'Ortanique': a Late-Maturing Tangor (Citrus Sinensis × C. Reticulata) With

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Fruits (5), 273–280 | ISSN 0248-1294 print, 1625-967X online | https://doi.org/10.17660/th2017/72.5.2 | © ISHS 2017 Original article Citrus sinensis × C. reticulata) with high carotenoid content ‘Ortanique’: A late-maturing tangor ( 1,a 1 1, E.H. Schinor2, M. Bastianel1, 1, P. Marluci da Conceição2, F. Micheli3 3 1F.A. de Azevedo , C. de Andrade Pacheco , E. da Cruz Andrade 2M. Cristofani-Yaly and C. Dhuique-Mayer 3 Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Anhaguera Highway, Km 158, 13490-970, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Ufscar, Anhaguera Highway, Km 185, 13600-970, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil CIRAD, Dept. Persyst, UMR QualiSud, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France

Summary Significance of this study Introduction – The tangor cv. Ortanique presents What is already known on this subject? positive characteristics for the fresh fruit export mar- • ket, however little is known about this genotype in Brazil. In this study, we evaluated the ideal harvest Spain,The ‘Ortanique’ but little istangor known is aboutproduced the productivecommercially poten in time on two rootstocks, the fruit juice carotenoid con- tialseveral of the countries, cultivar suchin Brazil. as Uruguay, Argentina and tent and possible postharvest storage of ‘Ortanique’ - fruit. Materials and methods – The cultivar was grafted What are the new findings? on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and Poncirus trifoliata and was • evaluated to the following variables: plant height, di- on Poncirus trifoliata is high, when compared to the ameter and canopy volume, fruit physical and chemi- The productive efficiency of ‘Ortanique’ plants grafted cal quality [mass, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) and the ratio (SS/TA)], production and produc- andgrafting its fruit on citrumelo juice has arootstock high content ‘Swingle’. of carotenoids. In both cases tive efficiency in each graft combination. Carotenoids ‘Ortanique’ is late-maturing in Brazilian conditions content of ‘Ortanique’ fruit juice grafted on ‘Swingle’ What is the expected impact on horticulture? was qualified by HPLC. The optimal storage time of • ‘Ortanique’ (with or without wax, stored at 10 °C or vest period of tangerines in Brazil that is much con at room temperature) were determined for six weeks This cultivar presents a new option to extend the har- storage. Results and discussion – The rootstock ‘Swing- - le’ provided great growth and plant production of ‘Or- centrated in the middle of the year. tanique’ plants while Poncirus trifoliata delayed fruit maturation. The ‘Ortanique’ fruit juice contained high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and cis-violaxanthin après la récolte. Matériel et méthodes – Le cultivar and the fruit could be stored at 10 °C for six weeks a été greffé sur le citrumelo ‘Swingle’ et Poncirus tri- without losing quality. Conclusion – The ‘Ortanique’ foliata et a été évalué selon les variables suivantes: tangor has productive potential for commercial culti- hauteur de la plante, diamètre et volume de la cano- vation in Brazil, being late-maturing, its fruit high in pée, qualité physique et chimique des fruits [masse, carotenoid content and possibly well adapted to long matières solubles (SS), acidité titrable (TA) et le rap- storage for export. port (SS/TA)], la production et l’efficacité productive dans chaque combinaison de greffage. La teneur en Keywords caroténoïdes du jus de fruit d’‘Ortanique’ greffé sur Brazil, mandarin, Citrus spp., rootstock, fruit ‘Swingle’ a été analysée par HPLC. L’optimum de stockage de l’‘Ortanique’ (avec ou sans cire, stocké à 10 °C ou à température ambiante) a été déterminé sur six Résuméphysicochemical properties, postharvest management semaines de conservation. Résultats et discussion – Le porte-greffe ‘Swingle’ a permis une croissance accrue et une production végétative des ‘Ortanique’ tandis (Citrus sinensis × C. reticulata que Poncirus trifoliata a retardé la maturation des ‘Ortanique’: une tangor à maturation tardive fruits. Le jus des fruits d’‘Ortanique’ contenait des ni- Introduction – Le tangor ‘Ortanique’) à forte présente teneur des veaux élevés de β-cryptoxanthine et de cis-violaxan- encaractéristiques caroténoïdes. positives pour le marché d’exporta- thine, et le fruit a pu être conservé à 10 °C pendant tion de fruits frais, mais peu de choses sont connues six semaines sans perte de qualité. Conclusion – Le au sujet de ce génotype au Brésil. Dans cette étude, tangor ‘Ortanique’ a un fort potentiel productif en nous avons évalué le temps de récolte idéal sur deux culture commerciale au Brésil, avec une maturation porte-greffes, la teneur en caroténoïde des jus de tardive, un contenu élevé des fruits en caroténoïdes et fruits et le stockage éventuel de fruits ‘Ortanique’ sans doute bien adapté à un long stockage pour l’ex- portation. a Corresponding author: [email protected].

