THE SEMINAR of JACQUES LACAN BOOK VI Desire
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THE SEMINAR OF JACQUES LACAN BOOK VI Desire and its Interpretation 1958 - 1959 Translated by Cormac Gallagher from unedited French typescripts FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY 12.11.58 2 Seminar It 12 November 1958 We are going to speak this year about desire and its interpretation. An analysis is, it is said, a therapy; let us say a treatment, a psychical treatment which relates at different levels of the psyche, at first this was the primary scientific object of its experience, to what we call marginal or residual phenomena, dreams, parapraxes, witticisms, I stressed that last year, to symptoms. On the other hand, if we get into this curative aspect of the treatment with regard to symptoms in the broadest sense, in so far as they manifest themselves in the subject by inhibitions, are constituted in symptoms and sustained by these symptoms, on the other hand this treatment which modifies structures, these structures which are called neuroses or neuro-psychoses which Freud in reality first structured and qualified as neuropsychoses (2) of defence. The psychoanalyst intervenes in order to deal at different levels with these diverse phenomenal realities in so far as they bring desire into play. It is specifically under this rubric of desire, as signifying desire that the .phenomena..which_I called above residual, marginal, were first of all apprehended in Freud, in the symptoms which we see described from one end to the other of Freud's thought, it is the intervention of anxiety, if we make of it the key point of the determination of symptoms, but in so far as such and such an activity which is going to enter into the operation of symptoms is eroticised, or to put it better: is namely caught up in the mechanism of desire. Indeed, what does the very term defence signify in connection with the neuropsychoses, if it is not a defence against what? Against something which is not yet anything other than desire. And nevertheless this analytic theory at the centre of which it is sufficient to indicate that the notion of libido is situated, which is nothing other than the psychical energy of desire, is something, if we are dealing with energy, in which, as I already indicated in passing, remember earlier the metaphor of the factory, certain conjunctions of the symbolic and the real are necessary for the notion of energy even to subsist. But I do not wish here, either to stop or to dwell too long on this. 12.11.58 3 (3) This analytic theory therefore rests entirely on this notion of libido, on the energy of desire. But notice that for some time we see it more and more oriented towards something which those very people who sustain this new orientation, themselves articulate very consciously, at least the more aware of them who have borrowed it from Fairbairn, he writes frequently, because he continuously articulates and writes, particularly in the collection which is called Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality that the modern theory of analysis has changed somewhat from the axis which Freud first gave it by bringing it about or by considering that for us the libido is no longer "pleasure-seeking", as Fairbairn expresses it, that it is "object -seeking". This is to say that Mr. Fairbairn is the most typical representative of this modern tendency. What this tendency orienting the function of the libido in function of an object which is supposed to be in some way predestined for it signifies, is something to which we have alluded a hundred times and whose incidences on analytic theory and technique I have shown you in a thousand forms, together with what I believed could often be pointed out in them in terms of practical deviations, some of which have dangerous consequences. (4) The importance of what I want to point out to you in order to allow you to approach the problem today, is in short this veiling of the very word desire which appears in the whole manipulation of analytic experience, and in a way the impression I would not say of renewal, I would say of bewilderment, that we produce by reintroducing it; I mean that instead of talking about libido or about the genital object, we talk about genital desire. It will immediately perhaps appear much more difficult for us to consider as obvious that genital desire and its maturation imply just by themselves this sort of possibility or of openness, or of the plenitude of realisation of love which seems to have become so doctrinal, from a certain perspective of the maturation of the libido; tendency and realisation, and the implication as regards the maturation of the libido, which appear all the same all the more surprising since they make their appearance at the heart of a doctrine which was precisely the first not alone to highlight, but even to explain, what Freud has classified under the title of debasement in the sphere of love, which means that if in effect desire seems to bring with it a certain quantum in effect of love, it is indeed very precisely, and very often of a love which presents itself to the personality as conflictual, of a love which is not avowed, of a love which even refuses to avow itself. (5) On the other hand, what if we also reintroduce this word desire there where we see being currently employed as affectivity, as a positive or negative sentiment, in what one can call a sort of disgraceful way of proceeding, forces which are still efficacious, and particularly by means of the analytic relationship, by means of the transference. It seems to me that by the simple fact of using this word, a cleavage will be produced which will of itself have something clarifying about it. 12.11.58 4 It is a question of knowing whether transference is constituted, no longer by an affectivity or by positive or negative sentiments which this term involves in a vague and veiled way, but it is a question, and here the desire that is experienced is named by a single one, sexual desire, aggressive desire with respect to the analyst, which will show itself to us right away and at first glance. These desires are by no means everything in the transference, and because of this very fact the transference must be defined by something other than by more or less confused references to the notion of positive or negative affectivity; and so that indeed if we pronounce the word desire, the final benefit of this full usage is that we will ask ourselves what desire is. It is not a question that we will have to or be able to respond to. It is only that, if I were not caught up here by what I could call the urgent rendezvous that I have with my practical experiential requirements, I would have allowed myself some (6) questions on the subject of the meaning of this word desire, in the company of those who have been the most qualified to valorise its usage, namely the poets and the philosophers. I will not do this, first of all because the usage of the word desire, the transmission of the term and of the function of desire in poetry, is something which I would say, we will discover retrospectively if we pursue our investigation far enough. If it is true, because this will be the whole progress of my development this year, that the situation of desire is profoundly marked by, tied up to, riveted to a certain function of language, to a certain relationship of the subject to the signifier, analytic experience will carry us, at least I hope so, far enough in this exploration for us to find enough time to be helped perhaps by the properly poetic evocation that can be made of it, and indeed also to understand more profoundly at the end the nature of poetic creation in its relationships with desire. Only I would point out that the fundamental difficulties of the game of hide-and-seek that you will see to be at the basis of what our experience will show us, appear already in the fact for example that precisely one sees clearly in poetry how the poetic relationship to desire is poorly accommodated, as one might say, to the depiction of its object. I would say that in this regard figurative poetry - I am almost evoking the roses and lillies of beauty - always has something which only expresses desire in a (7) particularly cold register; that on the contrary the law properly speaking of this problem of the evocation of desire, is in a poetry which curiously presents itself as that poetry which is called metaphysical and for those who read English, I will only refer here to the most eminent of the metaphysical poets in English literature, John Donne, so that you can refer to him in order to confirm the degree to which it is very precisely the problem of the structure of the relationships of desire which is evoked there in a celebrated poem, for example "The Ecstasy", and whose title sufficiently indicates the first steps, the direction in which there is poetically elaborated at least on the lyrical plane, the poetic approach to desire when it itself is properly speaking sought and aimed at. 12.11.58 5 I am leaving to one side something which certainly goes much further in presenting desire, the work of the poet when it is supported by dramatic action. It is very precisely the dimension to which we will have to come back this year.