.58 8.75 16.43 2.23 54.84 17.02 16.36 71.27 Doodia aspera 50 2.24 0.09 1.13 0.45 1.46 2.65 10.00 1.46 17.63 14.13 18.97 35.92 Doodia aspera 100 1.97 0.23 2.72 0.54 19.03 17.38 7.69 21.07 74.39 44.41 46.16 136.83 Doodia aspera 100 1.30 0.13 4.44 0.02 3.26 13.08 16.44 3.77 76.03 26.18 69.42 149.60 Doodia aspera 100 10.28 2.36 1.70 0.81 1.61 12.84 25.35 25.24 34.70 42.71 49.56 57.60 Doodia aspera 500 16.53 1.58 3.86 7.63 40.81 20.45 50.25 83.84 236.69 388.82 97.86 228.68 Doodia aspera 500 10.00 1.67 4.74 18.87 21.45 70.24 100.42 59.72 115.34 534.91 93.43 149.87 Doodia aspera 500 30.97 2.54 6.02 – 17.74 12.59 66.77 121.97 150.75 – 125.08 156.57

246 Appendices

Appendix 2: Raw accumulation data from Chapter 2

Frond (µg plant –1) Root (µg plant –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Hypolepis muelleri 0 1.02 7.70 6.51 0.36 0.07 41.22 1.22 4.39 24.44 0.93 0.53 106.87 Hypolepis muelleri 0 0.30 3.23 2.33 0.34 0.10 18.73 0.36 2.98 4.96 0.37 0.28 42.67 Hypolepis muelleri 0 0.01 3.65 0.80 0.23 0.02 9.47 0.01 2.73 2.43 0.63 0.13 14.43 Hypolepis muelleri 50 5.87 6.62 12.72 25.62 3.83 91.37 2.78 1.83 39.87 10.60 7.04 305.64 Hypolepis muelleri 50 5.89 6.54 20.16 1.16 5.11 49.62 2.19 4.96 60.14 6.53 7.62 88.48 Hypolepis muelleri 50 3.50 4.06 9.84 0.92 4.68 164.39 3.25 4.91 23.15 6.58 5.52 65.01 Hypolepis muelleri 100 2.03 7.78 7.95 0.98 15.45 42.20 1.57 4.55 45.66 27.47 26.64 67.09 Hypolepis muelleri 100 – 3.03 17.45 – 20.78 213.81 – 2.21 53.34 – 38.63 199.74 Hypolepis muelleri 100 2.42 7.17 15.85 2.13 20.47 103.21 0.19 8.47 44.39 36.08 40.92 235.34 Hypolepis muelleri 500 – 3.69 81.96 4.11 33.54 231.69 – 32.91 116.35 59.84 79.42 170.99 Hypolepis muelleri 500 – 7.13 – 11.18 13.60 165.92 – 34.46 – 77.04 22.76 90.56 Hypolepis muelleri 500 – 12.59 28.71 – 61.20 – – 44.22 193.33 – 137.02 –

Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 0.14 1.16 34.87 3.36 2.69 119.27 0.33 11.84 71.42 3.73 7.82 108.27 Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 0.22 1.07 26.03 4.80 3.16 111.43 0.05 0.37 65.83 4.34 3.69 46.15 Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 0.03 0.07 7.75 1.30 0.79 20.07 0.09 1.31 20.03 0.98 2.05 21.71 Nephrolepis cordifolia 50 8.54 0.64 5.44 0.90 1.72 82.03 11.24 3.10 46.61 5.57 5.48 99.10 Nephrolepis cordifolia 50 3.07 0.18 8.14 1.17 4.04 27.27 8.50 2.56 55.69 12.20 9.72 32.37 Nephrolepis cordifolia 50 1.59 0.02 8.91 0.34 5.29 56.20 6.29 1.27 53.78 5.73 6.68 24.84 Nephrolepis cordifolia 100 5.36 0.41 9.93 0.98 6.57 54.11 12.62 6.94 80.36 14.48 4.42 56.55 Nephrolepis cordifolia 100 0.98 0.18 13.51 24.11 63.06 42.92 14.05 16.26 76.71 42.79 43.14 71.22 Nephrolepis cordifolia 100 1.97 0.01 3.61 1.29 10.29 44.02 4.30 4.19 33.61 14.62 13.32 26.30 Nephrolepis cordifolia 500 34.60 0.04 9.85 10.13 35.07 5.62 35.81 20.84 67.23 196.46 83.80 291.81 Nephrolepis cordifolia 500 8.26 0.12 18.09 4.15 50.12 74.46 140.82 17.51 174.25 189.37 85.19 32.06 Nephrolepis cordifolia 500 3.02 0.01 8.76 3.89 45.52 139.02 9.74 2.76 112.37 29.58 69.92 84.74