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de Azevedo . | A late-maturing tangor ( Mots-clés Materials and methods Cit- Citrus rus reticulata Blanco × C. sinensis Tests were developed to cultivate ‘Ortanique’ tangor [ Brésil, mandarine, spp., porte-greffe, propriétés (L.) Osbeck] due to the late physico-chimiques des fruits, gestion post-récolte Introduction ripening of its fruits and its seedlessness.C. paradisi Macfad The orchard × Poncirus was trifoliataplanted in 2000 in theP. trifoliatacity of Cordeirópolis, at a spacing ofSP, 7×4 with m, plants with Citrus sinensis tengrafted repetitions on ‘Swingle’ of each citrumelo combination ( in a randomized block In Brazil, citrus production essentially includes sweet design. L. Raf.) and orange [ (L.) Osbeck], where mandarin repC.- reticulataresents only 6% of the total production. AmongC. sinensis the cultivars Vegetative growth and productivity beckof tangerine, × C. reticulata the most cultivated are: ‘Ponkan’ mandarin ( low leaf mandarin Blanco) ( andC. delicious ‘Murcott’ tangor [ (L.) Os- (C. reticulata Blanco) Blanco]. (IBGE, There 2012). are None few plantationsof these cultivars of wil- surementsThe height were and made the with diameter a graduated of the wooden ‘Ortanique’ ruler, tangor mea Tenore) and ‘Cravo’ mandarin were monitored for two years (2009 and 2010). The mea- the ground at a height of 1.5 m (diameter) for ten plants per- andmeet colors, the internationally attractive shapes, accepted ease standard of peeling, of fruitlong seedless.shelf life suring parallel with the growth axis (height) and parallel to andThe nocitrus chemical consumers residues seek (Pio, fruits 2003). with different flavors, size V = 2/3 π R² H, where R is the combination. The canopy volumeH is(V) the was height determined of the plant. based on the following equation: Therefore, the Centro APTA Citros Sylvio MoreiraC. ofclem In- mean radius of the canopy and entinestituto Agronômico, from Brazil,C. clementine selected cultivars × (C. paradise seedless × To evaluate the production, the fruits were harvested C.with tangerine export potential, such as the ‘Nules’ clementineC. reticulata ( Blan in October of each year, where all the fruits were collected co × C.), sinensis the ‘Nova’ tangelo [ from 10 plants per combination. The production was mea- )] and the ‘Ortanique’ tangor [ - (kgsured fruit by m directly weighing the fruit on a scale with a capac- (L.) Osbeck]. ity of 100 -3kg. From this quantity, the production efficiency

