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Euplagia Quadripunctaria (Poda, 1761) – Falena Dell'edera

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Euplagia Quadripunctaria (Poda, 1761) – Falena Dell'edera SCHEDA DI RICONOSCIMENTO Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda, 1761) – Falena dell’Edera (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) Identificazione. Euplagia quadripunctaria è una falena di medie dimensioni (apertura alare: 45–50mm) facilmente riconoscibile: le ali anteriori, che a riposo assumono una forma triangolare quasi perfetta, sono di colore nero con striature trasversali bianche che formano una “v” nella parte apicale. Le ali posteriori sono di colore rosso/arancio acceso con una serie di macchie nere. Il capo, di colore di fondo nero, è ornato da disegni gialli, gli occhi sono neri e l’addome arancione con piccole macchie nere al centro di ogni segmento. La specie potrebbe essere confusa con alcune della stessa sottofamiglia (Arctiinae) appartenenti al genere Arctia che hanno una colorazione simile (ali anteriori di colore scuro con macchie e/o striature chiare, ali posteriori gialle o arancioni e corpo dello stesso colore con macchie scure sui segmenti), ma un esame attento del disegno alare permette di distinguerle facilmente. Il bruco di Euplagia quadripunctaria è nero con bande longitudinali gialle laterali e mediodorsale e tubercoli arancioni provvisti di setole. Biologia ed ecologia. La specie, abbastanza comune in Italia e diffusa in tutte le regioni con esclusione della Sardegna, predilige le aree boschive con microclima fresco e umido ed è possibile reperirla in diverse tipologie ambientali ma preferenzialmente con vegetazione ripariale, tra il livello del mare e i 1500 m. Gli adulti sono attivi sia di giorno che di notte tra luglio e ottobre ed è facile osservarli bottinare sui fiori di Eupatorium cannabinum e Sambucus ebulus; durante le ore più calde della giornata si riparano in luoghi ombrosi. I bruchi si nutrono di diverse piante erbacee (Lamium, Epilobium, Corylus, Rubus, Lonicera, Sarothamnus, Urtica).La specie è nota soprattutto per gli spettacolari fenomeni di aggregazione a cui dà luogo in alcune valli nel Mediterraneo orientale, come nella “Valle delle Farfalle” nell’isola di Rodi, in cui migliaia di adulti si riuniscono durante il periodo estivo. Adulto di Euplagia quadripunctaria Distribuzione in Italia © S. Corezzola Aggregazione di adulti di E. quadripunctaria Larva di E. quadripunctaria Tubercolo arancione © C. Delgado © Leyo SCHEDA INFORMAZIONI GENERALI Lepidotteri: farfalle e falene COME È FATTO UN LEPIDOTTERO • Caratteristiche: insetti dotati di Spiritromba Scaglie pigmentate «proboscide» (spiritromba) per succhiare il nettare dei fiori e dotati di ali coperte di scaglie pigmentate. • In Italia ci sono 289 specie di farfalle diurne (31 protette dalla Direttiva http://remf.dartmouth.edu/images/insectP art3SEM/source/3.html Habitat) e oltre 5000 specie di falene (6 protette dalla Direttiva Habitat). Capo ovideposizione Torace Addome Falene - Antenne Farfalle - Antenne filiformi clavate sfarfallamento (metamorfosi) Bugboy52.40 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, © Panonikus © S. Corezzola https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6977414 GLOSSARIO Bottinare: raccogliere il nettare dai fiori (riferito agli insetti impollinatori). Congenere: specie che appartiene allo stesso genere di un'altra specie (es. Lucanus cervus e Lucanus tetraodon). Dimorfismo sessuale: fenomeno per il quale gli individui dei due sessi presentano differenze di tipo morfologico, dovute a quelli che sono definiti caratteri sessuali. Esempio di dimorfismo sono le mandibole ipersviluppate dei maschi di Lucanus cervus, oppure la differente lunghezza delle antenne nei cerambicidi (generalmente molto più lunghe nei maschi). Ecotono: è un ambiente di transizione, di origine naturale o antropica, tra due ambienti differenti (es. zona umida/ boschetto ripariale; bosco / siepi / prateria, ecc). Fitofaga: è una specie animale che si nutre di vegetali. In particolare, alcuni insetti possono avere un apparato boccale specializzato a nutrirsi di vegetali: prelevando il contenuto di singole cellule, erodendo porzioni di tessuto oppure sottraendo liquidi interni. Adulto Generazione: insieme di individui di una specie nati nello stesso periodo, che hanno la stessa età. Alcune specie possono avere più di una generazione all’anno. Igrofila: una specie animale o vegetale legata ad ambienti umidi. Livrea: colori/colorazione/pattern di una specie animale. Ripariale: che ha il proprio habitat naturale sulle rive di corsi e specchi d’acqua. Setola/microsetola: struttura filiforme di dimensioni variabili, pelo. Le setole spesso ricoprono parti o interi segmenti del corpo degli insetti e possono avere funzione sensoriale. Sphragis: dal greco ‘sigillo’. Sigillo formato da una sostanza collosa secreta dai maschi di alcune farfalle durante l’accoppiamento e deposta sulla parte terminale dell’addome delle femmine (segmenti genitali) in modo da impedire successivi accoppiamenti. Spiracolo: stigma. Apertura mediante la quale il sistema respiratorio degli insetti comunica e scambia gas con l’esterno del corpo. Scaglie: formazioni tegumentarie che ricoprono le ali delle farfalle e che conferiscono loro colorazioni caratteristiche. Svernamento: il trascorrereLarval’inverno in attesa di condizioni climatiche migliori. AdPupaesempio alcune specie di insetti lo passano da adulti o da larve in uno stadio di inattività in rifugi temporanei mentre altre svernano o come uova o migrando. Xerotermica: si definisce xerotermica un’area arida e con temperature più elevate rispetto alle aree circostanti. Xerotermofila: si definisce xerotermofila una specie adattata ad ambienti xerotermici..
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