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The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (Ibcao)

180°

170° 170° KIVAK

ANADYRSKIY

GULF 160° 160° NOME B

e

r i CHUKOTSKIY n

g S PENINSULA t C. Dechneva r Cape Prince of Wales a i t

150° 150° S E VANKAREM T A T CHUKCHI A S C D I Chaunskaya Yukon R. R 140° 140° E PEVEK E E G R. N AMBARCHIK T M A R I S A K O N O F R U O B VRANGELYA I

Pt. Barrow ovleR. Colville EAST

130° 130° Indigirka R.

TABOR Martin Pt. SIBERIAN E L F S H R R T F O A U B E 200 O

C Mackenzie Bay 500 SEA Mackenzie R. 1000 1500 S

A S C

N KUCHEROV TERRACE A TUKTOYAKTUK O 200

R

N

T

H I A

W

N N 2000

N 500

O O D I N 1000

R 120°

D A CHUKCHI T I

120° H BEAUFORT A W A B

Y

I B N S S S D A Y A NOVOSIBIRSKIYE IS. L

Great Bear R S

I P D a Lake S h Ca L k pe B G r athurst A o K A E u I B

SEA N of 500

E L E y

200 1000 CHUKCHI a PAULATUK 1500 B R. D P 2000 PLATEAU O

2500 L G Cape Parry G

A 3000 IS. I L

N D D I f A ul A

G I Olenek R. A 500 en ds un m A R P

COPPERMINE ABYSSAL PLAIN MENDELEEV T F t B ai tr S 110° n BANKS o V E i d f n 110° l U n d u an u E G in o N h S PLAIN p P E D ol t V r r A D i n e n ISLAND o b c i l t e A a o E e I n c f D o W S n r i r

o a P t l i L

C e a V t r I s S S E C S T t S

O r e WRANGEL a

a E

R r P E i I i u

l R t A t C ' I M N Q ABYSSALPLAIN A C A E D I P U A A T R R N I

C 200 E K E I I S d N B L n E A N u A D o

S M M N e E L l V I l L L E

lf i v u l 2500

G e N d E T u M E a 100° M t n V

n 3000 200 u L

100° e I o S 2000 e L A N u 500 c D 2000 Khatanga R. s i G TAYMYRSKIY Q S

V I Victoria Strait C H A N N 1500 C K E L O T O Z N

Strait 1000 I N

L Prince Spur D C A PENINSULA I c Gustaf Adolf I M R B

Oden Spur A E Sea I G E S I KING WILLIAM I N Back R. PRINCE OF WALES I I D A PLAIN I A S I A E T Y G N R L L R N I R P A M a BATHURST I R s I F E m E H Z B L u L K ABYSSAL PLAIN L

a E s A s Frank P r A e lin Strait eel Sou r A nd o B n H S E B BOOTHIA w Y a S A

s S i P Y G N n t A PENINSULA r R SOMERSET a L V B i D E t RESOLUTE A C I V A I E O S S E N R 200 ISLAND M L S O

L P E 3000 a P AXEL HEIBERG Pyasina R. i rin L t h c A O N o e o Re E 85° 80° 75° 70° 65°

90°W g 2500 NORTH POLE S 90°E B e 2500 f nt N K o I nl I f et ISLAND N K N l D I

u D 2000 A A G BRODEUR DEVON 1500 O R O N I N T R NORIL'SK PENINS L V O U UL J S G A L H G 1000 o P S a O

n N n EUREKA 2000

e c L s

200 a

A 500

Roes s CENTRAL W 1500 U el S S c t M Yenisey R.

ome S ISLAND A e

oun o

d E 1000 S

200 u

r u

L Y KARA RISE

n n L

S E 500 d M d S O M B UST PORT E o L V M A u E I L L R E B E n P E N I I S L A N 200 L N S U d D SOUTHHAMPTON L A A S

T 500 1500

500 1000 N KARA ISLAND 200 E

R S T 4000 . D A N A N N A

2000 B T BYLOT I R O N a r e ALERT U s S t LINCOLN G r a i t H GYDANSKY N E

500 Kane 3000 SEA Basin SEA S Channel A

80°

-200 of Taz 80° se ay Foxe Channel Ri ZEMLYA B

p N PENINSULA L 0 u -200 s FOXE Je 200 rris FRANTSA Ostrov

K N Mo

500 U 500 500 Belyy 1000 500 D A S R A N G S M IOSIFA u l U VORONOV f o BASIN 1500 L S O Y f O S PLATEAU 4000 A b A E 1000 N

