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People's Local Knowledge of Climate Change in the Middle-Hills of Nepal

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People's Local Knowledge of Climate Change in the Middle-Hills of Nepal Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 12 (4), October 2013, pp. 585-595 People’s local knowledge of climate change in the Middle-Hills of Nepal *Tarit Kumar Baul1, KM Atique Ullah2, Krishna Raj Tiwari3 & Morag A McDonald4 1Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; 2Pubali Bank Limited, Chittagong, Bangladesh;3Institute of Forestry, Pokhora, Nepal; 4School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK E-mails: *[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received 26.03.13, revised 31.07.13 In the Pokhare Khola watershed of Dhading district in the Middle-Hills of Nepal, almost all farmers perceived that summers are becoming hotter and longer while 81% of interviewed farmers responded that winters are becoming warmer and shorter. During the period of 1978 - 2008, the overall temperature has risen about 0.20C. Summer temperatures have fluctuated, but mean winter temperature has generally increased over this time. Meteorological data corroborates the farmers’ perceptions. Annual and monsoon season rainfall was highly variable over the last 30 years, with the lowest mean monsoon rainfall (212 mm) in 1990 and the highest (646 mm) in 1999. Farmers observed that duration of the rainy season has decreased from four to two months. The reduction in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production due to shorter winters and insufficient post-monsoon rain was evident. Changes in annual rainfall pattern and resulting water shortages also lowered the millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] production. The appearance of advancing phenological development in trees (flowering 10 - 25 days earlier), and earlier ripening of some crops were often cited as impacts of change in climate. Household survey and interview, group discussions, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools, viz. trend analysis, and problem ranking were conducted to gather the observations and experiences on climate change perceived by local people. Moreover, local meteorological data was analyzed to see the trend of changes in rainfall and temperature. Keywords: Erratic rainfall, Impact, Meteorology, Phenology, Production, Monsoon IPC Int. Cl.8: G01W 1/14, G01S 13/95, A01H 3/00, G08, G01L 5/00, E04H 9/16 Now a days, due to global warming, climate is temperature increase between 1977 and 1994 of changing rapidly, with adverse effects including 0.060C 1,3. Warming in the Himalayas has been much excessive and uneven rainfall, flood, longer droughts, higher than the global average of 0.740C over the landslides and cyclones, with impacts on forests, last 100 yrs. Recent studies have shown that Nepal’s agriculture, environment and human lives. Climate temperature is rising at a particularly high rate, changei is therefore considered one of the main about 0.41ºC per decade4, and that the mean annual threats to the earth’s environment and to humankind. temperature is expected to increase by 2.90C by Scientists generally concur that global climate change the middle of the 21st century5. In reference to is occurring, that it is caused by human activities, climate change at local scale, therefore, our study and that it has wide ranging impacts at different conducted in Nepal is relevant and important1,6. 1 scales . In Asia, climate change is affecting many Five physiographic zones are recognized in sectors. In agriculture, crop yields are expected to Nepal. The Middle Mountains, or “Middle-Hills” decline by 5 - 30% by the 2050s due to rising (200–3000 masl), form the central belt, characterized temperatures in the Himalayas, and this will lead as a network of ridges and valleys with less than to increased severe food insecurity at a local 5% flat area. This zone occupies about 30% of 1,2 scale, including in Nepal . Over the next 20 yrs a Nepal’s total land area, supports over 30% of the 0 1. temperature increase of 0.2 C per decade is expected country’s forests, and hosts about 44% of its In Nepal warming after the mid-1970s seems to be population7. The close interrelationship between consistent and continuous, with an average annual crops, livestock and forests fulfills the livelihood —————— needs of resource-poor farmers and maintains *Corresponding author ecological stability. This relationship is paramount to 586 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 12 (4), OCTOBER 2013 the ‘Nepalese Hill Farming System’, which offers the sustainable management is a crucial dimension of greatest diversity of species and ecosystems in the climate change adaptation and impacts and may be Middle-Hills and among the five physiographic the most effective way to frame the mitigation