The ‘Ortanique’ tangor is a natural hybrid of the tanger- ) was calculated-3 by the plant production (kg) per ine with orange, produces fruit late-maturing and seedless. canopy volume (m ) ratio. These assessments were conduct- cultivarsIt is grown that in havemany late regions maturing of the is world, one of such the asmajor Honduras, objec ed in 2009 and 2010, when the trees were adult with 9 and tivesAustralia, of the Cyprus breeding and program, South Africa because (Saunt, a reduction 1990). in Selecting the tan Physicochemical10 years old, respectively. properties of the fruit et al., 2014).- In Brazil, due to botanical and historical reasons, a small- numbergerine supply of rootstocks has occurred are used in Brazil in citrus (Bastianel commercial planta The physical and chemical analyses of the fruit were et al., 2008). In addition, the use of the tionconducted curve wasmonthly determined from June from to the November results. Fruitsin 2010, were corre col- - sponding to 9 to 14 months after anthesis, and the matura- tions (Mourão-Filho 1.0 and 2.0 m above ground level and throughout the perim- ingsame the rootstock plant to toshow different its full canopy productive cultivars, potential probably (Pompeu does eterlected of forthe analysis plant; resulting in the outer in a totalportion of 5of samples the trees containing between not meetet al.the, 2002). specific characteristics of each cultivar, prevent- - Citrus consumption has been associated with lower risks Júnior et 10 fruits each. The fruits were sent to the Laboratory Quality al. and Post-Harvest Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, of certain cancers and cardiovascular disease (Aviram Brazil. The following determinations were measured: , 2008). Although the antioxidant capacity of citrus juice • Soluble solids (SS) were determined by a direct reading on is mainly associated with the soluble fraction containing a B & S refractometer, RFM model 330. The data were cor- polyphenols and vitamin C, a greater polar fraction includ- rected by temperature and acidity of the juice. tiveing carotenoidsdiseases. Certain can also carotenoids contribute present to the in juice citrus antioxidant have been • phenolphthaleinTitratable acidity was (TA) used was as obtainedan indicator. by titrating 25 mL capacity, which leads to protective effects against degenera- juice with a 0.3125 normal sodium hydroxide solution;

detected in human plasma: β- and α-carotenes, lycopene, • The Soluble solids/Acidity ratio (SS/TA) was calculated in β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin. The last two, lutein Juiceorder carotenoid to indicate content the maturity stage of citrus. and zeaxanthin, are present in higher levels in oranges; tangerines stand out by having high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene. β-cryptoxanthin, present in high concentra- A fine biochemical analysis was performed to quanti- tions in tangerine juice, largely contributes to bright orange fy the carotenoid in the fruit juice of ‘Ortanique’ ‘Murcott’ juice and is the main precursor of pro-vitamin A. grafted onto ‘Swingle’ citrumelo. These fruits were collected consideredFor export, the most an important effective considerationmethod for preserving is the quality fruit during the 2013–14 cropping season (in October 2014), and post-harvest, mainly storage (cold). Refrigerated storage is the experiment was conducted in the municipality of Cordet al.- eirópolis/SP, Brazil. The quantification of carotenoids was quality, as it slows aging and decreases respiration, matu- performed using HPLC according to Dhuique-Mayer ration, decay incidence and undesirable metabolic changes (2005) at the Laboratory of Carotenoids and HPLC/MS, UMR (Cuquerella and Navarro, 1989). Qualisud, Dept. Persyst at CIRAD, France. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production Ten mL of ‘Ortanique’ tangor juice were extracted, and 3 and physicochemical qualities of the ‘Ortanique’ fruit cultivar 35 mL solvent (4/3 [v/v] ethanol/hexane) 0.1% BHT, 100 mg chemicalgrafted on characteristics two rootstocks, under quantify different the carotenoids storage conditions present MgCO and 500 µL standard lycopene internal (uncontrolled (temperatures).in the juice, and observe possible changes in the physico- [c]) were added. This mixture was stirred fori.e. 5 min after a fil- tration using a number-2 synthetic filter. Ethanol and hexane were successively used to wash the residue, , 30 mL of eth-

