Analogical Anecdotal Statistical Testimonial
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Anecdotal Evidence 2013
Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Sean Cubitt Anecdotal evidence 2013 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/15070 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Cubitt, Sean: Anecdotal evidence. In: NECSUS. European Journal of Media Studies, Jg. 2 (2013), Nr. 1, S. 5– 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/15070. Erstmalig hier erschienen / Initial publication here: https://doi.org/10.5117/NECSUS2013.1.CUBI Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Creative Commons - This document is made available under a creative commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 Attribution - Non Commercial - No Derivatives 4.0 License. For Lizenz zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu dieser Lizenz more information see: finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDIA STUDIES www.necsus-ejms.org NECSUS Published by: Amsterdam University Press Anecdotal evidence Sean Cubitt NECSUS 2 (1):5–18 DOI: 10.5117/NECSUS2013.1.CUBI Keywords: anecdotal evidence, anecdote, communications, media, method, Robert Bresson La réalité est autre chose. – (Au hasard Balthazar) When asked to write about recent research I am faced with the problem of reconciling work on visual technologies, environmental issues, de-colonial and indigenous movements, political economy, global media governance, and media arts. Currents of thought link these fields, a general intellec- tual and perhaps ethical mood, and all are guided by an interest in the materiality of media; they also share a common methodological principle. This principle is largely disparaged among funding agencies as ‘anecdotal evidence’. -
On the Generality and Cognitive Basis of Base-Rate Neglect
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.11.434913; this version posted March 12, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 2 On the generality and cognitive basis of base-rate neglect 3 4 5 Elina Stengårda*, Peter Juslina, Ulrike Hahnb, Ronald van den Berga,c 6 7 aDepartment of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 8 bDepartment of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK 9 cDepartment of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 10 11 12 13 *Corresponding author 14 E-mail: [email protected] 15 16 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.11.434913; this version posted March 12, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 17 ABSTRACT - Base rate neglect refers to people’s apparent tendency to underweight or even 18 ignore base rate information when estimating posterior probabilities for events, such as the 19 probability that a person with a positive cancer-test outcome actually does have cancer. While 20 many studies have replicated the effect, there has been little variation in the structure of the 21 reasoning problems used in those studies. -
Microsoft Outlook
City Council Meeting, August 24, 2021 Public Comments August 23, 2021 Mayor Suzanne Hadley Members of City Council City Manager Bruce Moe Dear Mayor Hadley, City Council, and City Manager Moe, The DBPA Board of Directors expresses their gratitude to Director Tai and City Staff for recommending to Council outdoor dining be continued through January 3, 2022. This provides our restaurants the certainty they will be able to operate through the Delta variant even if we should experience future indoor dining restrictions. To minimize the parking constraints created by outdoor dining, our DBPA Board of Directors recommends if no indoor dining restrictions or distancing guidelines are in place as of November 1, 2021, all restaurants reduce their outdoor dining decks to a footprint no larger than the front of their own businesses. There will likely be practical considerations causing some decks to not be located directly in front of their business, such as handicapped ramps, but as much as possible, we encourage City Staff to begin the logistical exercise of reducing the overall size and impact of the dining decks. In addition, we ask that any dining decks not in use by September 1, 2021, be removed to open all available parking. This is an important step forward to acknowledge and amend the sacrifices our retailers and service businesses have made over the last 18 months. Decreasing deck sizes will begin addressing our organization’s concerns about blocking the visual sight line to a business from the street or sidewalk, and also provide some of the much needed parking to return in time for our busy holiday season. -
Fallacy Identification in a Dialectical Approach to Teaching Critical Thinking Mark Battersby Capilano University
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Scholarship at UWindsor University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor OSSA Conference Archive OSSA 9 May 18th, 9:00 AM - May 21st, 5:00 PM Fallacy identification in a dialectical approach to teaching critical thinking Mark Battersby Capilano University Sharon Bailin Jan Albert van Laar Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ossaarchive Part of the Philosophy Commons Battersby, Mark; Bailin, Sharon; and van Laar, Jan Albert, "Fallacy identification in a dialectical approach to teaching critical thinking" (2011). OSSA Conference Archive. 43. http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ossaarchive/OSSA9/papersandcommentaries/43 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences at Scholarship at UWindsor. It has been accepted for inclusion in OSSA Conference Archive by an authorized conference organizer of Scholarship at UWindsor. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fallacy identification in a dialectical approach to teaching critical thinking MARK BATTERSBY Department of Philosophy Capilano University North Vancouver, BC Canada V7J 3H5 [email protected] SHARON BAILIN Education, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC Canada [email protected] ABSTRACT: The dialectical approach to teaching critical thinking is centred on a comparative evaluation of contending arguments, so that generally the strength of an argument for a position can only be assessed in the context of this dialectic. The identification of fallacies, though important, plays only a preliminary role in the evaluation to individual arguments. Our approach to fallacy identification and analysis sees fal- lacies as argument patterns whose persuasive power is disproportionate to their probative value. -
Deficiencies in Anecdotal Evidence Threaten the Survival of Race-Based Preference Programs for Public Contracting Jeffrey M
Cornell Law Review Volume 88 Article 6 Issue 5 July 2003 Hanging by Yarns: Deficiencies in Anecdotal Evidence Threaten the Survival of Race-Based Preference Programs for Public Contracting Jeffrey M. Hanson Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Jeffrey M. Hanson, Hanging by Yarns: Deficiencies in Anecdotal Evidence Threaten the Survival of Race-Based Preference Programs for Public Contracting, 88 Cornell L. Rev. 1433 (2003) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol88/iss5/6 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE HANGING BY YARNS?: DEFICIENCIES IN ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE THREATEN THE SURVIVAL OF RACE-BASED PREFERENCE PROGRAMS FOR PUBLIC CONTRACTINGt Jeffrey M. Hansontt INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1434 I. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF RAcE-BASED PREFERENCES FOR PUBLIC CONTRACTS ...................................... 1438 A. Strict Scrutiny for "Benign" Race-Based Preferences. 1438 1. Compelling Interest ............................... 1438 2. Narrow Tailoring................................. 1439 3. Strong Basis in Evidence .......................... 1440 B. Adarand: Strict Scrutiny for Federal Preferences ..... 1443 II. GOVERNMENTS RESPOND TO CROSON: -
Pitt State Pathway (Undergraduate Course Numbers Through 699)
Pitt State Pathway (Undergraduate Course Numbers through 699) Please check only one: Course is currently a “General Education” course Course is listed in the current catalog, but is NOT a “General Education” course New course that is NOT listed in the current catalog and has NOT been legislated through PSU Faculty Senate and/or KBOR A. Submission date: December 18, 2018 B. Department: HPSS C. College: Arts and Sciences If two or more Colleges, please indicate which Colleges will be involved in teaching the course: Click or tap here to enter text. D. Name of faculty member on record for the course (may be Coordinating Professor or Chair): Bonnekessen (As faculty of record, I verify all sections agree to address the Core or Essential Studies Element and corresponding Learning Outcome as indicated below.) E. Course prefix: PHIL F. Course number: 207 G. Credit hours: 3 H. Title of course: Critical Thinking Is this a change in the title of the course? No (If “Yes,” a Revision to Course form will need to be completed and uploaded to the Preliminary Briefcase and will go through the legislation process.) I. Will this course require a new course description? No (If “Yes,” please insert new course description here. A Revision of Course form will need to be completed and uploaded to the Preliminary Briefcase and will go through the legislation process) Click or tap here to enter text. J. Does this course include a co-requisite laboratory course: No If “Yes”, please provide the co-requisite course name and number: Click or tap here to enter text. -
Russia in the Middle East: a New Front in the Information War?
Russia in the Middle East: A New Front in the Information War? By Donald N. Jensen Summary Russia uses its information warfare capability as a tactic, especially its RT Arabic and Sputnik news services, to advance its foreign policy goals in the Middle East: become a great power in the region; reduce the role of the United States; prop up allies such as Bashir al- Assad in Syria, and fight terrorism. Evidence suggests that while Russian media narratives are disseminated broadly in the region by traditional means and online, outside of Syria its impact has been limited. The ability of regional authoritarian governments to control the information their societies receive, cross cutting political pressures, the lack of longstanding ethnic and cultural ties with Russia, and widespread doubts about Russian intentions will make it difficult for Moscow to use information operations as an effective tool should it decide to maintain an enhanced permanent presence in the region. Introduction Russian assessments of the international system make it clear that the Kremlin considers the country to be engaged in full-scale information warfare. This is reflected in Russia’s latest military doctrine, approved December 2014, comments by public officials, and Moscow’s aggressive use of influence operations.1 The current Russian practice of information warfare combines a number of tried and tested tools of influence with a new embrace of modern technology and capabilities such as the Internet. Some underlying objectives, guiding principles and state activity are broadly recognizable as reinvigorated aspects of subversion campaigns from the Cold War era and earlier. But Russia also has invested hugely in updating the principles of subversion. -
Statistical Significance and Statistical Error in Antitrust Analysis
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND STATISTICAL ERROR IN ANTITRUST ANALYSIS PHILLIP JOHNSON EDWARD LEAMER JEFFREY LEITZINGER* Proof of antitrust impact and estimation of damages are central elements in antitrust cases. Generally, more is needed for these purposes than simple ob- servational evidence regarding changes in price levels over time. This is be- cause changes in economic conditions unrelated to the behavior at issue also may play a role in observed outcomes. For example, prices of consumer elec- tronics have been falling for several decades because of technological pro- gress. Against that backdrop, a successful price-fixing conspiracy may not lead to observable price increases but only slow their rate of decline. There- fore, proof of impact and estimation of damages often amounts to sorting out the effects on market outcomes of illegal behavior from the effects of other market supply and demand factors. Regression analysis is a statistical technique widely employed by econo- mists to identify the role played by one factor among those that simultane- ously determine market outcomes. In this way, regression analysis is well suited to proof of impact and estimation of damages in antitrust cases. For that reason, regression models have become commonplace in antitrust litigation.1 In our experience, one aspect of regression results that often attracts spe- cific attention in that environment is the statistical significance of the esti- mates. As is discussed below, some courts, participants in antitrust litigation, and commentators maintain that stringent levels of statistical significance should be a threshold requirement for the results of regression analysis to be used as evidence regarding impact and damages. -
Statistical Proof of Discrimination: Beyond "Damned Lies"
Washington Law Review Volume 68 Number 3 7-1-1993 Statistical Proof of Discrimination: Beyond "Damned Lies" Kingsley R. Browne Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr Part of the Labor and Employment Law Commons Recommended Citation Kingsley R. Browne, Statistical Proof of Discrimination: Beyond "Damned Lies", 68 Wash. L. Rev. 477 (1993). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol68/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington Law Review by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright © 1993 by Washington Law Review Association STATISTICAL PROOF OF DISCRIMINATION: BEYOND "DAMNED LIES" Kingsley R. Browne* Abstract Evidence that an employer's work force contains fewer minorities or women than would be expected if selection were random with respect to race and sex has been taken as powerful-and often sufficient-evidence of systematic intentional discrimina- tion. In relying on this kind of statistical evidence, courts have made two fundamental errors. The first error is assuming that statistical analysis can reveal the probability that observed work-force disparities were produced by chance. This error leads courts to exclude chance as a cause when such a conclusion is unwarranted. The second error is assuming that, except for random deviations, the work force of a nondiscriminating employer would mirror the racial and sexual composition of the relevant labor force. This assumption has led courts inappropriately to shift the burden of proof to employers in pattern-or-practice cases once a statistical disparity is shown. -
Exploratory Versus Confirmative Testing in Clinical Trials
xperim & E en Gaus et al., Clin Exp Pharmacol 2015, 5:4 l ta a l ic P in h DOI: 10.4172/2161-1459.1000182 l a C r m f Journal of o a l c a o n l o r g u y o J ISSN: 2161-1459 Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Research Article Open Access Interpretation of Statistical Significance - Exploratory Versus Confirmative Testing in Clinical Trials, Epidemiological Studies, Meta-Analyses and Toxicological Screening (Using Ginkgo biloba as an Example) Wilhelm Gaus, Benjamin Mayer and Rainer Muche Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Germany *Corresponding author: Wilhelm Gaus, University of Ulm, Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Schwabstrasse 13, 89075 Ulm, Germany, Tel : +49 731 500-26891; Fax +40 731 500-26902; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: June 18 2015; Accepted date: July 23 2015; Published date: July 27 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Gaus W, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The terms “significant” and “p-value” are important for biomedical researchers and readers of biomedical papers including pharmacologists. No other statistical result is misinterpreted as often as p-values. In this paper the issue of exploratory versus confirmative testing is discussed in general. A significant p-value sometimes leads to a precise hypothesis (exploratory testing), sometimes it is interpret as “statistical proof” (confirmative testing). A p-value may only be interpreted as confirmative, if (1) the hypothesis and the level of significance were established a priori and (2) an adjustment for multiple testing was carried out if more than one test was performed. -
Procedure's Ambiguity
Procedure’s Ambiguity ∗ MARK MOLLER INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 645 I. LEAVING THINGS UNDECIDED IN PROCEDURAL CASES ...................................... 650 A. THE USE OF AMBIGUITY IN PROCEDURAL INTERPRETATION ................... 650 B. THE CELOTEX TRILOGY, TWOMBLY, AND MINIMALISM ............................. 660 II. PLURALISM AND MINIMALISM ........................................................................... 667 A. MINIMALISM AS STRATEGIC REPUBLICANISM ......................................... 668 B. MINIMALISM FOR PLURALISTS ................................................................. 669 III. PROCEDURE’S MINIMALISM ............................................................................. 686 A. PROCEDURAL INTEREST GROUPS ............................................................. 687 B. TRIMMING BETWEEN PROCEDURAL INTEREST GROUP PREFERENCES ...... 689 C. SOME FINAL OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED ................................................... 706 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................... 710 By leaving the meaning of a statute—or procedural rule—undecided, ambiguous appellate decisions create space for lower courts to adopt a blend of conflicting approaches, yielding an average result that trims between competing preferences. While compromising in this way may seem to flout basic norms of good judging, this Article shows that opaque “compromise” opinions have -
Inference Procedures Based on Order Statistics
INFERENCE PROCEDURES BASED ON ORDER STATISTICS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jesse C. Frey, M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Prof. H. N. Nagaraja, Adviser Prof. Steven N. MacEachern Adviser ¨ ¨ Prof. Omer Ozturk¨ Graduate Program in Prof. Douglas A. Wolfe Statistics ABSTRACT In this dissertation, we develop several new inference procedures that are based on order statistics. Each procedure is motivated by a particular statistical problem. The first problem we consider is that of computing the probability that a fully- specified collection of independent random variables has a particular ordering. We derive an equal conditionals condition under which such probabilities can be computed exactly, and we also derive extrapolation algorithms that allow approximation and computation of such probabilities in more general settings. Romberg integration is one idea that is used. The second problem we address is that of producing optimal distribution-free confidence bands for a cumulative distribution function. We treat this problem both in the case of simple random sampling and in the more general case in which the sample consists of independent order statistics from the distribution of interest. The latter case includes ranked-set sampling. We propose a family of optimality criteria motivated by the idea that good confidence bands are narrow, and we develop theory that makes the identification and computation of optimal bands possible. The Brunn-Minkowski Inequality from the theory of convex bodies plays a key role in this work.