DOCSLIB.ORG

Building Climate Change Resilience in Urban Areas and Among Urban Populations in Low- and Middle- Income Nations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Building Climate Change Resilience in Urban Areas and Among Urban Populations in Low- and Middle- Income Nations Building for Climate Change Resilience CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT | JULY 8-13, 2007 Building Climate Change Resilience in Urban Areas and Among Urban Populations in Low- and Middle- Income Nations DAVID SATTERTHWAITE, SALEEMUL HUQ, MARK PELLING, HANNAH REID AND PATRICIA ROMERO-LANKAO This draft was prepared for the Rockefeller most of the urban population live in cities or Foundation. The text draws heavily on a series smaller urban centres ill-equipped for of background papers that are acknowledged in adaptation – with weak and ineffective local the references; this paper and the accompanying governments and with very inadequate provision Annex incorporates sections of text drawn for the infrastructure and services needed to directly from these papers and so parts of this reduce climate-change-related risks and draft are by Debra Roberts (case study on vulnerabilities. A key part of adaptation is Durban’s adaptation strategy), Jorgelina Hardoy adapting infrastructure and buildings, but much and Gustavo Pandiella (background paper on of the urban population in Africa, Asia and Latin Argentina), Karina Martínez, E. Claro and America have no infrastructure to adapt – no all- Hernando Blanco (background paper on Chile), weather roads, piped water supplies or drains – Aromar Revi (background paper on India), and live in poor quality housing in floodplains or Patricia Romero-Lankao (background paper on on slopes at risk of landslides. Most international Latin America), Cynthia B. Awuor, Victor A. agencies have long refused to support urban Orindi and Andrew Adwerah (background paper programmes, especially those that address these on Mombasa) and Mozaharul Alam (background problems. Section IV discusses innovations by paper on Bangladesh/Dhaka). However, the full urban governments and community organizations text of this report has not yet been reviewed by and in financial systems that address such all these authors. This draft was also able to draw problems, including the relevance of recent on preliminary chapters on disasters and disaster- innovations in disaster risk reduction for preparedness for a new Global Report on Human adaptation. But it also notes how few city and Settlements that is being prepared by the UN national governments are taking any action on Human Settlements Programme and the authors adaptation. Section V discusses how local are grateful to this. The authors are also grateful innovation in adaptation can be encouraged and to Alex de Sherbinin and Nicole Volavka-Close supported on a national scale and the funding for comments and suggestions on an earlier draft. needed to support this. Section VI considers the mechanisms for financing this and the larger To reduce the length of this paper, the details ethical challenges that achieving adaptation given in many of the examples were cut – but raises – especially the fact that most climate- these are included in the Annex. change-related urban (and rural) risks are in low- income nations with the least adaptive capacity, Abstract including many that have contributed very little This paper discusses the possibilities for to greenhouse gas emissions. adaptation to climate change in urban areas in low- and middle-income nations. These contain The Big Issues: A Summary a third of the world’s population and a large The last fifty years have brought a 600% increase proportion of the people and economic activities in the urban population in low- and middle- most at risk from sea-level rise and from the heat income nations and a much increased waves, storms and floods whose frequency and/or concentration of people and economic activities intensity climate change is likely to increase. in low-lying coastal zones or other areas at risk Section I outlines both the potentials for from flooding and extreme weather events. Low- adaptation and the constraints, with Section II and middle-income nations now have most of discussing the scale of urban change. Section III the world’s urban population and most of its considers climate change’s direct and indirect largest cities. Even Africa, long-considered a impacts on urban areas and discusses which rural continent, has two-fifths of its population in nations, cities and population groups are urban areas – and a larger urban population than particularly at risk. This highlights how North America. The last fifty years have also prosperous, well-governed cities can generally brought a very large increase in the number of adapt, at least for the next few decades, assuming urban dwellers living in poverty, lacking global efforts at mitigation successfully halt and provision for the basic infrastructure and services then reverse