I N V M 200 U A 200 L 500 L 2000 A N A G D P E Y N BAFFIN E I N NOVYY PORT A S N N U L 500 A NYDA

K Z 200 O

O 200 I 200 200 E 0 S 200 V M T L F BAY A

500 Y a

a r 200 K

Y A f K K 200 200 o

YERMAK 200 y

500 500 a Y

F Y B 500 A

D

S S T 200 PLATEAU

N

T T R

-200 A A Z O L

70° U D -200 E 70° s G 200 I 200 B I M H

I 200 -200 200

V 200 UPERNAVIK 0 L AMDERMA d 500 un -200 -200 K R. o I Y S N ch I. d R Vayga n A E la r 500 e D b T E Molloy SPITSBERGEN

m Hole u I 200 R C

A F BARENTS A 0 BELGICA G 500 H R 1000

N BANK o 200 v

200 T UUMMANNAQ O g 500 0 a

-200 K 200 200 a 200

S DISKO r d

500 -200 1500 R i 0 L d g e 200 S Bay I K of N D D A Pechora V B N N E BOREAS S 200 A A A E 200 L E 60° L N ABYSSAL PLAIN G 500 D 1000 GREENLAND 60° s s ÿYA X SEA

X 200 BJØRNÿYABJØRN I

N Kolguyev

1000

1500 ANK

SISIMIUT K A 1500 BBANK I. 0 0 I N I NI T 2000 A Ø 1000 2500 K R S 3000 Pechora R. I TH E R R O D SEA N BANK

E H 500

1000 C 200 GREENLAND

R 200 F -200 G ØØ

200Bj rn ya R N 200 G O ABYSSAL PLAINPLAIN N K

O 1500 Bay K 0 MURMAN RISE of Tscheskai G 200

1000 NUUK 500

1500

2000

0

1500 200 Bay 50° Nordkapp ÿ of 1000 50° Mezen

500 2500 VARD

500 1500 MEZEN

2000

1000 500 MURMANSK K 200 J Mezen R.

a A K I Y 1500 E L S n N KO 1500 g G L A N D e M D A X s rt I N I 500 it A FUGLØY T I A ti Y R U L A E I S vaq E BANK P E N I N S 500 R N 200 C H S S F N N G R H 500 K O A O E C A E AMMASSALIK T M JanMayen U R T T 2000 E S E Y Z I K O NORWEGIAN

200 N 1000 E E ÿ s H ARKHANGELSK 1500 I S TROMS S Bayof

V 1000 200 G 200

200 500 G lakcha D Gulfof Ka nda Duna W Sev Dvina R. K I 1000 I DUMSHAF R 1000 R E RIDGE U D N 40° N E 1500 E PLAIN R ICELANDIC ABYSSAL PLAIN 40° Y

F G

500 R A A

500 E T O 1500 2000 R B G E I M ay of O N NL BASIN nega A A PLATEAU I O 500 N N D R A K - KOLBEINSEY RIDGE IC T J 1500 1000 E Scale: 1:6 000 000 L S G M A 2000 N : Polar stereographic D RØST K R E O BELOMORSK Standard parallel: 75° N IS R E BANK Vestfjorden 2500 A I Horizontal datum: WGS 84 M W KEMI Nunap Isua N 200 E E A U (Kap Farvel) D A T Solid under the Greenland ice cap has P L R G been derived as contours from the Bamber et al [2001] E I N GULF 30° R N O 30° 5x5 km grid model and added to the chart as dashed AKUREYRI G V O OF contours (-500, -200, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 m) and a D solid (0 m) contour, all in gray. I N TRAENA 3000 2500 BOTHNIA 2000 R BANK

SEYDISFJÖRDUR Bathymetric contours are at 200, 500, multiples of 500 1000 1500 I S R meters depth to 3000 meters, and multiples of 1000 REYKJAVIK L I meters deeper than 3000 meters. Depths are in corrected A 500 G meters (lake depths are not indicated). N E D Rÿ RVIK 20° A 20°

200 SVERIGE Bathymetric and topographic tints (heavy bars denote contours displayed on the map) HALTEN BANK 200

-5000 -4000 -3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 -200 -100 -50 -25 -10 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1000 (Meters) 10° 10°

0°

THE INTERNATIONAL OF THE (IBCAO)