274 International Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture et al Citrus sinensis × C. reticulata) with high carotenoid content de Azevedo . | A late-maturing tangor ( P anol was used, followed by 30 mL hexane and another 30 mL values,ance and and then the compared model selected (Duncan for test, each >5%).variable A regressionwas based hexane. After these three successive extractions, the extract analysis was performed for the physical and2 chemicalvalues. quality organicwas placed phase in awas separatory washed threefunnel, times and 50with mL distilled of 10% water NaCl was added. The aqueous phase was removed, whereas the Resultson the significance and discussion of the parameters and R and then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The resulting Vegetative growth and productivity extract was then filtered through a number-2 synthetic filter and subjected, in sequence, to a Rotavapor (37 °C, 100 mbar) 3 until complete dryness. The residue was dissolved in 0.5 mL citrumeloThe average rootstock plant provided height greaterranged vegetativefrom 2.0 to growth 3.1 m, than and dichloromethane and 1 mL of a MTBE/MeOH (80:20) mix- the canopyPoncirus volume trifoliata ranged from 6.1 to 13.3 m ; the ‘Swingle’ ture and then analyzed using HPLC. The lycopene area (mAU * s) extracted from the sam- et al. (Table 1). Other studies comparing ple and standard lycopene area provided by a sample of the citrumelothese rootstocks to have in the citrus most cultivars, developed such plants. as ‘Montenegrina’Brugnara et al. same amount (500 uL) were compared, dried under nitrogen tangerine (Toniolli , 1993), have also found ‘Swingle’ flow and dissolved in 0.5 mL dichloromethane and 1 mL of the MTBE/MeOH (80:20) mixture. The dilution was made to (2009) also reported that the trifoliate provides less volume Postharvestthe track/scale of analysis. citrumelo.in the canopy ‘Michal’ tangerine in Rio Grande do Sul than more vigorous rootstocks such as ‘Rangpur’ lime or ‘Swingle’

For the postharvest test, a collection of fruits of the ‘Mur- (kg Inplant the two years of evaluation, the ‘Swingle’ citrumelo cott’ ‘Ortanique’ grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo were studied ofprovided plants -1grafted a greater onto production Poncirus trifoliata of ‘Ortanique’ fruit per tree with regard to the maturation period (October 2010). Then, ); however, the high productive efficiency in 2009 edthe into fruits two were samples, subjected one ofto whichsurface was cleaning, subjected subsequently to the ap et al. (2003) (Table evaluating 1) is notable. acid dried and subjected to storage. The fruits were initially divid- This characteristic of trifoliateet al. (2001) orange also of reported producing the higherdirect - yield was also reported by Stuchi plication of wax, which is commercially used and contains a lime cv. Tahiti. Schäfer Poncirus trifoliata fungicide (UE wax Citrosol 16% + 4 mL Imazalil) to avoid the influence of rootstock vigor on the scion and, consequently, in typical development of postharvest pathogens. The applica- production. According to the authors, the tion consisted of immersing each fruit in the wax solution carries in general less force P.on trifoliatathe canopy compared with, pleswith werewater, subdivided reproducing and what stored is done at different in packing temperatures: houses. The characteristicfor example, the because Rangpur rootstocks lime. in the modern citrus fruits were then dried and stored. The following two sam- A major advantage of was its dwarfing et al., 2003; RH).a) a cold chamber at 10 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) Schinorindustry et with al. this characteristic have a tendency forFlying high and, b) at room temperature (19.7–21.5 °C and 68.8–71.4 Dragondensity plantations in citrus groves (Stuchi et al. , 2013); a potential example is the The physical and chemical analyses were performed semi-dwarf trifoliate. plants in According relation to to established the classification standards of Bitters(sweet weekly for 42 days (six weeks) to monitor the internal and (1979), cultivation of ‘Ortanique’ should be considered external changes of the fruit according to the method de- grafted onto P. trifoliata scribed above. The experiment was completely randomized orange, ‘Rangpur’ lime and ‘Troyer’ citrange) especially In when this in a factorial scheme (6×2×2): six weeks, two types of stor- , for which a reduction of up to 50% age, and fruits with and without wax, with four replications of the canopy is observed relative to these standards. Statisticalcomposed ofanalysis five fruits each. study, a reduction of approximately 42% in the size of the numbercrown was of advantagesobserved compared over vigorous with the plants ‘Swingle’ because citrumelo. a small Less vigorous plants, such as ‘Ortanique’ tangor, bring a The plant height, diameter, volume and production and productive efficiency data were subjected to analysis of vari- plant is a more efficient production unit: controlling pests Table 1. citrumelo or Poncirus trifoliata Height, diameter, volume, production and production efficiency of ‘Ortanique’ tangor plants grafted onto ‘Swingle’ (Cordeirópolis,Plant Sao PauloPlant State, Brazil, 2009–2010).Canopy Fruit Production Rootstocks height diameter volume production efficiency (m) (m) (m3) (kg plant-1) (kg m-3) 2009 ‘Swingle’ citrumelo 2.49 a* 3.11 a 12.60 a 78.55 a 6.23 b Poncirus trifoliata 2.02 b 2.41 b 6.13 b 59.39 b 9.70 a CV (%) 6.83 9.48 16.75 13.39 39.68 2010 ‘Swingle’ citrumelo 2.56 a 3.12 a 13.21 a 69.67 a 5.34 b Poncirus trifoliata 2.08 b 2.53 b 6.97 b 43.33 b 6.22 a CV (%) 7.79 4.38 22.4 23.25 28.49 * Means followed by the same letter in the column for each year, not significantly different (Duncan’s test, P<0.05). CV: coefficient of variation.

