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IDEM) IFICJ.T 1 on of GITETIS: ¥11IETIES THROUGH Obsehmtiohs of LEAF CHARAGTEH1STIGS

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IDEM) IFICJ.T 1 on of GITETIS: ¥11IETIES THROUGH Obsehmtiohs of LEAF CHARAGTEH1STIGS Identification of citrus varieties through observations of leaf characteristics Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Braman, Charles Durwood, 1934- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 16:16:48 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347601 IDEM) IFICJ.T 1 ON OF GITETIS: ¥11IETIES THROUGH OBSEHmTIOHS OF LEAF CHARAGTEH1STIGS "by Gharlee Burwood Biaman A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the BEPABTMEBT OF HORTICULTURE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SGl'EFCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 7 STATEMEHf BY AUTHOR T M s thesis has "been siihmltteS im partial . fulfillment of requirements at The University ef Arizena ani. is deposited. in the Ihiversity Eibrary t@ he made available to herrowers under rules of the Library0 Brief quotations from.this thesis are allowable without speeial permission, provided that ae®urate aetenowledgmemt of source is made* Bequests for permission for - extended- quotation from or repreduetion of this manuseript in whole or in part may be granted by the major department or the lean, of the. Graduate 001 lege when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests’;-of scholarships In all other instances, however 5 permission must he., obtained from the author 0 SIGHED [Al4U.A*p.c APP10YAL. BY THESIS DIRECTOR: This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: f2 r r ^ .. Bro loss l o d n e y / f . iBate Hortieultmrist AGENGWXEBGMEMT S’ Th© aath©sr wialaes- t® espr©ss M s sineer® appireelation for the extensive time ani. expert assistan@©' rendered T&j Br 0. Bess Bedney in the preparatlem ©f tMe$ thesis6 The writer wishes t® thank B r Bettert 0O Emehl. and Thomas Males in the assist a®.©© of the analysis @f data,- Ehrthermere, the anther wishes; t© extend his- appreciation, t® lr.0 Steve laziOj head of the department of Hortienltnre, for providing the facilities; which helped to make this investigation possible<> TABLE OF CONTENTS _ Page LjL £B*$} o f Ta*^)Xos © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©© L i s i } o f F 21 g n i s ? e s > © © © © © © © e © © © © © © © © © © *¥*2. Al)s*t>xao°t> © ■ © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 0 0 © © 3? e ^ T l O *ti 2L 0 21. OOOOOOOOO QOGOOOO OOOG 1 L3. *t502 ? ai}ii.3? © BeirJ. ow o © © © ©© <? © © ©o©©©©©© 3 Eisp er iment al Proeednre oo©©©©©©©©©©©©© 6 Be s u i t s and. D is c u s s io n ooooo©'©©©©©©©©© 12 SlUllHiaX 3^" o o©oo ©o©o©o©oo©o©e »o©o X1X10 2 ?atu.3?e Gated © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ^1 iv LIST' OF TZB1ES Table' Page 10 '©empar.lsen of Eour Orange Varieties * • • » « 3© ' Ilo G'omparison of Four Orange Varieties » @ 31 11 1.0 O'omparisen of One Orange and Three ICandar xn.s o ® o o a o o o © o * o ® o o o © @ 3^ ir. Goraparisen of Four Mandarin Varieties 0 © © © 33 ¥e Comparison of Two Grapefruits and Two Lemons o o © © © © © © © © © © ©, © © © © © © 3^ VI o Comparison of Two Lemon and Two Hybrid Varieties ©©©©©©©©©©©©o© 33 Vile Comparison of One Tangelo and One Tangor © © 36 Till* Duncan’s Multiple Range Groupings for Ratios of Made, Petiole and Mean Groupings for Oil Glands © © © © © ©. © © © © © © © © © © © 3^ H e Average Blade and Petiole Ratios (Length/ Width) and Oil Gland Counts (Per©3315 S'q© Cm©) For 26 Citrus Varieties ©©©©©©©©©©©39 v LIST OF FIGUBES Figure I’age le Field Oiomparison of Species and Hybrids » 0 . 1 2 2 s Gibmpar i son of Gba^r act eristics in Determining Variety of linltnora. Trees . 22 3 e G'omparison of Ebmr' Grange Varieties . .... 3© 4 e Comparison of Fonr Grange Varieties . ... »■ 31 5® Comparison of One Orange and Three Mandarins. 32 6 . Comparison of Four Mandarin Varieties „ „ » » 33 7 ® . Comparison of Two Grapefruits and Two Lexsion.s o ® ® ® o ® ® o ® o o o © © © © © ® © 3^' 8 . Comparison of Two Lemon and Two Hybrid Varieties ©©.co©.©.®..©®..©. 