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Italian Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne Spp Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2012 Assessment of Herbicides for Control of Non-Native Species: Italian Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne Spp. Multiflorum), rT opical Spiderwort (Commelina Benghalensis), and Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum Viarum) Ernest Kwaku Kraka Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Kraka, Ernest Kwaku, "Assessment of Herbicides for Control of Non-Native Species: Italian Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne Spp. Multiflorum), rT opical Spiderwort (Commelina Benghalensis), and Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum Viarum)" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 777. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/777 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Automated Template B: Created by James Nail 2011V2.01 Assessment of herbicides for control of non-native species: Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum), tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis), and tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) By Ernest Kwaku Kraka A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Weed Science in the Department of Plant and Soil Science Mississippi State, Mississippi December 2012 Copyright by Ernest Kwaku Kraka 2012 Assessment of herbicides for control of non-native species: Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum), tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis), and tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) By Ernest Kwaku Kraka Approved: _________________________________ _________________________________ John D. Byrd, Jr. Howard W. Chambers Extension/Research Professor of Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant and Soil Sciences Biology, Entomology, and Plant (Director of Dissertation) Pathology (Minor Professor) _________________________________ _________________________________ Joseph H. Massey John D. Madsen Associate Professor of Plant and Soil Associate Extension/Research Professor Sciences of Geosystems Research Institute (Committee Member) (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Charles T. Bryson William L. Kingery Adjunct Assistant Professor of Professor of Plant and Soil Sciences Plant and Soil Sciences (Graduate Coordinator) (Committee Member) _________________________________ George Hopper Dean of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Name: Ernest Kwaku Kraka Date of Degree: December 15, 2012 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Weed Science Major Professor: John D. Byrd Jr. Title of Study: Assessment of herbicides for control of non-native species: Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum), tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis), and tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) Pages in Study: 97 Candidate for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Herbicides were evaluated for control of non-native and invasive plants namely tropical soda apple (TSA) (Solanum viarum), tropical spiderwort or Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis), and Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum) from 2007 to 2012 in greenhouse at Plant Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville-Mississippi. In TSA study, aminopyralid at 0.88 or 0.12 kg ae/ha, and triclopyr + picloram + 2,4-D at (0.56 + 0.15 + 0.56) kg ae/ha controlled TSA seedlings emergence ranged from 83 to 96% at premergence (PRE), and 1 month after treatments (MAT). All herbicides failed to provide more than 63% control of TSA at 3 and 6 MAT. In Benghal dayflower study, bentazon, bromoxynil, chlorimuron ethyl plus tribenuron methyl, dimethenamid-P, nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron, primisulfuron- methyl, S-metolachlor plus glyphosate plus mesotrione, and sulfosulfuron provided less than 50% control of Benghal dayflower during 6 weeks of evaluation whereas other herbicides: aminocyclopyrachlor (34-96%) ametryn (2-55%), atrazine (2-68%), diclosulam (12-67%), flumioxazin (59-83%), saflufenacil (24-78%), and sulfentrazone (67-96%) provided variable control of Benghal dayflower. In Italian ryegrass study, 50 seeds of F1 generation of resistant biotype ’49E’ and susceptible biotypes ‘Gulf’ and ‘Marshall’ of Italian ryegrass which were previously grown in mixture were used. Each biotype’s F1 generation responce to imazapyr at 0, 1, and 2% under PRE, early post emergence (EPOST) and late postemergence (LPOST) was evaluated. At PRE, imazapyr at 1 and 2% reduced ‘49E’ seedlings emerged 3 and 18%, respectively, but both rates failed to have any significant impact on fresh biomass weight compared to untreated. At EPOST, survival of ‘49E’ shoots were reduced 3 to 10% by both rate of imazapyr whereas only imazapyr at 1% caused 0.74 to 3.8 % fresh biomass reduction. At LPOST, ‘49E’ shoot survival was reduced 9 to 12% by both rate of imazapyr whereas both rate of imazapyr reduced ‘49E’ fresh biomass 3 to 31%. In all the PRE, EPOST, and LPOST experiments, ‘Gulf’ and ‘Marshall’ were still susceptible to the imazapyr. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mother Rosina Ama Yawobani (81 years old), my late father Nelson Anku Kraka, and my grandmother Apollonian Diali Pidah (107 years old) whose sacrifices and unflinching support throughout my formative years inspired me to be a better person in all aspects of life; and also to my siblings, Rev. Fr. Raphael Tawiah, John Attah Agbeko, and Emmanuel Koku Kraka whose selfless nature, encouragement, and financial support enabled me achieve this academic milestone. I am proud of you all and I sincerely appreciate your love and kindness and may God bless you all. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To God be the glory for leading me so far to this ladder of my academic journey. First and foremost, I would like to express my heart felt appreciation to Dr. John D. Byrd Jr. my major advisor for his patience, motivation, guidance, support as well as knowledge imparted me ever since I became his graduate student thoroughout the successful completion of this Ph.D. degree. I would also want to express my profound gratitude to Dr. Howard W. Chambers, my minor advisor. Besides, I am grateful to my committee members Drs. Joseph H. Massey, John D. Madsen, and Charles T. Bryson for their time, encouragements, and comments that helped shape this study and my entire academic life at this noble academic institution. I appreciate all the assistance and contribution given to me by Mr. James Taylor and Stanley Self (former) of Department of Plant and Soil Sciences towards my research in the greenhouse. My similar appreciation goes to Dr. Dennis Rowe, Statistician, for his assistance and guidance in my data analysis. I would also like to thank Mississippi Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry for providing necessary permit for conducting research on these invasive plants: tropical soda apple, and Benghal dayflower. Several people who have had a colossal influence on my life deserve thanks as well, so I would like to express my gratitude to my family: Salome Tsevi and Veronica Tsevi (aunts), Mr. Martin K. Tsevi (uncle); Clara Klu, Salome Klu, Eliplim Kraka, Cephas Attah Quashi (siblings); Florence Kudzonu, Evenlyn Adjagah, Pa Christian iii Cobbinah, Papa Eshun F. Cobbinah, Richard Tsevi, Jerry Yevu, and Mr. Ben K. Hotor (cousins) for their inspiration, prayers, encouragements and financial supports throughout my academic life. Finally my sincere thanks also go to Dr. Peter Y. Ampim (for introducing me to Mississippi State University), Ms. Dzifa Kugbega, Mrs. Esenam Ampim, Mrs Suzie Yanney, Michael Yanney, Joseph F. Morrison, Mawunyo D. Owu, Francis Akwetey, Sebastian T. Agbozo, Edem Mawuko, George A. Agana, Ishahu Abubakari, Herve Sanghapi, members of African Students Association of Mississippi State University, 2007 to 2012, and Starkville Multicultural Lions Club, 2008 to 2012 for their help and encouragement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 Tropical soda apple ............................................................................................9 Benghal dayflower ...........................................................................................15 Italian ryegrass .................................................................................................21 Literature Cited ................................................................................................29 II. RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON GERMINATION OF TROPICAL SODA APPLE (Solanum viarum) ...................................44 Abstract ............................................................................................................44 Introduction ......................................................................................................45 Materials and Methods .....................................................................................51
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