Map Production data were checked. Suspicious soundings were removed and, where contours showed major discrepancies Compiled by Data Contributions IHO Data Center for Digital , U.S. National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Constructed from an assemblage of digital and analog information, this map is a modern version of Sheet with soundings, the contours were adjusted manually to agree with trackline data. Martin Jakobsson*, University of New Hampshire, USA The IBCAO compilation is based upon data sets that were acquired and/or provided by the organizations Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado. 5.17 of the General Bathymetric Chart of the (GEBCO) [Canadian Hydrographic Service, 1979]. listed below, and which were made available through individuals whose names are shown. References are IOC, IHO, and BODC, 1997, GEBCO-97: The 1997 Edition of the GEBCO Digital Atlas, published on behalf of After inspection all data sets were exported to an XYZ coordinate system for further manipulation with GMT Ron Macnab*, Geological Survey of Canada (Retired) also listed for the published maps and digital compilations that were used. We thank the contributors of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (of UNESCO) and the International Hydrographic Bathymetric and other information (Generic Mapping Tools) public domain software [Wessel and Smith, 1995]. Initially, the data sets were pre- Norman Cherkis*, Five Oceans Consultants, USA these data sets for their assistance in making this compilation possible. Organization as part of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO): British Oceanographic Data Centre, Birkenhead (this publication includes a CD-ROM). The information used in the construction of this map consisted of: historic and recent under-ice soundings processed with the GMT block-median filter, after which they were gridded at a cell size of 2.5 x 2.5 km by Hans-Werner Schenke*, Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany Seifert, T., and Kayser, B, 1995, A high resolution spherical grid topography of the : collected by submarines of the United States and the ; historic and recent observations fitting a surface of continuous curvature to all points with a tension parameter set to 0.35. The resulting grid Printed Maps Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte, Institut fur Ostseeforschung, Warnemunde. collected by and drifting ice stations; and information portrayed in published and was exported to Intergraph’s MGE Analyst (MTA) for detailed inspection, and for the identification of Canadian Hydrographic Service, 1979, General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Sheet 5.17: Contributions by U.S. Geological Survey, ed., 1997, GTOPO30 : U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data compilation charts. The locations of these data sets are shown in separate source distribution maps, while discrepancies that had to be addressed in the input data set. The data were then regridded and reinspected Canadian Hydrographic Service, Ottawa, scale 1:6,000,000. Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. data contributors and relevant references are listed in this legend under "Data Contributions". for residual discrepancies. This process was repeated until the results were judged to be satisfactory. Robert Anderson, U.S. Navy Arctic Submarine Laboratory Cherkis, N. Z., Fleming, H. S., Max, M. D., Vogt, P. R., Czarnecki, M. F., Kristoffersen, Y., Midthassel, A., and Harald Brekke, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Rokoengen, K., 1991, Bathymetry of the Barents and Kara : Geological Society of America Map and U.S. National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado. Although extensive, in some areas the database of digital trackline and spot observations contained critical Final visualization of the gridded data was performed by means of the Fledermaus software for three- Bernard Coakley*, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, USA Chart Series, MCH047, Boulder, Colorado, scale 1:2,313,000. dimensional visualization. Artificial illumination was applied to the grid in order to produce a realistic gaps that had to be augmented with information that was only available on paper maps and charts. In the David Divins*, National Geophysical Data Center, USA Head Department of Navigation and , All-Russia Research Institute for Geology and Mineral central , original observations were augmented with contour information derived from a map rendering of relief on the seafloor and on the surrounding land. This procedure also emphasized minor data Resources of the World Ocean (VNIIOkeangeologia), and Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999, Bottom Contributing Organizations published by the Russian Federation Navy [Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography et al., 1999]. problems that had escaped previous corrections, such as isolated observation errors and mis-levelled track Margo Edwards, University of Hawaii, USA relief of the Arctic Ocean: Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography, St. Petersburg, Russia, Canada Canadian Hydrographic Service Similarly, contours extracted from maps published by the Geological Society of America [Perry et al., 1986; segments. These were eliminated from the map image. Valery Fomchenko*, Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography, Russian Federation scale 1:5,000,000. Geological Survey of Canada Cherkis et al., 1991; Matishov et al., 1995] were used in and in the Barents and Kara Seas. On the Garrik Grikurov*, VNIIOkeangeologia, Russian Federation Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography, 1989-1998, Hydrographic Charts: 11139, 11140, 11142, Denmark Royal Danish Administration of Navigation and : Nielsen, A. Germany Alfred Wegener Institute adjacent to Siberia, soundings were extracted from a suite of navigational charts published Grid