global greenhouse gas emissions. But that should protect them from environmental 1 Building for Climate Change Resilience CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT | JULY 8-13, 2007 health hazards and disasters – and which should usually easily adapted to. You cannot fund a pro- form the basis for protection from most climate- poor adaptation strategy if the city government change related impacts. Around a billion urban refuses to work with the poor, or sees their dwellers live in poor quality, overcrowded homes, neighbourhoods and enterprises as ‘the housing in ‘slums’/informal settlements that lack problem’. adequate provision for piped water and most other forms of infrastructure; a high proportion The vulnerability of these low-income urban are on sites at high risk from flooding or dwellers to climate change is often ascribed to landslides. their poverty – but it is far more the result of local government failures or limitations, which in For most prosperous and well-governed cities, turn are linked to the failure of national adaptation to the likely risks from climate change governments and international agencies to for the next few decades does not appear support urban policies and governance systems problematic. This centres on adapting buildings that ensure needed infrastructure is in place, and and infrastructure to these increased risks and preparedness for extreme weather and, where good disaster preparedness. But you cannot adapt needed, sea level rise. Most international infrastructure that is not there. Hundreds of agencies have chosen to avoid investing in urban millions of urban dwellers have no all-weather areas. There are also larger issues related to the roads, no piped water supplies, no drains, and no self-interest of the richest, most powerful nations electricity supplies and live in poor-quality that have prevented or constrained democratic homes on illegally occupied or subdivided land, processes in many low- and middle-income which inhibits any investment in more resilient nations, but these are beyond the scope of this buildings. A high proportion are tenants with paper. very limited capacities to pay rent – and landlords with no incentive to invest in better It is unrealistic to discuss building cities for quality buildings. Low-income urban dwellers climate change resilience without considering are also very constrained in any capacity to move this large deficit in basic infrastructure and the to safer sites, because of their need to be close to reasons why these are not acted on by most city income-earning opportunities and the lack of or municipal governments. Thus, this paper alternative (safer) sites. gives considerable attention to understanding the urban contexts where adaptation has to take This means that hundreds of millions of urban place and what these imply for the possibilities of dwellers in low- and middle-income nations are successful adaptation. at risk from the direct and indirect impacts of The linkages between this topic and the other climate change. Most of this risk is associated topics are obvious. Actually, the discussions on with development failures, especially the health and on shelter, water and sanitation are incapacity of local governments to ensure on adaptation too; so is a large part of the provision for infrastructure and for disaster-risk discussion on urban planning. Better quality reduction and disaster-preparedness. Or they housing and provision for water and sanitation refuse to do so in ‘illegal settlements’, even when (which has to include provision for drainage) is a third or more of the population (and one key part of adaptation; achieving this will workforce) live in these. Much of the urban also require more competent, accountable urban population and most urban governments have a governments. Addressing health issues means not very low adaptive capacity to all environmental only better health care (which should include hazards, including low adaptive capacity for emergency-response capacity for extreme weather climate variability and climate change. This events) but also reducing environmental health makes large sections of the urban population very risks, thus reducing many of the risks that climate vulnerable to any increase in the frequency or change is likely to bring and the vulnerability of intensity of storms or increased risk of disease or low-income populations to these. To do this constraints on water supplies or food price rises – requires more competent and accountable urban which in wealthier, better governed cities are governments. A large part of urban planning 2 Building for Climate Change Resilience CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT | JULY 8-13, 2007 should be focused on providing lower-income conflicts and no economic or political stability. groups with legal alternatives to informal Building
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Weiwei Du Thesis