33 9 © Comparison of One Tangelo and One Tangor © © 36 ABSTMCT In the eitrue industry, variety identification has always heen derived from inspection of the flower and fruite There do sen ""t seem to he any method of identification to date, which involves the use of leaves of the varieties in question* The orchard tree, when in production, can he identified hy flowers and fruits, however, the nursery tree is another problems .Keseareh in this thesis was conducted on the assumption that a method of. identification of the varieties hy the sole use of leaves of the plant, might he practical* Four methods of attack were used in isolating leaf characteristics; that would aid in identification of the varieties* These methods are: leaf photographs, hlade ratios, petiole ratios, and oil gland counts per unit area* All ratios were calculated as the length of the hlade and petiole divided hy the width of same*. Analysis of Variance and the Duncan1s Multiple Bange Test were used to find statistical differences between varieties* By using a combination of these four methods mentioned ahove, most of the twenty-six varieties studied in this thesis are easily identified* vii INTEOBUCTI OS' Within the eitrus industry ©f today nmrserymen and growers alike are mostly dependent on flowers and fruit for eitrus variety identifieation0 The present manner whieh is heing employed requires either flowers or fruit t© establish the variety of the tree in qtiestion0 In the desert area, sueh as the Yuma Mesa, the trees have flowers and fruit for a few months during the year, and the eitrus nursery has no flowers or fruit at all0 From years of experience and consistent work with citrus5, most growers believe that the only way to insure proper grove management is "by definitely knowing the variety of each tree that is planted in the particular grovea However5, it is not unusual to find a tangerine or mandarin in an orange grove0 This creates years of delay and expense of removing the unwanted tree and planting the desired varietyo In this thesis four methods of approach will he applied in the search for a valid and usable method of leaf identification^ By these methods one should be able to indicate the species, and in some eases, the variety of the tree in question,, 1 The ©hJeetives ©f this paper are t© f ind, an easy . and reliable means of establishing the identification, for the major ©itras varieties6 Through photographs and measurements of some of the ©itrns leaf ©hara©teristies s, the differences and similarities of the varieties:- will be ezposeda Z'onr major areas? of investigation will be foiloweds they aret Cl)? visnal ©haraeteristies of the leaf, (2 ) blade measurement ratios, (-3 ) petiole measurement ratios, (h): oil. gland .©©nnts: per unit areaQ EITEEATITEE E W I E W What are the eharaeteristies ©f a eitrus leaf? Bhtehelor and Wehher (f) explore this question in seme detailo They state that the leaves are rieh in green and yellow pigment and tests indicate that the leaves are relatively stable against disintegrative ageneies© These preliminary tests indieat© the reason for the extreme hardiness of the eitrus leaves© The leaves are also rieh in oil and hesperidiho The oils derived from the fruit9 is as, reeognised item in e©mmeree0 A further look into the leaves and faetors affeating them is examined b y 'E<>. 0/V Humphries and We. Wheeler (k}a They say, “always the growth of the leaf is strongly influeneed by the environment, the basic form of this growth is genetically @:©ntrolled6,l: All these factors affect the shape of the leaf and meed to be taken into aoeounto , The petiole, aeeordimg’ to Bobins, Wilfred, and Wier (?) , “has; its own specialized structure enabling it to support the leaf blade, to conduct water, food, and inorganic salts, and to disconnect itself from the stem at the close of the growing season with out exposing living stem tissue to drying out or to imfeetiomo” 3 ■ ■ k ©ensieleraMe werk lias "b@em deae ®a the @11 of ©itrus leaves in relation t© Identification ©f varieties?* Zesterson et al<, (5) have found that by using gas-liquid chromatography they ©an differentiate among different varieties of citrus* These men further believe that their methods are accurate enough to be used as a. basis of taxonomic data* Ih:.discussion of their data they state, "in many eases; it has been possible to distinguish between oils for the same species grown;and distilled in different areas*.11 The obvious chemical differences between species of the same genera# should assist researchersi and taxonomic personnel in the identification of these species and some day the individual varieties* They further believe that additional refinements of tM@- system will enable researchers to identify nucellar from zygotic seedlings* Similar results were obtained by Berlnger, Edwards# and Wolford (6 ) using infra-red and ultra-violet spectrophotometry* These gentlemen obtained refractive indexes and stated that # “the high degree of accuracy of the refraetometer makes the variations evident *“ The article# “Eootstock Identifieatiom.Zor ©ranges11' by Ir*. W 0. Zo. Sitters (2 ): points out the shert-oeatings ©f our methods; used today and reviews some of the chemical and visual methods; which have been tried in identification of rootstock varieties* 5 Bro Bitters mses various methods to sort out rootstook varietieso In some eases he uses leaf eharaeteristies and
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