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de Azevedo . | A late-maturing tangor ( and diseases is more effective and economical, harvesting

et al. The two combinations proved to be late mature and can be is more readily facilitated and consequently cheaper reachingharvested soluble from mid-October solids and Ratio to November. values greater Fruits than harvested the tri (Duncan , 1979), and the grower can densify planting, on the trees grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ripen up earlier, considerably increasing the number of plants per hectare. - This densification is etdesirable al., 2003). and Some necessary problems to increase associated the andfoliate Pio on (2003) a few observeddates (June that and when September), this cultivar with was an planted earlier production per unit area available and, consequently, the underinitial pointthe conditions of harvest found in mid-September in Capão Bonito, (Figure in the 1C). southwest Borges purchaseprofitability seedlings (Stuchi and the need for annual pruning, as well aswith establishment a high density of ofthe plants orchard. per area are high initial costs to and September. region of São Paulo, Brazil, the maturation period was August Physical-chemical quality of the fruits is an inversion in the juice ratio, where the combination in As for the content of soluble solids (SS) (Figure 1A), there

Regarding fruit ripening of the ‘Ortanique’ cultivar, the the trifoliata fruit is higher than in the ‘Swingle’ rootstock on soluble solids, acidity and Ratio of juice data, was considered. combinationthree dates (during in citrumelo July to (FigureSeptember). 1B). SimilarThis reversal results can were be explained by a lower etpercentage al. (2003), of who acidity reported observed higher in the SS P. trifoliata as well asobserved Gonzatto by et Stenzel al. (2011), who showed higher levels of SS and concentrations in ‘Ponkan’ grafted onto foliate Flying Dragon et al. (2010) argue TA in fruits from Oneco tangerine (species) grafted onto tri- content, leading to a high. Cantuarias-Avilés Ratio. that the highest quality fruit is directly related to a high SS of the combinations studied resulted in higher Ratio values The differences identified above in the SS and TA values

for the fruit juice from grafted ‘Swingle’ citrumelo. The SS/ TA indicates the maturation and harvest, an important fea- ture in citrus cultivars. On the Brazilian fresh fruit market, according to the CEAGESP Table citrus classification (2011), the minimum ratio value for commercializing ‘Murcott’ tangor is 10. Adopting this value for ‘Ortanique’, which is also a ‘Murcott’, the fruit could be harvested in September when grafted onto ‘Swingle’ and subjected to the conditions of Cor- ingdeirópolis, the Murcott Sao Paulo group State, fruit, Brazil. it is notable that values of ≈12 While considering the ratio SS/TA = 10 to start harvest-

are highly preferred by Brazilian consumers. Therefore, this tendingvalue could through increase November the ‘Ortanique’ for those coming cultivar’s from quality the plants and graftedacceptance onto by Poncirus the market trifolita until, thewhich month proved of October to be anda later ex- combination. Entering the market outside the traditional time for mandarins grown in the state of São Paulo creates a commercial advantage.

