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Attaching Lures to Multiple-Funnel Traps Targeting Saproxylic Beetles (Coleoptera) in Pine Stands: Inside Or Outside Funnels?

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Attaching Lures to Multiple-Funnel Traps Targeting Saproxylic Beetles (Coleoptera) in Pine Stands: Inside Or Outside Funnels? FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Attaching Lures to Multiple-Funnel Traps Targeting Saproxylic Beetles (Coleoptera) in Pine Stands: Inside or Outside Funnels? DANIEL R. MILLER,1,2 CHRISTOPHER M. CROWE,1 BRITTANY F. BARNES,3 3 4 KAMAL J. K. GANDHI, AND DONALD A. DUERR J. Econ. Entomol. 106(1): 206Ð214 (2013); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC12254 ABSTRACT We conducted two Þeld trapping experiments with multiple-funnel traps in 2008 and one experiment in 2010 to determine the effects of lure placement (inside or outside funnels) on catches of saproxylic species of beetles (Coleoptera). The experiments were conducted in southern pine (Pinus spp.) stands in central Georgia using combinations of ethanol, ␣-pinene, ipsenol, and ipsdienol lures. We report on a modiÞcation to the multiple-funnel trap that allows placement of large lures inside the conÞnes of the funnels with minimal blockage. In general, catches of Þve species of common longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), two species of regeneration weevils (Curculionidae), four species of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), and seven species of beetle predators and ectoparasites (Cleridae, Histeridae, Tenebrionidae, Trogossitidae, and Zopheridae) were higher in funnel traps with lures attached inside the funnels than in those with lures attached outside of the funnels. Catches of the remaining species were unaffected by lure placement. In no instance were catches of any species lower in funnel traps with lures attached inside the funnels than in those with lures attached outside of the funnels. For most species, catches in modiÞed funnel traps with ethanol, ␣-pinene, ipsenol, and ipsdienol lures attached inside funnels were comparable with those in cross- vane panel traps. KEY WORDS Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Histeridae, Scolytinae, Trogossitidae The Lindgren multiple-funnel trap was originally de- trap would block the inside holes (diameter ϭ 5 cm) of signed for mass capture of ambrosia beetles (Co- the funnels thereby defeating the purpose of the trap. leoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) at wood-process- However, Lindgren (1983) recommended place- ing areas (Lindgren and Fraser 1994). The trap ment of lures inside the funnels of the trap rather than consists of black, plastic funnels arranged vertically outside the funnels based on smoke studies conducted over a collection cup (Lindgren 1983). Multiple-fun- in a wind tunnel. He found that smoke dispersed up nel traps are routinely used in national programs such through the trap, and out from each funnel when a as the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) smoke source was placed inside the lower funnels but and the Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) eluted from a single point source when placed outside program for the detection of exotic and invasive sap- the funnels. Furthermore, the odor plume was not roxylic beetles, particularly bark and ambrosia beetles affected by wind direction when lures were placed (Rabaglia et al. 2008, Jackson et al. 2010). Two stan- inside the trap. The effect of lure placement (inside or dard lures in these national programs are large plastic outside funnels) on funnel traps on catches of ambro- pouches that release ethanol and ␣-pinene at high sia beetles was never documented. rates. Typically, these lures are attached on the outside Our objective was to determine the effect of lure of the funnels because of the large size of the lures (40 ϫ placement (inside or outside of funnels) on catches of 7 cm and 35 ϫ 5 cm for the ␣-pinene and ethanol lures, bark and wood boring beetles in multiple-funnel respectively). Placing such lures inside the funnels of a traps baited with various combinations of ethanol, ␣-pinene, ipsenol, and ipsdienol. Such blends are broadly attractive to a diverse group of saproxylic The use of trade names and identiÞcation of Þrms or corporations beetles in the southeastern United States (Miller 2006, does not constitute an ofÞcial endorsement or approval by the United Miller and Rabaglia 2009, Miller et al. 2011). In addi- States Government of any product or service to the exclusion of others tion, we compared catches in modiÞed funnel traps to that may be suitable. 1 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 Green those in cross-vane panel traps. Black, plastic cross- Street, Athens, GA 30602. vane panel traps have gained popularity for trapping 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. larger woodboring species such as longhorn beetles 3 Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of (Cerambycidae) and woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siri- Georgia, 180 Green Street, Athens GA 30602. 