Availability and Format Jennifer Harding, Geological Survey of Canada 11143, 11150, 11152, 11155, 12230, 12334, 12335, 12344, 12348, 12401, 12404, 12407, 12417, 12428, by the Russian Federation Navy, and used to develop contours. Bathymetry in the Gulf of Bothnia was The grid that was used for the construction of this map can be obtained in two forms: Cartesian with a cell size 12433, 13317, 13410, 13420, 13421, 13425, 13426, 13432, 14305, 14321, 14403, 14404, 14411, 14420, Iceland Icelandic Hydrographic Service derived from a compilation by Seifert and Kayser [1995]. Contours were extracted from the GEBCO Digital of 2.5 x 2.5 km at 75ºN, and Geographic with a cell size of one minute of latitude by one minute of longitude. Hilmar Helgason*, Icelandic Hydrographic Service 14421, 14427, 14433, 14434, 15430, 16442, 18330, 19448, 19453, 698, 948-955, scale 1:10,000 to Norway Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Atlas (GDA) [IOC, IHO, and BODC, 1997] to supplement the database in the southern Norwegian-Greenland These grids, along with detailed descriptions of their formats and the techniques employed in their Martin Klenke, Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany 1:700,000. Russia Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography Seas, in , and in some areas of the Canadian Arctic. preparation, can be downloaded at: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/arctic/arctic.html Morten Sand*, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Matishov, G. G., Cherkis, N. Z., Vermillion, M. S., and Forman, S. L., 1995, Bathymetry of the Franz Josef Land VNIIOkeangeologia Area: Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series, MCH080, Boulder, Colorado, scale 1:500,000. Stockholm University John Woodward*, Royal Danish Administration of Navigation and Hydrography Land relief was derived from the USGS GTOPO30 topographic model [U.S. Geological Survey, 1997], with the Acknowledgments Perry, R. K., Fleming, H. S., Weber, J. R., Kristoffersen, Y., Hall, J. K., Grantz, A., Johnson, G. L., Cherkis, N. Z., Swedish Polar Committee: Hedberg, D. Swedish Polar Secretariat: Karlqvist, A. exception of Greenland, where the model developed by the Danish National Survey and Cadastre (KMS) was Numerous individuals and institutions contributed to the construction of this map. George Newton of the and Larsen, B., 1986, Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean: Geological Society of America Map and Chart United Kingdom Royal Navy Submarine Force used [Ekholm, 1996], and Alaska, where release 1.1 of the GLOBE topographic model was used [GLOBE Task U.S. Arctic Research Commission was instrumental to the release of historic submarine data. The following *Members of the IOC/IASC/IHO Editorial Board for IBCAO Series, MC-56, Boulder, Colorado, scale 1:4,704,075. United States Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory: Hunkins, K., Coakley, B., Langseth, M., and Hall, J.K. Team, 1999]. Coastline definition was provided by the World Vector Shoreline (WVS) in all areas except arranged support on behalf of their respective agencies: Odd Rogne of the International Arctic Science National Geophysical Data Center: Sharman, G. and Loughridge, M.S. Greenland and northern Ellesmere Island, where an updated coastline was available from KMS. Committee (IASC); Dmitri Travin of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); Rear Admiral Digital Compilations Naval Research Laboratory: Crane, K., Fleming, H. S., Cherkis, N.Z., and Kovacs, L. C. Neil Guy of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO); Commander John Joseph and Chris Butler of Bamber, J.L., Layberry, R.L., and Gogenini, S.P., 2001, A new ice thickness and bed data set for the U.S. Geological Survey: Grantz, A. Methods the U.S. Office of Naval Research International Field Office; Anders Karlqvist of the Swedish Polar Secretariat; Greenland ice sheet 1: Measurement, data reduction, and errors. Journal of Geophysical Research v. U.S. Navy Submarine Force Original soundings were corrected for sound velocity using Carter's Tables, or CTD (Conductivity, Dick Hedberg of the Swedish Polar Committee; Jan Backman of Stockholm University. The Ymer-80 106, no. D24, p. 33773-33780. Temperature and Depth) profiles where available. Subsequently, all data (digitized isobaths; land and marine Foundation funded digitizing of contour maps. NOAA Grant NA97OG0241 supported the contribution by Ekholm, S., 1996, A full coverage, high-resolution, topographic model of Greenland computed from a variety relief grids; point, profile and swath observations; and vector shorelines) were imported into Intergraph's Martin Jakobsson in the preparation of this map . John K. Hall of the Geological Survey of Israel, G. Leonard of digital elevation data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, no. B10, p. 21,961-21,972. Key Software Applications Geomedia Professional, with projection parameters set to polar stereographic on the WGS 84 ellipsoid, and Johnson of the University of Alaska, and George F. Sharman of NOAA/NGDC reviewed the printed version of GLOBE Task Team, 1999, The Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) Digital Elevation Model, GMT (Generic Mapping Tools): Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, 1995, New Version of the Generic with true scale at 75º N. Outliers, cross-track errors, and the fit between isobaths and original observation the IBCAO map. This map was printed with support from ONR Grant N00014-2-02-1-1120. Version 1.0. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, Mapping Tools Released, EOS Trans. AGU, 76, 329. Boulder, Colorado. IVS (Interactive Visualization Systems): Fledermaus 3D visualization and analysis software Intergraph:Geomedia Professional, MGE Terrain Analyst (MTA) Research Publication RP-2 National Geophysical Data Center Boulder, Colorado USA 80305 2004

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