247 A. G. Kachenko

Appendix 2: Raw accumulation data from Chapter 2

Frond (µg plant –1) Root (µg plant –1) Species Treatment Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn Pellaea falcata 0 0.02 1.35 5.80 0.37 0.41 54.57 0.24 3.93 9.95 0.96 2.03 19.49 Pellaea falcata 0 0.01 2.25 8.26 0.24 0.47 51.28 0.10 3.53 30.66 0.38 0.26 38.99 Pellaea falcata 0 0.00 2.25 1.28 0.14 0.14 8.81 0.09 2.06 5.84 0.21 0.25 14.97 Pellaea falcata 50 33.98 27.69 3.65 1.95 0.17 – 27.83 60.17 17.33 4.14 1.51 – Pellaea falcata 50 – – 2.75 0.05 2.60 34.00 – – 26.42 5.72 3.23 34.88 Pellaea falcata 50 – – 8.21 0.11 1.65 16.39 – – 33.21 5.04 2.90 57.73 Pellaea falcata 100 6.35 0.78 3.95 2.89 15.37 28.36 8.78 2.90 19.32 15.11 19.82 16.16 Pellaea falcata 100 5.50 2.53 17.75 10.01 – 32.35 5.00 28.86 85.32 20.72 – 41.58 Pellaea falcata 100 2.63 1.52 2.96 0.53 30.75 27.27 4.04 2.63 19.08 41.60 14.79 21.43 Pellaea falcata 500 24.49 1.75 10.75 21.48 129.57 8.64 65.08 97.60 36.76 14.72 70.32 29.65 Pellaea falcata 500 9.77 1.55 – 45.18 27.24 136.70 14.69 29.97 – 66.88 110.54 145.99 Pellaea falcata 500 – – 2.99 38.18 77.87 170.65 – – 74.50 102.83 197.89 99.26

Pteris vittata 0 0.00 1.50 2.12 0.07 0.71 9.58 0.07 9.37 22.22 0.58 2.57 26.77 Pteris vittata 0 0.00 2.72 1.82 0.51 0.39 8.79 -0.01 3.57 12.52 0.54 0.33 13.72 Pteris vittata 0 0.00 2.05 3.63 0.30 0.14 15.70 0.00 4.37 10.86 0.39 0.47 6.92 Pteris vittata 50 – – 14.30 0.51 5.83 31.73 – – 47.09 8.00 15.67 63.46 Pteris vittata 50 3.97 4.57 – 0.73 1.52 18.48 9.81 3.01 – 3.21 4.80 8.09 Pteris vittata 50 1.82 7.25 – 0.83 0.01 14.49 15.19 13.52 – 7.93 14.22 17.89 Pteris vittata 100 3.66 7.35 9.27 – – 19.18 15.66 14.19 99.80 – – 45.50 Pteris vittata 100 16.15 3.97 – 1.11 3.27 29.12 1.71 4.74 – 34.81 20.51 25.37 Pteris vittata 100 27.99 – – – 8.07 13.42 52.33 – – – 31.56 25.77 Pteris vittata 500 – 8.63 6.97 – – 86.53 – 93.50 135.31 – – 134.81 Pteris vittata 500 24.22 – 4.84 18.08 12.89 68.28 61.02 – 37.46 34.46 53.62 114.28 Pteris vittata 500 20.52 – 7.23 8.35 9.59 – 59.55 33.42 29.34 90.70 63.09 –

248 Appendices

Appendix 3: Methods of soil analysis

Soil pH The pH was measured in a 1:5 soil to water suspension after shaking end over end at ×0.25 g for 30 min. Samples were read using a Radiometer pH meter (Model PHM 210, Villeurbanne Cedex, France) calibrated using pH 4 and 7 buffer solutions.

Electrical conductivity (EC) Following pH measurements, the 1:5 soil to water suspensions were read using a Radiometer conductivity meter (Model CDM 210).

