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Aspects of Salt Tolerance of Salicornia Pacifica Standl. Var. Utahensis

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Aspects of Salt Tolerance of Salicornia Pacifica Standl. Var. Utahensis Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1974-04-01 Aspects of salt tolerance of Salicornia Pacifica standl. arv . Utahensis (Tidestrom) Munz Dennis J. Hansen Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Hansen, Dennis J., "Aspects of salt tolerance of Salicornia Pacifica standl. arv . Utahensis (Tidestrom) Munz" (1974). Theses and Dissertations. 8062. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8062 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. ASPECTSOF SALTTOLERANCE OP'SALICORNIA PACIFICA STANDL.VAR. UTAHENSIS (TIDESTROM) MUNZ. A Thesis Presented to tbe 1,...')... Department ot Botany and Range Science Brigba YoungUlliTersity In Partial Pultillment ot the Require•nts for tbe Degree ot Master of Science Dennis Jay Hansen April 1974 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. Darrell J. Weber for his guidance and encouragement which made this study possible. Additional thanks are also expressed to Dr. Jack D. Brotherson for his influence in gaining an appreciation for the esthetics of botany, and to Dr. w. M. Hess for his encouragement and help with the light microscopy and electron micrographs. Special appreciation is expressed to my wife, Evelyn, and our children, Michael and Tamara, for their patience, love, and encourage- ment. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. GB 31067. iii TABLEOF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. • • . iii TABLEOF CONTENTS• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iv LIST OF TABLES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • vi LIST OF FIGURES• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • vii INTRODUCTION• • • o • • o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 LITERATUREREVIEW • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Taxonomy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Anatomy and Morphology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Germination • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 Salt Tolerance • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Salt Injury.. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 Ion Uptake an.d Distribution • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 Growth and Nutrition • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Osmotic Potentials ••••••••••••••••••••• o 9 Chemical Analysis and EnzymeSensitivity • • • • • • • • • • • 10 Avoidance Mechanisms • • • • • ·• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 Ecology • • • • • • • • o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 METHODSAND MATERIAU>• • • T • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 Description ot the Study Area. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 Analysis ot Soil Samples • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 Moistw;-e Content • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 S oil pH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 Conductivity-resistance Measurements • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 Osmotic Potential of Soil Samples. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 Ion Determination. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 Analysis of Plant Samples. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Osmotic Potential •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Ion Determination • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Crude Protein Analysis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 Gennination •• o ••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 iv V Page Electron and Light Mi.crosco~ ••••••• o. • • • • • • • 21 Uptake and Distribution of 01- •••••••• • • • • • • 0 21 RESULTS•••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Climatic Factors • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Soil Moisture.... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Soil pH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 Ion Content of the Soil. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 Site 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 Site 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• 34 Site 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 Ion Content in Salicornia • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 44 Site 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44 Site 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44 Site 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44 Osmotic Po~ntials in Salicornia • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 Uptake of Cl- ••••• • •• • ••••••••••••• •. 49 Crude Protein Analysis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 Germination of Salicornia pacifica Seeds • • • • • • • • • • • 52 Light and Electron Microscopy. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 58 Phenology and Morphology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63 DISCUSSION• • e e e e O e O e e e e e e e e • e e e e e e • • 70 Germination • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 70 Seasonal Variations of the Environment • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 Ecological Interactions and Plant Distribution • • • • • • • • 74 The Nature of the Fleshy Stem. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76 Physiology or·salt Tolerance • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76 CONCLUSIONS• • • • • • • • • • • • e • • e O O e • e • • • • • • 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY•••••••••••••••oo••••••••• 87 ABSTRACT• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • 92 LIST OF TABIES Table Page 1. Osmotic potentials of four different plants showing the values of the outer and inner "cortex" tissues from the bottom of the shoot to the top of the shoot. • • 48 2. Germination of Salicornia pacifica seeds in three kinds of sodium at various concentrations ••• • • • •• 52 3. Germination of Salicornia pacifica seeds under light and dark treatiiients at 166 C and 30° C •••••• • • • 53 4. Inhibition of germination or Salicornia P(citica seeds as a result of grouping 20 seeds close ogether in one treatment and spacing the seeds separately in the other treatment •••••••• , , •••••••••• 54 s. Germination affected by increasing amounts of inbibitor extract on inhibitor leached and unleached seeds of Salicornia pacifica ••••••••••••••••••• 55 6. Germination of Salicornia ecifica seeds in elutants from five bands of a chro~tographic separation of the inhibitor concentrate ••••••••••••• • • • 57 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Site 3, located one mile east of Goshen, Utah showing a typical stand of Salicornia pacifica •••••••• • ~S 2. Temperatures recorded throughout the growing season • • • 24 3. Relative humidity recorded throughout the growing season~ •••••••••••••••• o •••••• o 25 4. Soil moisture percentages for Sites 11 2, and 3 • • • • • 26 5. Soil pH as recorded for Sites 1, 2, and 3 • • • • • • 0 • 28 6. Soil paste resistance for Site 1 expressed as ohms resistance ••••••••••••••••••• • • • • 30 7. Osmotic potential of saturated soil paste for Site 1 expressed as atmospheres pressure. • • • • • • • • • • • 31 8. Ion content of the soil for the surface ·1ayer of Site 1 expressed as a percentage of the dry- soil. • • • • • • • 32 9. Ion content of the soil for the subsurface layer of Site 1 expressed as a percentage of the dry soil. • • • 33 10. Soil paste resistance for Site 2 expressed as ohms resistance • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 11. Osmotic potential ot saturated soil paste for Site 2 expressed as atmospheres pressure ••••••••• • • • 36 12. Ion content of the soil for the surface layer of Site 2 expressed as a percentage of the dry soil. • • • • • • • 37 13. Ion content of the soil for the subsurface layer of Site 2 expressed as a percentage of the dry soil • • • • 38 14. Soil paste resistance for Site 3 expressed as ohms resistance • • • • • • • ., • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 15. Osmotic potential ot saturated soil paste for Site 3 expressed as atmospheres pressure • • • • • • • • • o o ,41 vii viii Page 16. Ion content of the soil for the surface layer of Site 3 expressed as a percentage of the dry soil. • • • • • • 42 17. Ion content of the soil for the subsurface layer of Site 3 expressed as a percentage of the dry soil. • • • • 43 18. Ion content in Salicornia pacifica for Site l expressed as a percentaee of the dry weight • • • • • • • 45 19. Ion content in Sallcornia pacific& for Site 2 expressed as a percentage of the dry weight • • • • • • • 46 20. Ion content in Salicornia pacifica for Site 3 expressed as a percentage or the dry weight • • • • • • • 47 36 21. Uptake of c1- by Salicornia ~acifica aerial shoots expressed as the average dis ntegrations per minute (dpm) per gram of fresh weight ••••••••••• • • • 50 22. Crude protein content in Salicornia pacifica through the growing season for Sites 1, 2, and J •••••• • • • 23. Light microscopy showing a cross section through the stem of Salicornia pacifica illustrating the central stele and the surrounding inner "cortex." •••••• • • 24. Light microscopy showing a longitudinal view of the striated sclereid-like cell treated with silver acetate to precipitate the chloride ions, which appear as granular particles. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 25. The surface of epidermal cells of Salicornia ecifica showing wax crystals. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 26. Electron micrograph showing an unusual arrangement of the chloroplasts in the chlorenchyma cells. • • • • • • • 62 27. Electron micrograph of chlorenchyma cells ••••• • • • • 64 28. Electron micrograph (top) showing the sclereid-like cells with
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