    Queensland University of Technology Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Health Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation School of Public Health Human Health and Wellbeing Domain Policy Analysis of Disaster Health Management in China Weiwei Du BA, BEc (Peking University) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY November, 2010 I II Supervisory Team Principal Supervisor: Prof. Gerard FitzGerald MB, BS (Qld), BHA (NSW), MD (QLD), FACEM, FRACMA, FCHSE School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Phone: 61 7 3138 3935 Email: [email protected] Associate Supervisor: Dr. Xiang-Yu Hou BM (Shandong Uni), MD (Peking Uni), PhD (QUT) School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Phone: 61 7 3138 5596 Email: [email protected] Associate Supervisor: Prof. Michele Clark BOccThy (Hons), BA, PhD School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Phone: 61 7 3138 3525 Email: [email protected] III IV Certificate of Originality The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Signed: Mr. Weiwei Du Date: November 8th, 2010 V VI Keywords Disaster Medicine Disaster Health Management in China Disaster Policy Policy Analysis Health Consequences of Flood Case Study of Floods VII Abstract Humankind has been dealing with all kinds of disasters since the dawn of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Adversus Paganos: Disaster, Dragons, and Episcopal Authority in Gregory of Tours
    Adversus paganos: Disaster, Dragons, and Episcopal Authority in Gregory of Tours David J. Patterson Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Volume 44, 2013, pp. 1-28 (Article) Published by Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA DOI: 10.1353/cjm.2013.0000 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cjm/summary/v044/44.patterson.html Access provided by University of British Columbia Library (29 Aug 2013 02:49 GMT) ADVERSUS PAGANOS: DISASTER, DRAGONS, AND EPISCOPAL AUTHORITY IN GREGORY OF TOURS David J. Patterson* Abstract: In 589 a great flood of the Tiber sent a torrent of water rushing through Rome. According to Gregory of Tours, the floodwaters carried some remarkable detritus: several dying serpents and, perhaps most strikingly, the corpse of a dragon. The flooding was soon followed by plague and the death of a pope. This remarkable chain of events leaves us with puzzling questions: What significance would Gregory have located in such a narrative? For a modern reader, the account (apart from its dragon) reads like a descrip- tion of a natural disaster. Yet how did people in the early Middle Ages themselves per- ceive such events? This article argues that, in making sense of the disasters at Rome in 589, Gregory revealed something of his historical consciousness: drawing on both bibli- cal imagery and pagan historiography, Gregory struggled to identify appropriate objects of both blame and succor in the wake of calamity. Keywords: plague, natural disaster, Gregory of Tours, Gregory the Great, Asclepius, pagan survivals, dragon, serpent, sixth century, Rome. In 589, a great flood of the Tiber River sent a torrent of water rushing through the city of Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas
    Human Settlements Discussion Paper Series Theme: Climate Change and Cities - 1 Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas The possibilities and constraints in low- and middle-income nations David Satterthwaite, Saleemul Huq, Mark Pelling, Hannah Reid and Patricia Romero Lankao This is a working paper produced by the Human Settlements Group and the Climate Change Group at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). The authors are grateful to the Rockefeller Foundation both for supporting the preparation of this paper and for permission to publish it. It is based on a background paper prepared for the Rockefeller Foundation’s Global Urban Summit, Innovations for an Urban World, in Bellagio in July 2007. For more details of the Rockefeller Foundation’s work in this area, see http://www.rockfound.org/initiatives/climate/climate_change.shtml The financial support that IIED’s Human Settlements Group receives from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA) supported the publication and dissemination of this working paper. ii ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr David Satterthwaite is a Senior Fellow at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and editor of the international journal, Environment and Urbanization. He has written or edited various books on urban issues, including Squatter Citizen (with Jorge E. Hardoy), The Earthscan Reader on Sustainable Cities, Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing World (with Jorge E. Hardoy and Diana Mitlin) and Empowering Squatter Citizen, Local Government, Civil Society and Urban Poverty Reduction (with Diana Mitlin), published by Earthscan, London. He is an Honorary Professor at the University of Hull and in 2004 was one of the recipients of the Volvo Environment Prize.
