MARCHING THROUGH PENNSYLVANIA: THE STORY OF SOLDIERS AND CIVILIANS DURING THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN by JASON MANN FRAWLEY Bachelor of Arts, 2000 Georgia Southern University Statesboro, Georgia Master of Arts, 2003 Georgia Southern University Statesboro, Georgia Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of AddRan College of Humanities and Social Sciences Texas Christian University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2008 Copyright by Jason Mann Frawley 2008 Acknowledgements This has always been the section I looked forward to writing most. Not only does it signify that I have completed my project but also that I have not traveled the weary path toward completion alone. While I certainly enjoy the pursuit of knowledge and find great pleasure in composing the narrative of history, I admittedly much prefer the opportunity to shine the light of appreciation on those people who have helped me through the difficult process. Granted, I will likely forget someone, and to him or her, I extend my deepest apologies Now, allow me thank the people who have helped me in what has been the most arduous journey of my academic career up to this point. First and foremost, I must thank my academic advisor, Dr. Steven E. Woodworth. He has been both a benevolent taskmaster and a generous friend. While our lunch-table conversations often diverged from the topic of history and led us into arguably more interesting and certainly more important areas of discussion, we always managed to find our way back to the task at hand. I could not have asked for a better mentor, and while I had the opportunity to go elsewhere, I know that I made the correct decision in choosing to study at Texas Christian University. Put simply, I do not know that I would have finished without Dr. Woodworth’s patient support, and I hope that we continue our friendship well into the future. I also wish to extend my gratitude to a number of other professors who have advised and taught me along the way, including Dr. Alan C. Downs of Georgia Southern University, Dr. Mark T. Gilderhus of Texas Christian University, Dr. Todd M. Kerstetter of Texas Christian University, Dr. Ethan S. Rafuse of the U. S. Command and General Staff College, Dr. Mark A. Snell of the George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the ii Civil War at Shepherd University, and Dr. Kenneth R. Stevens of Texas Christian University. They are all exceptional educators and accomplished scholars, and they have all provided me with countless hours of counsel and support. In short, their guidance has proven invaluable in my efforts to become more like them. I would also like to thank a large number of staff members from various archives and libraries that made my job much easier. From The George Tyler Moore Center for the Study for the Study of the Civil War, where I was the George M. Nethken Memorial Fellow in the summer of 2005, I wish to thank Mark Snell, Denise Messinger, Mike Strauss, Tom White, and Lori Kaylor. From the various historical societies and archives where I conducted my research, I wish to thank the following people: Wayne Motts and Tim Smith of the Adams County Historical Society; Ted Alexander of the Antietam National Military Park Library; David L. Smith, Rob Schwartz, and Debbie Miller of the Cumberland County Historical Society; Ruth E. Bryan, Elizabeth Dunn, J. Samuel Hammond, and Michael Shumate of Duke University’s Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library; Glen Cordell of the Fulton County Historical Society; John Heiser of the Gettysburg National Military Park Library; Richard J. Sommers of the U. S. Army Military History Institute; and the staffs of Dickinson College’s Waidner-Spahr Library, the Interlibrary Loan Department at Texas Christian University’s Mary Coutts Burnett Library, the Kittochtinny Historical Society, the Library of Congress, the Lillian- Besore Public Library, the Pennsylvania State Archives, the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the York County Heritage Trust. iii I especially want to thank my friends and family members for the endless support they have given me in this journey. I am fortunate to have too many good friends to list here, but you know who you are, and I thank you all. That being said, I do want to extend a special thank you to my life-long friends Dave and Dan for the countless hours of laughter and entertainment they provided me with when I felt like I was losing my way as I worked to complete my very own “Quest of Mount Doom.” With regards to my family, I want to thank my brother Lewis Daniel Frawley, Jr., and my father, Lewis Daniel Frawley, Sr., for never badgering me about completing the dissertation and for just letting me be me when we were together. I know you wanted me to succeed, and I hope I have made you both proud. Second, I want to thank my mother, Mary Jane Frost, for simultaneously holding my feet to the fire and providing me with a safe place to land when the stress got the best of me as only a mother can do. It would have been an exponentially more difficult journey without you, and I thank you for always being there. Finally, I want to thank my beautiful wife and my best friend, Jill Strickland Frawley. You put all of your dreams on hold to pack up our belongings and move to Texas for me, and I will never forget your sacrifice. While I question whether I could have finished this project without the help of others, I know I could not have done it without you. As always, you remain my first priority, and now that this phase of our life is complete, I am ready to see what the future holds for us as we continue this wonderful journey together. For all that you have done for me in my life and for all that you will continue to do, I dedicate this dissertation to you. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents v Introduction 1 Chapter 1: “We Should Assume the Aggressive” 20 Chapter 2: “Wars and Rumors of Wars” 42 Chapter 3: “The Great Invasion” 76 Chapter 4: “Instances of Forgetfulness” 100 Chapter 5: “Are We Not A Fine Set of Fellows?” 135 Chapter 6: “It Was A Disagreeable Surprise” 175 Conclusion 201 Bibliography 217 v Introduction Between 1861 and 1865, the United States nearly tore itself apart in the deadliest war in its history. The American Civil War, which pitted the eleven southern states of the Confederacy—South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee—against the combined might of those states that remained loyal to the Union, cost America more than 620,000 lives and devastated the infrastructure of much of the country. Since that time, professional historians and amateur enthusiasts, alike, have scrutinized nearly every aspect of the conflict, though some points of interest have found themselves under the historical microscope more than others. The Battle of Gettysburg, an engagement that ravaged the landscape surrounding a small borough in south-central Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863 and which stands as the bloodiest confrontation in the war, is perhaps the best example of this phenomenon as it has proven especially fertile ground for both burgeoning authors and accomplished scholars. Together, amateur and professional historians have invested a tremendous amount of brainpower and physical energy in the creation of often weighty tomes that analyze the minutest details of this bloodiest and most famous of Civil War battles. Harry Pfanz and Jeffrey Wert have even broken the three-day contest down into twenty-four-hour studies with books entitled Gettysburg: The First Day , Gettysburg: The Second Day , and Gettysburg, Day Three , which taken collectively devote more than one-thousand-five- hundred pages to the subject. Gary Gallagher, the John L. Nau III Professor of History of the American Civil War at the University of Virginia, has issued at least four separate essay collections covering the Battle of Gettysburg, including one entitled The Third Day 1 at Gettysburg and Beyond . These examples represent only a tiny fraction of the many titles devoted to the Gettysburg Campaign. In 1982, Richard Allen Sauers published The Gettysburg Campaign, June 3 – August 1, 1863: A Comprehensive, Selectively Annotated Bibliography , a text that runs 277 pages and includes 2,757 individual entries, and since its release twenty-five years ago, publishers have continued to print articles and books on Gettysburg at a staggering rate. 1 While scholars and students generally agree that historians have virtually exhausted the topic, authors continue to seek opportunities to publish books on Gettysburg in the hopes of adding their names to the already long roster of those writers who have recorded their thoughts regarding what might be the most over-studied three days in American history. After all, the town of Gettysburg and the rolling hills surrounding it that together make up Gettysburg National Military Park stand as the quintessential American mecca as thousands of people from all over the world make pilgrimages to the site of the battle annually. After visiting the grounds, watching a film based on the campaign, or reading about the battle’s history, one cannot deny that Gettysburg has become an important part of America’s national identity, and as such, 1 Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg: The First Day (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001); Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg: The Second Day (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998); Jeffrey D.