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Neuroprotective Effects of Propolis and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) on the Radiation-Injured Brain Tissue (Neuroprotective Effects of Propolis and CAPE)

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Neuroprotective Effects of Propolis and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) on the Radiation-Injured Brain Tissue (Neuroprotective Effects of Propolis and CAPE) Volume 13, No 4 International Journal of Radiation Research, October 2015 Neuroprotective effects of propolis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on the radiation-injured brain tissue (Neuroprotective effects of propolis and CAPE) H.E. Alkis 1, A. Kuzhan 1* , A. Dirier 1, M. Tarakcioglu 2, E. Demir 2, E. Saricicek 3, T. Demir 4, A. Ahlatci 1, A. Demirci 1, K. Cinar 5, S. Taysi 2 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Gaziantep University, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey 2Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Gaziantep University, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey 4Department of Physiology, Gaziantep University, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey 3Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ersin Arslan State Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey 5Department of Neurosurgery, Sehitkamil State Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey ABSTRACT Background : Our purpose was to invesgate propolis and its component caffeic ► Original article acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) for their anoxidant effects on the rain ssue of rats exposed to ionizing radiaon (IR). Materials and Methods : Fi&y-four male al ino Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into six groups, were designed as normal control group, cranial irradiaon of 5 ,ray alone, irradiaon plus CAPE, irradiaon plus * Corresponding author: propolis, control groups of propolis and CAPE. Oxidave-anoxidave status Dr. Abdurahman Kuzhan indicators, lipid peroxidaon and anoxidant enzymes, were determined y Fax: +90 342 4720718 iochemical methods in homogenized rain ssue of rats. Results : E-mail: .alondialdehyde level, the lipid peroxidaon index, in the irradiaon alone group [email protected] was found to e signi/cantly increased compared to all of the other groups (p01.111). Enzyme acvies of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were 513.43, 721.71 Revised: Feb. 2015 and 854.48 for irradiaon alone group, irradiaon plus CAPE group and Accepted: March 2015 irradiaon plus propolis group, respecvely. Enzyme acvity of SOD in the irradiaon alone group was found to e signi/cantly decreased compared to the Int. J. Radiat. Res., October 2015; groups received propolis or CAPE (p01.113). Enzyme acvity of glutathione 13(4): 297-303 peroxidase was not found stascally different among all of the groups. Conclusion: Propolis and CAPE were found to e ene/cial agents in protecng DOI: 10.7508/ijrr.2015.04.002 rain ssue against IR-induced oxidave damage. Keywords: Brain, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, ionizing radiation, oxidative stress, propolis. Downloaded from ijrr.com at 17:35 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 [ DOI: 10.7508/ijrr.2015.04.002 ] INTRODUCTION damage. Overproduction of free radicals is mainly eliminated by antioxidant defense Ionizing radiation (IR) is an important source system including superoxide dismutase (SOD), in the generation of free radicals among the glutathione and catalase (6, 7) . De,iciency in SOD various physical/chemical agents; interacts with and -lutathione peroxidase (-S.-Px) results in cells and produces cytotoxic effects. Many effects relatively higher levels of free radicals and altered of IR are mediated through the production of redox state which will induce a state of persistent free radicals such as superoxide radical and oxidative stress (0) . 1ree radicals and lipid hydroxyl radical (1) . Recent studies emphasize peroxidation are reported to play important role in that free radicals play an important role in the various human diseases such as ischaemia- cellular damage (2-5) . reperfusion in2ury, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Cells normally have various mechanisms neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and allergy acting to defend against free radical induced (3, 0) . Alkis et al. / Neuroprotective effects of propolis and CAPE The most important organ of the central Animals in Research. Animal experimentations nervous system (CNS), the brain is more were carried out in an ethically proper way by sensitive to free radical induced damage following guidelines as set by the Ethical because of its high use of oxygen, its high Committee of the -aziantep University. The rats concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, were quarantined for at least seven days before and its low concentration of antioxidant irradiation, housed ten to a cage in a windowless molecules compared to other tissues ( ) . In CNS, laboratory room with automatic temperature oxidative stress results in acute and chronic (22= AC) and lighting controls ( 2 h light/ 2 h in2ury and plays an important role in the dark) and fed with standard laboratory chow and pathogenesis of neuronal damage ( 2) . Therefore, water. The rats were randomly divided into six herbal remedies which can protect cellular groups. Control groups included 0 rats and the membranes against IR and free radicals will other groups included 0 rats for each. -roup A have potential bene,its as radiation-protectors, (normal