    [Show full text]
  • Witchcraft: the Formation of Belief – Part Two
    TMM6 8/30/03 5:37 PM Page 122 6 Witchcraft: the formation of belief – part two In the previous chapter we examined how motifs drawn from traditional beliefs about spectral night-traveling women informed the construction of learned witch categories in the late Middle Ages.Although the precise manner in which these motifs were utilized differed between authorities, two general mental habits set off fifteenth-century witch-theorists from earlier writers. First, they elided the distinctions between previously discrete sets of beliefs to create a substantially new category (“witch,” variously defined), with which to carry out subsequent analysis. Second, they increasingly insisted upon the objective reality of their conceptions of witchcraft. In this chapter we take up a rather different set of ideas, all of which, from the clerical perspective, revolved around the idea of direct or indirect commerce with the devil: heresy, black magic, and superstition. Nonetheless, here again the processes of assimilation and reification strongly influenced how these concepts impinged upon cate- gories of witchcraft. Heresy and the diabolic cult Informed opinion in the late Middle Ages was in unusual agreement that witches, no matter how they were defined, were heretics, and that their activ- ities were the legitimate subjects of inquisitorial inquiry.1 The history of this consensus has been thoroughly examined, and need not long concern us here.2 Instead, let us examine how the witch-theorists of the fifteenth century used ideas associated with heresy and heretics to construct their image of witches. This is a problem of several dimensions, involving both the legal and theolog- ical approaches to heresy and to magic, and the related but broader question of why heretics were conflated with magicians, malefici, and night-travelers in the first place.
    [Show full text]
  • Recodischapter
    Delft University of Technology How to Model and Enumerate Geographically Correlated Failure Events in Communication Networks Vass, Balazs; Tapolcai, János; Hay, David; Oostenbrink, Jorik; Kuipers, Fernando DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-44685-7_4 Publication date 2020 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Published in Guide to Disaster-Resilient Communication Networks Citation (APA) Vass, B., Tapolcai, J., Hay, D., Oostenbrink, J., & Kuipers, F. (2020). How to Model and Enumerate Geographically Correlated Failure Events in Communication Networks. In J. Rak, & D. Hutchison (Eds.), Guide to Disaster-Resilient Communication Networks: Springer International Publishing (pp. 87-115) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44685-7_4 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. How to Model and Enumerate Geographically Correlated Failure Events in Communication Networks Balazs´ Vass, Janos´ Tapolcai, David Hay, Jorik Oostenbrink, Fernando Kuipers Abstract Several works shed light on the vulnerability of networks against regional failures, which are failures of multiple pieces of equipment in a geographical region as a result of a natural or human-made disaster.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Energy: the Only Solution to the Energy Problem and Global Warming
    NUCLEAR ENERGY: THE ONLY SOLUTION TO THE ENERGY PROBLEM AND GLOBAL WARMING By Bill Sacks and Greg Meyerson, March 2012 Table of Contents Preface I. Introduction A. Background B. Energy -- the political and economic context C. Energy -- the science D. Energy -- a brief history of its social uses II. Nuclear processes and nuclear reactors A. General background B. A physical explanation of nuclear processes C. A brief explanation of how nuclear reactors work III. Comparison of the various sources of energy A. General background B. Comparative safety of the various sources of energy Mining Explosions Environmental disasters Nuclear waste C. Comparative susceptibility to terrorism D. Relationship of nuclear energy to nuclear weapons E. Comparative availability of fuels over the long term F. Comparative reliability of fuels for energy generation around the clock, around the year G. Locations of the various types of energy plants and the amount of land needed H. Comparisons of the amount of fuel needed IV. The beneficial response to low levels of radiation -- hormesis A. The science In sickness and in health -- the dialectics of disease Radiation in particular Scientific studies and other evidence from around the world Current government regulations are the real source of harm Radiation is natural and all around us Hormesis is not the exception -- it is the rule Chernobyl and Fukushima B. Over-regulation is even more harmful than under-regulation V. On anti-nuclear organizations and spokespersons Motivations for falsehoods When is one culpable
