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Home , Jonas Salk, Robert Koch

Chapter 1

History & Trends of Health Care Primitive Beings(4000-3000BC) a. Humans were very superstitious i. Illness and disease were punishments from the gods b. Many treatments were actually harmful c. Herbs and plants were used as i. Ex: Morphine from the poppy plant Ancient Egyptians (3000-300BC) a. First to record health records b. Priests were the physicians/doctors c. Created embalming d. Used leaches (bloodletting) as treatment Ancient Egyptians e. Eye of Horus i. Magic Eye ii. Amulet used to guard against diseases, suffering, and evil Ancient Chinese (1700BC- AD220) a. Believe in the need to treat the whole body i. Still used today in the form of holistic health methods b. Used therapies such as acupuncture Ancient Greeks (1200- 200BC) a. First to study the of disease b. Diseases were caused by lack of sanitation c. Hippocrates i. Known as the Father of Medicine Ancient Greeks D. Rod of Asclepius i. Greek symbol associated with medicine & healing ii. Symbol consists of a staff entwined by a single serpent iii. Caduceus symbol is often mistaken as the medical symbol but is actually the symbol of commerce Ancient Romans (200 BC – 500AD) a. Developed a sanitation symptom i. Built sewers to carry waste away and aqueducts for clean water b. Established the first hospitals i. Physicians cared for injured soldiers or ill people in their homes Dark Ages 400–800 AD a. During this time the study of medicine stopped b. Went back to unsanitary conditions c. Epidemics were rampant i. Small pox, dysentery, typhus, and measles d. Monks and priests stressed prayer to treat illnesses Middles Ages 800-1400 AD a. Renewed interest in medical procedures b. Crusaders spread disease c. Medical universities were created to train physicians Middle Ages Cont. d. Pandemic: Epidemic that spreads over a wide geographical area affecting a large part of the population i. Bubonic Plague 1. Killed almost 75% of the population of Europe and Asia e. Rhazes: Arab physician i. Based diagnosis on observations Renaissance 1350–1650 AD a. Known as the rebirth of the science and the arts b. Dissection lead to increased knowledge of the human body c. Leonardo da Vinci i. Used dissection to draw the body accurately d. Invention of the printing press lead to medical knowledge being shared 16th and 17th Centuries a. i. Described the circulation of blood b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek i. Invented the microscope ii. Allowed physicians to see organisms that were too small to be seen by the human eye c. Apothecaries: early pharmacists i. Made, prescribed, and sold medications 18h Century and beyond a. i. Developed the b. Gabriel Fahrenheit i. Created the first mercury thermometer c. Joseph Priestly i. Discovered the element of oxygen d. Benjamin Franklin i. Invented bifocals for glasses e. Rene Laennec i. Invented the stethoscope ii. Allowed physicians to listen to internal body sounds f. Florence Nightingale i. Established sanitary nursing care units for injured soldiers ii. Known as the found of modern nursing g. Elizabeth Blackwell i. First female physician in the United States ii. Started the first Women’s Medical College in New York h. Clara Barton i. Founded the American Red Cross i. i. Known as the Father of ii. Developed culture plate method to identify pathogens j. i. Pasteurized milk to destroy pathogens ii. Created vaccine for rabies k. Gregory Mendel i. Established the principles of heredity l. Wilhelm Roentgen i. Discovered X- Rays m. and i. Discovered the structure of DNA n. Marie Curie i. Isolated radium o. Sigmund Freud i. Studies founded the basis for the consciousness and unconsciousness p. Sir i. Discovered penicillin q. i. Discovered the vaccine