4 USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, 1720 Peachtree cidae) (Dodds and de Groot 2011). Generally, cross- Street, Atlanta GA 30309. vane panel traps of various designs outperform stan- February 2013 MILLER ET AL.: LURE PLACEMENT FOR MULTIPLE-FUNNEL TRAPS 207 Fig. 1. Cross-vane panel trap (far left), white-lidded 8-unit multiple-funnel trap (second from left), black-lidded nonmodiÞed 10-unit multiple-funnel trap (second from right), and black-lidded modiÞed 10-unit multiple-funnel trap (far right). (Online Þgure in color.) dard multiple-funnel traps for species of large (UHR) pouches containing either ethanol or Cerambycidae such as Monochamus obtusus Casey, ␣-pinene, and bubble-cap lures containing racemic Monochamus titillator (F.), Monochamus scutellatus ipsenol or racemic ipsdienol (chemical purities (Say), Xylotrechus longitarsis Casey, Asemum striatum Ն95%). The enantiomeric purity of ␣-pinene was (L.), and Acanthocinus nodosus (F.) (McIntosh et al. Ͼ90% (Ð). The release rates of ethanol and ␣-pinene 2001, Morewood et al. 2002, Czokajlo et al. 2003, de from UHR pouches were Ϸ1 and 2 g/d, respectively, Groot and Nott 2003, Dodds et al. 2010, Miller and at 23ЊC whereas ipsenol and ipsdienol released at Ϸ0.2 Crowe 2011, Graham et al. 2012). and 0.1 mg/d, respectively, at 21ЊC. Rates were pro- vided by the manufacturer. We constructed low re- lease bottle lures of ␣-pinene by Þlling closed 15 ml Materials and Methods low-density polyethylene screw-cap Boston round We conducted two trapping experiments in 2008 bottles (Qorpak, Bridgeville, PA) with ␣-pinene (en- and one trapping experiment in 2010 using various antiomeric purity Ͼ95% [Ð]; chemical purity Ͼ95%; types of traps (Fig. 1). All three experiments were SigmaÐAldrich, St. Louis, MO). Release rates of conducted in mature stands of loblolly pine, Pinus ␣-pinene from the 15-ml bottle lures was Ϸ160 mg/d taeda L. and shortleaf pine, P. echinata Miller on the at 25Ð27ЊC (determined gravimetrically). Oconee National Forest. Experiments 1 and 2 were Synergy Semiochemicals Corporation (Burnaby, conducted 24 July through 29 August 2008 and 29 BC) supplied 8- and 12-unit black-lidded multiple- August through 7 October 2008, respectively, at the funnel traps. We created 10-unit traps (Fig. 1) by same site (33.3796Њ N; 83.4107Њ W; 153 m ASL) near transferring two funnels from each 12-unit trap to each Eatonton, GA, whereas experiment 3 was conducted 8-unit trap. Some 10-unit traps were modiÞed as fol- 15 June through 2 September 2010 at a site (33.2433Њ lows to allow placement of UHR pouches inside fun- N, 83.5075Њ W; 163 m ASL) near Stanfordville, GA. nels (Fig. 1): 1) the bottom opening of each bottom Both stands had experienced prescribed burning dur- funnel of each trap was enlarged to the bayonet mount ing the previous year. for the collection cup, an increase in diameter from 5 Contech Enterprises (Victoria, BC) supplied cross- to 7.5 cm; 2) the bottom opening of all remaining vane panel traps and white-lidded eight-unit multiple- funnels was increased from 5 to 12 cm; 3) the locking funnel traps (Fig. 1) as well as ultra-high release nut afÞxing the eyebolt to each trap canopy was re- 208 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 106, no. 1 placed with an eyelet adapter for threaded rod (eye following model components: 1) replicate block and 2) nut style, 1⁄4 in.; McMasterÐCarr, Atlanta, GA); and 4) treatment. When a treatment effect was signiÞcant at PՅ a portion (7 ϫ 12 cm) of the top funnel afÞxed to the 0.05, the HolmÐSidak multiple comparison procedure canopy was removed to allow direct access to the was used to compare means of each species among trap eyelet adapter for hanging UHR pouches. types (Glantz 2005). Normality and homogeneity of vari- ModiÞed 10-unit traps were long enough to hang ances were veriÞed as part of the statistical procedure. both ethanol and ␣-pinene lures, one above the other We determined the species of all Cerambycidae cap- inside the modiÞed funnels without impinging into tured in experiment 3 to better evaluate the suitability of the collection cup. Uppermost in the trap was the treatments for Cerambycidae in general. ␣-pinene UHR pouch with the ethanol UHR pouch Species identiÞcations of Cerambycidae were de- hung on the bottom of the ␣-pinene lure. In nonmodi- termined using Lingafelter (2007). We found separa- Þed 10- and 8-unit funnel traps, both pouches were tion of Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier) from M. hung on the funnel fourth from the top on separate titillator to be difÞcult and inconsistent using charac- legs of the funnel. In panel traps, the two pouches ters noted by Lindsey and Chemsak (1984) and Lin- were hung together at the attachment center in the gafelter (2007). Therefore, we designated M. titillator, middle of the trap, hanging in the open space within M. carolinensis and any possible hybrids, as M. titillator the panels. Ipsenol and ipsdienol lures were hung on the complex. The two species are broadly sympatric in third and fourth funnel from the bottom in all funnel pine stands throughout eastern North America (Lind- traps, respectively, and at the same attachment position sey and Chemsak 1984). Previously, Hopping (1921) as the ethanol and ␣-pinene lures in the panel traps.
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