Juice carotenoid content

The major dietary carotenoids characterized by saponified extracts in ‘Ortanique’ tangor were β-cryptoxanthin and cis-violaxanthin, a yellow xanthophyll (Figure 2), withet β-cryptoxanthin al. (2005)-1 and the most abundant nutritional carotenoidet (7.68al. mg L ). Theseet al.results are inet agreement al. with Dhuique-Mayer other authors from Asian countries (Lin , 1995; Sumida , 1999; Ko , 2000), who reported the presence of dietary carotenoids in mandarins,et al. especially β-cryptoxanthin, provita- nentsmin A, ofconsidered oranges, asclementines the main carotenoid. and mandarins and managed Dhuique-Mayer (2005) analyzed the main compo-

to classify these fruit based on their nutritional criteria (ca- Figure 1. tinguishedrotenoids content), from the intocategories three different of sweet categories:orange (categories Category 2 1 included clementines and tangerines and were clearly dis- Titratable acidity – TA (A) soluble solid content – ). F IGURE 1. Poncirus trifoliata SS (B) and SS/TA ratio (C) of the juice of ‘Ortanique’ tangor and 3) to be highly correlated-1 with the contents of β-cryptox-1 - Poncirus trifoliata fruit grafted Titratable onto ‘Swingle’ acidity citrumelo – TA (A) and soluble solid content –anthin SS (B) (8.63–10.70 and SS/TA mgratio L )(C) and of β-carotene the juice (1.45–1.60of ‘Ortanique’ mg L for six months (Cordeirópolis, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, from Category 2 included ‘Salustiana’ oranges, ‘Hamlin’, ‘Maltaise’ tangor fruit grafted onto ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and for six months (Cordeirópolis, Sao Paulo State, June to November, 2010). and ‘Shamouti’ and contained the lowest levels of β-cryptox- Brazil, from June to November, 2010).

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10 et al Citrus sinensis × C. reticulata) with high carotenoid content de Azevedo . | A late-maturing tangor (

Figure 2.

-1 Carotenoid content (mg L ) in juice extracted from ‘Ortanique’ tangor fruit grafted onto ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, from the experimentF IGUREinstalled 2. in Cordeirópolis, Sao Paulo State, Brazil (CIRAD/Qualisud, Montpellier, France, May 2014). β crypto:

β-cryptoxanthin; cis violate: cis violaxanthin; cis anthe:-1 cis antheroxantin; neo: neoxanthin; zeino: zeinoxantin. Carotenoid content (mg L ) in juice extracted from ‘Ortanique’ tangor fruit grafted onto ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, from the experiment installed in Cordeiro) ́polis, Sao Paulo State, Brazil (CIRAD/Qualisud, Montpellier, while being moreFrance, correlated May-1 2014). with lutein β crypto: content β-cryptoxanthin; (0.50–0.72-1 cis violate: cis violaxanthin; cis anthe: cis antheroxantin; neo: anthin (1.35–2.76 mg L ) and β-carotene (0.10–0.25 mg L tangerine group, in their study, encompassing clementines, neoxanthin, zeino: zeinoxantin. brid (Citrus deliciosa Citrus sin- -1 showing that the clementine, a Mediterranean mandarin hy- ensis mg L ). Category 3 contained ‘Sanguinelli’ oranges, ‘Valencia’ Tenore) with sweet orange [ ), which tabolites from their parental tangerine than their parental and ‘Pera’, because-1 of their similar levels of β-cryptoxanthin-1 (L.) Osbeck], are more influenced by the secondary me- (1.65–3.88However, mg in L this) and work β-carotene and other (0.30–0.45 work mentioned mg L above, the breeding of citrus with respect to a high nutritional val were higher than those of the oranges in category 2. orange. This reveals tangerines as an interesting parent for ) and, in- agreesβ-cryptoxanthin with Gancel mainly et al.in (2003),the form who of retinyl observed ester a (Brody,strong ue and genetic dominance. Similarly, the ‘Ortanique’-1 tangor 1994) proved to be the main pro-vitamin A. Thus, this study also showed a high β-carotene content (0.50 mg L addition to β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene also influences the correlation between β-cryptoxanthin and hesperidin in the delivery of pro-vitamin A in this citrus cultivar.

FIGURE 3. Figure 3. 11 State, Brazil, 2010). Mass loss of ‘Ortanique’ tangor fruit, stored at room temperature and 10 °C for six weeks (Cordeirópolis, Mass loss of ‘Ortanique’ tangor fruit, stored at room temperature and 10 °C for six weeks (Cordeirópolis, Sao Paulo Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 2010).