zones of Nepal8,9. However, in Nepal climate question16. Incorporating local knowledge into climate warming has been much more pronounced in the change policies can lead to the development of Middle-Hills and the high Himalayas than in the effective, cost-effective, participatory, and sustainable Terai and Siwalik regions4. The Middle-Hills region adaptation strategies17. Nevertheless, incorporating is also where population density is highest and, local and indigenous knowledge into climate change consequently, where vulnerability to climate change concerns should not take the place of modern is most pronounced. Notably, poor, marginalized scientific knowledge. Indigenous knowledge should and disadvantaged people are less resilient to climate complement, rather than compete with global change10,11. Hence, this study, assessing the observations, knowledge systems18. Therefore, this study aims to perceptions and knowledge of climate change and explore local perceptions and experiences of climate its effects amongst the people of Nepal’s Middle- changes in conjunction with meteorological data Hills, is particularly relevant. and assessments of climate change impacts on Furthermore, since farmers are the managers and physical and biological systems. Collectively, this ultimate users of a region’s agro-biodiversity and knowledge represents a dynamic information base for resources, farmers’ involvement in assessing climate the scientific community and for policy makers to change and its impacts is vital. Several studies develop strategies for adaptation to constantly have been carried out to enable a better understanding changing and varying climate that will be supported of climate change and its biophysical and social by the general population. effects12. Farmers’ experiences and observations of climate change, including - increased temperatures, Methodology and changing rainfall and wind patterns, as well as year by year phenological changes, and changes in The study site vegetation structure and patterns are also critically Our study site is located about 60 km west of the Kathmandu, between 27046/28// N and 27048/06// important in considering adaptation to climate 0 / // 0 / // 19 change5. Integrating the “civic science” of farmers’ N latitude and 84 53 32 E and 84 55 11 E longitude . perceptions with “formal science” assessments in The Pokhare Khola watershed encompasses Pida addressing climate change, impacts will provide the village of Dhading district in the Central Middle-Hills optimum tools to enable development of climate- of Nepal, extending from the valley at 400 m bottom resilient livelihoods12. “Perception” is the process of to 800 m on the hill slopes; this area constitutes receiving information from the surrounding environment the ‘middle mountain farming system’ (Fig. 1). The and transforming it into physiological awareness13. climate is sub-tropical with mean monthly temperatures 0 People’s knowledge, experiences, culture and other ranging from 13 to 27 C, mean monthly rainfall social factors are reflected in an actor’s behavior from 7 to 341 mm, and average annual rainfall of about a particular situation. Moreover, scientific study nearly 1700 mm, more than 80% of which occurs on climate change could be expensive and time from June to September, as recorded at the nearest consuming for rural people and their livelihoods meteorological station of Dhunibeshi, 30 km away. that encourage local knowledge to be taken into There are three distinct seasons: rainy (wet); winter; consideration to predict, prevent catastrophes and and hot or humid summer20. Cambisols and Luvisols adapt to climate change. Even though this varies with make up the dominant soils in the study area and the individual’s past experiences, observations, and the terrain is steeply sloping21. present attitudes, needs, values, moods, expectations The major land uses in the study area are forestry and social circumstances14,15. and agriculture. Forest land covers about 55% of While the importance of local knowledge has been the watershed area and is an integral part of the recognized in the design and implementation of farming system. Two main cultivation systems are sustainable development projects, little has been done khet, covering about 10% of the watershed area, and to incorporate this recognition into formal climate bari, covering 35%. The khet land consists of change situations. Climate change cannot be divorced bounded and leveled terraces, which are generally from sustainable land and resource management as located near streams and away from households. BAUL et al.: PEOPLE’S LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE 587 total of 148 farm households were selected, from 340 households. The head of the selected households (assumed to be the decision-maker in farming) or their spouse was interviewed
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