Particle size analysis Approximately 50 g of soil was agitated with 50 mL of 5% sodium hexametaphosphate ® –1 [(NaPO 3)6] at pH 8.5 and 600 mL of Barnstead E-pure water (18.2 mΩ cm ; Barnstead/Thermolyne Corp., Dubuque, IA, USA) on a shaking wheel for 24 h. The solution was removed form the shaking wheel, transferred into a 1 L measuring cylinder and made to volume with Barnstead E-pure ® water. A calibration blank was made by adding 50 mL of 5% ® (NaPO 3)6 into a 1 L measuring cylinder and made to volume with Barnstead E-pure . The blank reading was taken by lowering the hydrometer into the suspension of the calibration cylinder and this value was subtracted from the hydrometer readings obtained in soil suspension. Each remaining cylinder was agitated using a stirrer. After measuring the temperature, the hydrometer was lowered into the suspension and the first reading was taken when sand had settled through the top 10 cm of the suspension (e.g. reading after 4 min 48 s at 20 ºC). The corrected hydrometer reading was used to determine the mass (g) of silt and clay in the soil, while a further corrected reading taken after 8 h was used to calculate the mass of the clay. The difference between the two readings gave the value for the silt fraction. The suspended matter was decanted from the cylinder into a 600 mL beaker that had been marked 10 cm above the base. Barnstead E-pure ® water was added to the 10 cm mark and the contents stirred with a glass rod and let stand until the sand had settled ( ca. 5 min). The supernatant was decanted and this procedure replicated 4 times before the beaker containing the sand was oven dried at 105 ºC for 48 h. The sand was then passed through a 200 µm sieve to separate the fine and coarse sand fraction.

249 A. G. Kachenko

Cation exchange capacity The cation exchange capacity was measured using freshly prepared 0.01 M silver thiourea at room temperature. Two solutions were prepared, solution 1 contained 7.5 g of thiourea ® [CS(NH 2)2] dissolved in 250 mL of Barnstead E-pure water (and solution 2 contained 1.699 ® g silver nitrate (AgNO 3) dissolved in 500 mL Barnstead E-pure water. Solution 2 was slowly added to solution 1 and vigorously stirred to make a final volume of 1 L. Twenty five mL’s of this 0.01 M (AgTH) solution was added to a 1 g soil sample and shaken end-over-end ( ×0.25 g) for 4 h. Samples were then centrifuged for 10 min at × 1000 g, filtered using Whatman ® No. 42 filter paper and immediately analysed for Ag, Ca, Mg, Na and K.

Organic carbon

A 1 g soil sample was digested with 10 mL of 0.1667 M potassium dichromate (K 2Cr 2O7) and

20 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid (H 2SO 4) for 15 min. A further 5 mL of concentrated orthophosphoric acid (H 3PO 4), 30 mL of deionised water a 7 drops of orthophenanthrolene indicator was added to the digested soil after the 15 min. For standardisation of the 0.4 M ferrous sulphate (FeSo 4) solution, a reagent blank was run which consisted of 10 mL of 0.166

M K 2Cr 2O7, 20 mL of concentrated H 2SO 4, 30 mL of deionised water and 7 drops of orthophenanthrolene indicator. The end point of the titration was achieved when the reagent blank changed colour sharply from a blue green solution to a grey or reddish-grey colour. The soil digests were then titrated, and the readings corrected against the reagent blank.

Total metal digestion ® Ten ml’s of 1:1 concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3) and Barnstead E-pure water mixture was added to 1 g of soil and refluxed at 100 ºC for 15 min. The digests were allowed to cool, with

5 mL of concentrated HNO 3 added before samples were refluxed for a further 30 min at 100 ºC. Brown fumes indicated that the samples were being oxidised, such that concentrated

HNO 3 was added until no further brown fumes were generated. The digest remained heated at 100 ºC for 2 h and was removed to cool. Two mL’s of Barnstead E-pure ® water and 3 mL of

27.5% hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) were added to the digest and returned to the heat source.

Further 1 mL additions of H 2O2 were added to the digest only when the effervescence did not subside to make a maximum total of 10 mL of H 2O2. The digest was heated again for 2 h, followed by the addition of 10 mL concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) and refluxed for a

250 Appendices further 15 min before being allowed to cool. The digested solutions were filtered through Advance ® No 1 filter paper and made up to a volume of 100 mL.

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Ni Twenty mL’s of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction solution (0.005 M DTPA, 0.01 M calcium chloride and 0.10 M triethanolamine adjusted to pH 7.3) was added to 10 g of soil and shaken for 2 h on a reciprocal shaker (180 oscillations per minute) at 25 ºC. After 2 h, the extracts were immediately centrifuged for 10 min at ×1000 g and filtered using Whatman ® No. 42 filter paper.

251 A. G. Kachenko

Appendix 4

(a) (b(b(b )))

(c(c(c ))) (d(d(d )))

Appendix 4. (a) A typical habitat of Pityrogramma calomelanos var. austroamericana along the Dee River, Mount Morgan Queensland in April 2005. (b) Illustrates the same habitat in April 2006. Note the abundance of weed species. (c) A typical undisturbed habitat of Hybanthus floribundus subsp. floribundus in Bendigo Regional Park, South Mandurang, Victoria in March 2006. (d) A private property adjacent to the area illustrated in (c) where the land has been cleared for future urban development (March 2006).

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