control group) did not receive CAPE, antioxidant and antimutagens ( 3, 8) . propolis or irradiation. -roup B (irradiation plus Propolis is a resinous material collected by CAPE group) received 5 -y of gamma irradiation honey bees from plants, and its ,lavonoid as a single dose to total cranium and CAPE B 0 component, caffeic acid phenetyl ester (CAPE), Cmol kg - day - , intraperitoneally (i.p.)D in2ection possesses a number of important biological and starting 30 minutes before the irradiation and pharmacological properties including antitumor, continuing daily for 0 days after irradiation. immunomodulatory, anti-in,lammatory, anti- CAPE was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide oxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, anti- (DSMO) 2ust before giving to the rats. The ,inal microbial, antiparasitic, and anti-diabetic concentration of DMSO was 0. E. -roup C activities ( 5, 6) . (control group of CAPE) received DMSO (i.p.) Beside the known antioxidant and in2ections and sham irradiation. -roup D neuroprotective properties of propolis and (irradiation plus propolis group) received both 5 CAPE, data on the radiation-protective ability of -y of gamma irradiation as a single dose to total these agents in radiation-in2ured brain tissue cranium and propolis (00 mg kg - day - ) starting have not been reported to date. In the current one hour before irradiation and continuing for study, we hypothesized that propolis and CAPE 0 days through an orogastric tube. -roup E could protect brain tissue from radiation- (control group of propolis): received -ml saline induced oxidative damage. 1or this reason, we through an orogastric tube and sham irradiation. measured the antioxidant defense -roup 1 (Irradiation alone group) received 5 -y system parameters, SOD and -S.-Px, and the of gamma irradiation as a single dose to total marker of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde cranium plus -ml saline through an orogastric (MDA), in the brain tissue of rats with or without tube. Prior to total cranium irradiation, the rats exposing to gamma radiation to total cranium with were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg ketamine .Cl a single dose of 5 -ray (-y). (P,izer Inc, Istanbul, Turkey) and placed on a Downloaded from ijrr.com at 17:35 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 [ DOI: 10.7508/ijrr.2015.04.002 ] plexiglas tray in the prone position. Ghile the rats in the control group of CAPE or propolis MATERIALS AND METHODS received sham irradiation, the rats in the groups of B, D, 1 were irradiated using cobalt 60 Rats and experiments teletherapy unit (Theratron Equinox, MDS 1ifty-four male albino Sprague-Dawley rats, Nordion, Hanata, Ontario, Canada) from a 2- 6 weeks old, weighing 220=25 g at the time source-to-surface distance of 00 cm by 0I20 of irradiation, bred at -aziantep University cm anterior ,ields with 5 -y to the total cranium Medical School, department of animal as a single fraction. Irradiation dose of 5 -y was laboratory, were used for the experiment. All ad2usted as previously described ( 7) . The central procedures involving the Sprague-Dawley rats axis was calculated at a depth of cm. The dose adhered to the ARVO Resolution on the Use of rate was 0.83 -y/min. Int. J. Radiat. Res., Vol. 13 No. 4, October 2015 298 Alkis et al. / Neuroprotective effects of propolis and CAPE Fractionation of brain samples 380 nm is measured. -S.-Px activity of the brain At the 11th day of the experiment, the rats tissues were calculated by measuring the were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg ketamine i.p. absorbance change per minute and by using the Then an intracardiac withdrawal of blood was molar extinction coef,icient of NADP.. -S.-Px performed. Following this process, the rats were activity was expressed as U/mg protein of brain sacri,iced and their brains were removed. Brain tissue sediment. The protein content was tissues were homogenized by a homogenizer (IHA determined using Bradford method (2 ) . -NERHE, -mB. J CO. HB D-732 3, Staufen, Biochemical measurements were carried out at -ermany) in isotonic saline ( / 0 weight/ room temperature using a spectrophotometer volume) on ice for one minute. The supernatant (CECIM CE 308 , Cambridge, UH). was stored at -00 °C in aliquots for biochemical measurements. Activities of the antioxidant Statistical analyses enzymes, SOD and -S.-Px, and MDA levels were Analyses were conducted using Statistical determined from these supernatants Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 0) spectrophotometrically for one time. software. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post Determination of MDA levels hoc test (MSD alpha) for multiple comparisons. Malondialdehyde was determined by Data were expressed as mean= standard deviation spectrophotometry of the pink-colored product of (SD) and p values N0.05 were considered to be the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances statistically signi,icant. complex. Total thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were expressed as MDA, using a molar extinction coef,icient for MDA of .56I 0 5 RESULTS K K ( 0) cm M . The MDA level was expressed as nmol/g wet weight. Enzyme activity of SOD and -S.-Px and MDA levels of the six groups are presented in table . Determination of SOD activity Compared to the other groups, enzyme activity of Superoxide dismutase activity was determined SOD of the rats in the irradiation alone group was by the method in which xanthine L xantine oxidase found lower (pN0.006).
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