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition
    Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition Mehdi Khosrow-Pour Information Resources Management Association, USA Published in the United States of America by IGI Global Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2018 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi, 1951- editor. Title: Encyclopedia of information science and technology / Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, editor. Description: Fourth edition. | Hershey, PA : Information Science Reference, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017000834| ISBN 9781522522553 (set : hardcover) | ISBN 9781522522560 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Information science--Encyclopedias. | Information technology--Encyclopedias. Classification: LCC Z1006 .E566 2018 | DDC 020.3--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017000834 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. For electronic access to this publication, please contact: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Malleus Maleficarum
    broedel.cov 12/8/03 9:23 am Page 1 ‘Broedel has provided an excellent study, not only of the Malleus and its authors, and the construction of witchcraft The Malleus Maleficarum but just as importantly, of the intellectual context in which the Malleus must be set and the theological and folk traditions to which it is, in many ways, an heir.’ and the construction of witchcraft PETER MAXWELL-STUART, ST ANDREWS UNIVERSITY Theology and popular belief HAT WAS WITCHCRAFT? Were witches real? How should witches The HANS PETER BROEDEL be identified? How should they be judged? Towards the end of the middle ages these were serious and important questions – and completely W Malleus Maleficarum new ones. Between 1430 and 1500, a number of learned ‘witch-theorists’ attempted to answer such questions, and of these perhaps the most famous are the Dominican inquisitors Heinrich Institoris and Jacob Sprenger, the authors of the Malleus Maleficarum, or The Hammer of Witches. The Malleus is an important text and is frequently quoted by authors across a wide range of scholarly disciplines.Yet it also presents serious difficulties: it is difficult to understand out of context, and is not generally representative of late medieval learned thinking. This, the first book-length study of the original text in English, provides students and scholars with an introduction to this controversial work and to the conceptual world of its authors. Like all witch-theorists, Institoris and Sprenger constructed their witch out of a constellation of pre-existing popular beliefs and learned traditions. BROEDEL Therefore, to understand the Malleus, one must also understand the contemporary and subsequent debates over the reality and nature of witches.
    [Show full text]
  • Marked Decline of Sudden Mass Fatality Events in New Zealand 1900 to 2015: the Basic Epidemiology
    INJURY AND HARM Marked decline of sudden mass fatality events in New Zealand 1900 to 2015: the basic epidemiology Nick Wilson,1 Adrienne Morales, 1 Nicola Guy, 1 George Thomson1 ass casualty events are important Abstract internationally, with one report Midentifying 749,000 earthquake Objective: To describe the basic epidemiology of sudden mass fatality events for the 1900 to deaths in the past 20 years, more than 2015 period in New Zealand (NZ). 160,000 heatwave deaths and more than Methods: Official lists and internet searches were used to identify the events. Events were 1 130,000 deaths from one storm. The number categorised, rates calculated and time trends analysed. of weather- and climate-related disasters has Results: A total of 56 sudden mass fatality events with 10 or more fatalities between 1900 and more than doubled over the past 40 years, 2015 in NZ were identified. There were 1,896 deaths in total, with the worst event being the accounting for 6,392 events in the 20-years Hawke’s Bay earthquake (258 deaths). Events were classified as transportation-related (64%), 1996–2015, up from 3,017 in 1976–1995.1 natural causes (11%), industrial (9%), war (9%) and infrastructure (5%). There were marked Even though developing countries declines in the rate of events per person-years of exposure and the associated mortality rate experience relatively high mortality burdens (both p<0.0001). Knowledge gaps were identified around: i) the basic epidemiology, e.g. non- from such disasters, no country is immune. fatal injuries and numbers of survivors; ii) the role of subsequent official inquiries in guiding In New Zealand, for example, the Canterbury preventive measures; and iii) the likely cost-effectiveness of measures to prevent harm from earthquake caused 185 deaths, and 6,659 such events.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Model and Enumerate Geographically Correlated Failure Events in Communication Networks
