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The Efficiency Improving of Traction Drive Test Bench with Supercapacitor Energy Storage System Journal of Mathematics and System Science 2 (2012) 570-575 D DAVID PUBLISHING The Efficiency Improving of Traction Drive Test Bench with Supercapacitor Energy Storage System Genadijs Zaleskis and Viesturs Brazis Institute of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Riga Technical University, 1 Kronvalda blvd., Riga LV-1010, Latvia Received: July 03, 2012 / Accepted: August 20, 2012 / Published: September 25, 2012. Abstract: For development of passenger electrical transport, it is necessary to use energy more rationally. One of methods of vehicle power efficiency increase is installation of on-board energy storage systems. For studying of system operation, it is necessary to carry out a lot of experiments, therefore it is favorable to use the test bench and its computer model for reduction of the number of physical experiments. In this article, the results of computer modeling for the optimization of traction drive test bench by adjusting of the operation parameters of supercapacitor energy storage are described. Test bench operation is considered in cases of the energy storage system working at various selected supercapacitor initial voltages. Maximal increase of possibility of vehicle test bench regenerative braking with minimal decrease of autonomous power supply mode possibility is investigated. There is estimated the energy storage system efficiency improving measures dependence from supercapacitor operational voltage ranges. Parameters at which the minimum losses of energy are observed are revealed. Dependence of energy storage system discharge power on the most admissible supercapacitor current is established. Key words: Energy storage, supercapacitor, test bench, computer modeling, passenger electrical transport. 1. Introduction at the wrong choice of parameters or control methods therefore the computer model [12] of the bench by Further development of passenger electrical means of which it is possible to choose the most transport demands more rational use of energy. One of optimum configuration for physical realization is methods of vehicle efficiency increase is installation needed. of ESS (energy storage systems) which task consists Important parameter of system is the supercapacitor in saving of regenerated braking energy and its further charging/discharging current and, respectively use by a vehicle for acceleration, peak energy shaving working voltage range VSC,min – VSC,max which depends and autonomous traction without connection to a on the supercapacitor current. In the previous network, lighting or heating [1-7]. experiments [12-14], the supercapacitor maximum For studying of system operation, it is necessary to current is equal to the maximum current of a traction carry out many experiments. The full-scale drive ISC,max = 40 A. experiments disturb the scheduled traffic, and The main idea of this article is the estimation of therefore could be run only in the off-peak time or energy losses changes in the test bench at change of using special test tracks. Therefore, for ESS research the supercapacitor maximum current limit and the stationary test bench [8-12], which allows operational voltage range. reducing number of real vehicle test runs, is necessary. By means of the test bench Matlab/Simulink model However, even 3-5 kW power range can be dangerous simulation of test bench operation at various current Corresponding author: Genadijs Zaleskis, M.sc. ing., limits and supercapacitor initial voltages is performed. research fields: energy storage, power electronics. E-mail: [email protected]. The Efficiency Improving of Traction Drive Test Bench with Supercapacitor Energy Storage System 571 2. Experimental Section 2.1 Experimental Setup The traction drive test bench has been approved to simulation of Tatra T3MR trams with the following specifications: mass of full loaded tram: 30.2 t; wheel diameter: 0.7 m; gear ratio : 7.36; rated motor speed: 1,720 rpm. Calculated bench scale factors are: KP = 85.5—power scale factor; Kω = 1.255—speed scale factor. The test bench (Fig. 1) contains a DC (direct current) motor, which simulates the tramcar traction drive, and Fig. 1 Traction drive test bench block scheme. an AC (alternating current) induction motor, which simulates the traction drive load. but accumulator batteries can be used to supply The DC motor with rated power 3.7 kW is vehicles systems and support the relatively high connected to the 110 V DC through DC/DC converter distance autonomous traction mode. and diode VD1 which together with the DC power Because the sampling of optimum parameters of the supply is simulating a single-direction traction substation, supercapacitor was the main task of this research, with no possibility for regeneration energy return. The DC modeling of accumulator batteries in this article is not bus is equipped with a large capacitor Cf1—equivalent presented. to the filter capacitor of vehicle traction drive [12]. 