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FigureF IGURE 4. 4.

Titratable Titratable acidity acidity – TA (A), – TA soluble (A), solublesolid content solid – content SS (B) and – SS SS/TA (B) arationd SS/TA (C) of the ratio juice (C) from of the ‘Ortanique’ juice from tangor, ‘Ortanique’ stored at room temperature and 10 °C for six weeks (Cordeirópolis, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 2010). tangor, stored at room temperature and 10 °C for six weeks (Cordeirópolis, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 2010).

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13 et al Citrus sinensis × C. reticulata) with high carotenoid content de Azevedo . | A late-maturing tangor ( Postharvest Bastianel, M., Simonetti, L.M., Schinor, E.H., Giorgi, R.O., De Negri, J.D., Gomes, D.N, and Azevedo, F.A. (2014). Avaliação do banco de In the postharvest test, waxing did not influence the Bragantiagermoplasma 73 de mexericas com relação a características físico- physical and chemical characteristics of the ‘Ortanique’ tan- químicas e suscetibilidade à mancha marrom de alternária. gor fruit. Thereth was major mass loss, as was expected, for , 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2191. the fruits stored at room temperature, resulting in 44.9% by citrus trees. Citrograph 64, 54–56. Bitters, W.P., Cole, D.A., and McCarty, C.D. (1979). Facts about dwarf (fourth42 days week) (6 week). when Thecompared fruits tosubjected room temperature to cold room storage, storage had a significantly lower percentage mass loss at 28 days transpiration of water eliminated due to the vapor pressure CapãoBorges, Bonito R.S., and SP, Pio, Brazil. R.M. Rev. (2003). Bras. Comparative de Fruticult. study25, 448–452. of the mandarin https:// differenceand at 42 daysbetween losses the of fruit 17.2% and (Figure the air 3). in Thisthe environment, is due to the hybrid fruit characteristics: ‘Nova’, ‘Murcott’ and ‘Ortanique’ in doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452003000300022. as in a refrigerated environment. The lower temperature re- Brody, T. (1994). Nutritional Biochemistry (San Diego: Academic duces the metabolism and, consequently, the fruit loses less Press), p. 400–409. mass (Jeronimo and Kanesiro, 2000). and it was more pronounced when the fruits were stored at Brugnara, E.C., Schwarz, S.F., Koller, O.C., Bender, R.J., Weiler, R.L., There was a reduction in TA levels during the storage, CiênciaGonzatto, Rural M.P., 39 Schäfer, G., Martins, F.T., and Lima, J.G. (2009). Porta-enxertos para a tangerineira ‘Michal’ no Rio Grande do Sul. room temperature. The opposite occurred with the SS con- , 1374–1379. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103- tent. The fruits stored in a cold room (10 °C) showed no sig- 84782009005000068. nificant changes in the SS/TA values, while storage at room Cantuarias-Avilés, T., Mourão Filho, F.A.A., Stuchi, E.S., Silva, S.R., temperature showed significant increases over time, in the rootstocks.and Espinoza-Nunez, Sci. Hortic. E.123 (2010)., 318–322. Tree https://doi.org/10.1016/j. performance and fruit weightratio related loss during to fruit storage juice characteristics contributes to (Figure the concentration 4 A–C). yield and quality of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin grafted on 12 One explanation for the small variations in the SS is that scienta.2009.09.020. of sugars. Citrus fruits areet non-climacteric al. fruit, so harvesting them with the correct maturity is essential to obtain- Brasil:CEAGESP. Ceagesp). Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São et al. (2008), who studied the Paulo (2011). Normas de classificação de citros de mesa. (São Paulo, ing quality fruit (Pereira , 2006). AC. decreasereticulata in Blanco TA was × C.also paradisi reported by Malgarim terpost-harvest harvest and quality during of ‘Nova’storage, tangelo the concentration ( of organ Chitarra, M.I.F., and Chitarra, A.B. (1990). Pós-colheita de frutos e ic acids tended Macfad) to decline during in different most of periodsthe fruit, of due storage. to these Af- hortaliças: fisiologia e manuseio. (Lavras: ESAL/FAEPE). 25 - Cuquerella, J., and Navarro, P. (1989). Estado actual de la frigoconservación de los cítricos. Fruticult. Profes. , 122–129. compoundsIncreases as in respiratory the ratio values substrates were observedand carbon during skeletons stor to synthesize new compounds. Dhuique-Mayer, C., Caris-Veyrat, C., Ollitrault, P., Curk, F., and Amiot, et al. M.J. (2005). Varietal and interspecific influence on micronutrient - Chem. 53 contents in citrus from the Mediterranean area. J. Agric. and Food age (Figure 4) and were also reported by Lima (1999), , 2140–2145. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0402983. who studied the fruit quality of ‘Ponkan’ tangerines stored at ratioroom tends temperature. to increase The due SS/TA to decreased ratio is an acids important and increased parame- Duncan, J.H., Sproule, R.S., and Bevington, K.B. (1978). Commercial ter in evaluating the quality of fruit during ripening, and this application of virus-induced dwarfing. Proc. Int. Soc. of Citricult. 317–319. sugars (Chitarra and Chitarra, 1990). According to Baldwin Gancel, A.L., Ollitrault, P., Froelicher, Y., Tomi, F., Jacquemond, C.,Citrus Luro, (1993), a ratio SS/TA = 8–10 is accepted as a minimum ma- deliciosaF., and Brillouet, J.M. (2003). Leaf volatile compounds of seven citrus51, storage.turity index for citrus, and in the ‘Ortanique’ tangor fruit, this somatic tetraploid hybrids sharing willow leaf mandarin ( ratio fluctuated between 10.58 and 12.88 during the days of Ten.) as their common parents. J. Agric. and Food Chem. Conclusion 6006–6013. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0345090. Gonzatto, M.P., Kovaleski, A.P., Brugnara, E.C., Sartori, I.A., Lima,46, J.G., Bender, R.J., and Schwarz, S.F. (2011). Performance of ‘Oneco’ The ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstock provides increased mandarin on six rootstocks in South Brazil. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. vegetative growth to the ‘Ortanique’ tangor, while the trifo- 406–411. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011000400010. liate induces later maturation. The juice of the ‘Ortanique’ br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=1613&z=p&o=18&i=p.IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2012). Sistema ‘Murcott’ fruit has high β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene con- IBGE de Recuperação Automática Brazil. http://www.sidra.ibge.gov. tent, and storage at 10 °C maintains the fruit quality for at least six weeks after harvest, enabling the export of this va- riety. Jeronimo, R.F., and Kanesiro, M.A.B. (2000). Efeito 22 da, 237–243. associação References de armazenamento sob refrigeração e atmosfera modificada na qualidade de mangas ‘Palmer’. Rev. Bras. de Fruticult.