    Chapter 4 How to Model and Enumerate Geographically Correlated Failure Events in Communication Networks Balazs´ Vass, Janos´ Tapolcai, David Hay, Jorik Oostenbrink, and Fernando Kuipers Abstract Several works shed light on the vulnerability of networks against regional failures, which are failures of multiple pieces of equipment in a geographical region as a result of a natural or human-made disaster. This chapter overviews how this in- formation can be added to existing network protocols through defining Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLGs) and Probabilistic SRLGs (PSRLGs). The output of this chap- ter can be the input of later chapters to design and operate the networks to enhance the preparedness against disasters and regional failures in general. In particular, we are focusing on the state-of-the-art algorithmic approaches for generating lists of (P)SRLGs of the communication networks protecting different sets of disasters. 4.1 Introduction The Internet is a critical infrastructure. Due to the importance of telecommunication services, improving the preparedness of networks to regional failures is becoming a key issue [5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 28, 41]. The majority of severe network outages happen because of a disaster (such as an earthquake, hurricane, tsunami, tornado, etc.) taking down a lot of (or all) equipment in a given geographical area. Such failures are called regional failures. Many studies have touched the problem of Balazs´ Vass J anos´ Tapolcai MTA-BME· Future Internet Research Group, High-Speed Networks Laboratory (HSNLab) and Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary e-mail: vb, tapolcai @tmit.bme.hu { } David Hay Hebrew University, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Jerusalem, Israel, e-mail: [email protected] Jorik Oostenbrink Fernando Kuipers Delft University of· Technology, Delft, The Netherlands e-mail: J.Oostenbrink, F.A.Kuipers @tudelft.nl { } 1 2 B.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Accidents and Disasters by Death Toll from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia See Also: Energy Accidents and List of Natural Disasters by Death Toll
    List of accidents and disasters by death toll From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia See also: Energy accidents and List of natural disasters by death toll This is an incomplete list that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=List_of_accidents_and_disasters_by_death_toll&action=edit) with reliably sourced entries. This is a list of accidents and disasters by death toll. It shows the number of fatalities associated with various explosions, structural fires, flood disasters, coal mine disasters, and other notable accidents. This list does not include deaths by natural disasters, war, or violent acts. Contents 1 Aviation 2 Explosions 3 Industrial disasters 4 Maritime 5 Nuclear and radiation accidents 6 Road 7 Smog 8 Space exploration 9 Sporting events 10 Stampedes and panics 11 Structural collapses 12 Structural fires 13 Rail accidents and disasters 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References Aviation Main article: List of aircraft accidents and incidents resulting in at least 50 fatalities Deaths Incident Location Date Pan Am Flight 1736 27 March 583 and Tenerife, Spain 1977 KLM Flight 4805 Japan Airlines Flight 12 August 520 Ueno, Japan 123 1985 Saudi Arabian Flight 763 and 12 November 349 Charkhi Dadri, India Kazakhstan Airlines 1996 Flight 1907 Turkish Airlines Flight 3 March 346 Fontaine-Chaalis, France 981 1974 329 Air India Flight 182 Atlantic Ocean 23 June 1985 19 August 301 Saudia Flight 163 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1980 Malaysia Airlines near
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire: Plague, Famine, and Other
    Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire Plague, Famine, and Other Misfortunes YARON AyALON Ball State University 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107072978 © Yaron Ayalon 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Ayalon, Yaron, 1977– Natural disasters in the Ottoman Empire : plague, famine, and other misfortunes / Yaron Ayalon. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-07297-8 (hardback) 1. Turkey – History – Ottoman Empire, 1288–1918. 2. Disaster relief – Social aspects – Turkey. 3. Plague – Turkey. 4. Famines – Turkey. 5. Earthquakes – Turkey. I. Title. DR486.A86 2014 363.340956′0903–dc23 2014027839 ISBN 978-1-107-07297-8 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does
    [Show full text]