2.2 ESS Scaling The traction DC motor is mechanically coupled to the AC induction motor driven by frequency converter As the energy storage the supercapacitor Maxwell which is connected to the 380 V/50 Hz AC network BMOD-0063-P125-B01 with rated capacity 63 F and and is not equipped with a regenerative braking rated voltage VSC,nom = 125 VDC (voltage direct controllable rectifier. The AC drive operates in the current) is used. The supercapacitor braking mode as the load for the traction drive model parameters—capacity and maximum operation DC motor operates in the drive mode. The braking voltage—equal to rated voltage are oversized in energy produced by the load simulator is transferred to relation to the traction power, therefore, the energy the braking resistor Rbr,ac (chosen for long-term storage system scaling was executed [14]. Minimum continuous operation). In the braking mode of the admissible by manufacturer supercapacitor voltage * traction drive model, the load simulator operates in V SC,min is 40% of rated voltage: motor mode [11-13]. , 0.4 , 0.4 125 50 (1) The hybrid energy storage system includes The main parameters of the scaling are the storage supercapacitor and accumulator batteries. The voltage maximum voltage VSC,max, the storage minimum limiter with braking resistor Rbr,dc is used for voltage VSC,min, the supercapacitor maximum current overvoltage prevention on the DC bus. Supercapacitor ISC,max, ESS power PESS and ESS energy EESS. is most favorable for autonomous auxiliary traction, Fig. 2 presents description of the supercapacitor power maximum alignment and braking energy saving, working voltage range. VSC,max and VSC,min are accordingly 572 The Efficiency Improving of Traction Drive Test Bench with Supercapacitor Energy Storage System Table 1 Supercapacitor working voltage ranges. V V , V , I , (A) SCmin SCmin,on V , (V) SCmax SC,max (V) (V) SCmax,off (V) 35 70.3 71.0 74.4 75.1 40 61.5 62.2 66.2 66.9 45 54.7 55.4 60.0 60.7 Fig. 2 Supercapacitor working voltage range. supercapacitor maximum and minimum voltages, VSC,max,off is charge permission voltage, VSC,min,on is discharge permission voltage. If T3MR tramcar it equipped with mentioned in Ref. Fig. 3 Traction current reference. [15] storage with Cvehicle = 33.3 F, VSC,max,vehicle = 450 V, VSC,min,vehicle = 300 V, ISC,max,vehicle = 700 A, then are controlled with the buck and boost topology EESS,vehicle = 1,873 kJ and PESS,vehicle = 210 kW. DC/DC converters [12]. The accumulator battery In Ref. [14], it was concluded that EESS,bench = 21.9 converter is replaced with controllable current source kJ, PESS,bench = 2.46 kW. I_bat, to simulate only battery charge mode [12], but For adaptation of existing energy storage for test within this article battery modeling is not made. bench purposes, the minimum voltage is calculated at 3. Results and Discussion chosen ISC,max , , (2) The Matlab/Simulink simulations have been , then the maximum voltage is performed to simulate, using test bench, a single tram · starting and braking processes in the overhead line , . (3) , , voltage feeding. Fig. 3 presents the reference signal According to Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), Table 1 presents I_ref values for 12 s acceleration, freewheeling and supercapacitor working voltage range depending on braking modes. the ISC,max. The operation time scale is 1:1 with respect to a real tram factory test diagram. 2.3 Matlab/Simulink Model The Matlab/Simulink simulations are made in the The simplified Matlab/Simulink model [12] of the overhead feeding mode with substation voltage 110 test bench is shown in Fig. 4. The controlled voltage VDC. Acceleration, freewheeling and braking modes source CVS (controlled voltage source) and diode D1 were simulated. The most admissible armature simulate the feeding substation, R1 is an equivalent current Iarm = 40 A and power scale factor KP = 85.5 resistance of the overhead line. The voltage limiter is are used. necessary for overvoltage prevention on the DC bus. In Table 2, values of the initial supercapacitor The signal builder blocks I_ref and V_sub are used as voltage VSC,0 chosen for experiments according to the reference signals for the traction current and current ISC,max are shown. substation voltage to simulate different operation It is necessary to consider that different VSC,0 values modes. The traction DC motor is coupled to a load can differently influence on the ESS discharge power simulator. The power flows through ESS and DC motor and energy losses on the braking resistor. The Efficiency Improving of Traction Drive Test Bench with Supercapacitor Energy Storage System 573 Fig. 4 Simplified Matlab/Simulink model of the traction drive test bench with energy storage system. Table 2 VSC,0 values for different ISC,max currents. Iarm—armature current, Vsc—supercapacitor voltage, I = I = I = V SC,max SC,max SC,max Isc—supercapacitor current. SC,0 35 A 40 A 45 A Fig. 6 presents power and energy diagrams of VSC,0<VSCmin, (V) 65 60 50 VSCmin, (V) 70.3 61.5 54.7 mention case, where Ptr and Atr—traction power and VSCmin,on, (V) 71 62.2 55.4 energy, Pbr—braking power, Abr—braking energy VSC,w1, (V) 72 62.3 56 losses, Pess and Aess—ESS power and energy.
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