Aviram, M., Dornfeld, L., Rosenblat, M., Volkova, N., Kaplan, M., producedKo, K.C., Kim,in Cheju C.S., Island. Lee, Food N.H., Sci. Lee, Biotechnol. S.P., and 9 Moon, D.K. (2000). Coleman, R., Hayek, T., Presser, D., and Fuhrman, B. (2000). doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.255711.Determination of α-cryptoxanthin in peel and flesh of citrus fruits Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, , 288–291. https:// atherogenic modifications71, 1062–1076. to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Citrus reticulata Lima, L.C., Boas, E.V.B.V., Reis, J.M.R., and Chitarra, A.S.B. (1999). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. Qualidade5, 27–31. dos frutos de tangerineiras ‘Ponkan’ ( Baldwin, E.A. (1993). Citrus fruit. In Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening, Blanco), armazenados sob temperatura ambiente. Rev. Univ. de 1_4.J.E. Taylor, G.A. Tucker, and G.B. Seymour, eds. (London: Chapman Alfenas and Hall), p. 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1584-

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mandarinSumida, T., ( CitrusHamada, unshiu S., Azuma, Y., Ogawa, H., and Tada, M. (1999). andChange storage. of total Nippon carotenoid Shokulin and Kagaku α-cryptoxanthin Gakkaishi contents6, 106–110. of satsuma Marc.) juice caused by heating, illumination

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Accepted: Jul. 18, 2017

280 International Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture