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Pythium Insidiosum: Inhibitory Effects of Propolis

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Pythium Insidiosum: Inhibitory Effects of Propolis b r a z i l i a n j o u r n a l o f m i c r o b i o l o g y 4 7 (2 0 1 6) 863–869 ht tp://www.bjmicrobiol.com.br/ Veterinary Microbiology Pythium insidiosum: inhibitory effects of propolis and geopropolis on hyphal growth Maria José Abigail Mendes Araújo, Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco, ∗ José Maurício Sforcin Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Propolis and geopropolis are resinous products of bees showing antimicrobial effects. There Received 6 February 2014 is no data concerning their action against Pythium insidiosum – the causative agent of pythio- Accepted 25 February 2016 sis, a pyogranulomatous disease of the subcutaneous tissue that affects mostly horses, dogs Available online 4 July 2016 and humans. Fragments of 15 isolates of P. insidiodum were incubated with propolis and Associate Editor: Carlos Pelleschi geopropolis extracts and evaluated for up to seven days to detect the minimal fungicidal −1 Taborda concentration (MFC). Propolis inhibited three isolates at 1.0 mg mL after 24 h and all other −1 isolates at 3.4 mg mL . Geopropolis led to more variable results, exerting predominantly Keywords: a fungistatic action than a fungicidal one. Propolis was more efficient than geopropolis in inhibiting P. insidiosum since lower concentrations led to no growth after 24 h. This effect Pythium insidiosum Propolis may be due to propolis chemical composition, which has more active compounds than geo- Geopropolis propolis. Propolis seemed to be a good candidate for in vivo studies, since treatment with conventional antifungal compounds is difficult in most of the cases, requiring extensive Stingless bees surgical debridement. Africanized honeybees © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). product made by bees from different parts of plants, adding Introduction mandibular secretions, pollen and wax. Stingless bees may produce propolis as well as geopropolis. As to geopropolis, There has been an increased interest by the pharmaceuti- besides plant material, gland secretions, wax and pollen, some cal industry in the search for natural products to maintain a species of stingless bees add mud or clay to its composition, healthy lifestyle, especially those with antimicrobial activity, and it has been used in popular medicine in the treatment of 3 due to bacterial and fungal resistance to antimicrobial drugs respiratory diseases and dermatosis. 1,2 and side effects. The antimicrobial activity of propolis produced by African- 4–7 Bee products have been widely investigated concerning ized honeybees has been extensively investigated, and in their biological properties. Propolis is a balsamic and resinous recent years there has been a great interest in the antibacterial ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] (J.M. Sforcin). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.008 1517-8382/© 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 864 b r a z i l i a n j o u r n a l o f m i c r o b i o l o g y 4 7 (2 0 1 6) 863–869 properties of propolis and geopropolis produced by stingless Chemical analysis of propolis and geopropolis bees. Geopropolis produced by Melipona compressipes fasciculata Smith exerted an antibacterial effect in vitro against Streptococ- The chemical composition of propolis and geopropolis was cus mutans isolated from the oral cavity of young individuals analyzed by Dr. Vassya Bankova, in the Institute of Organic of both gender, suggesting its use as an alternative for pre- Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgaria, using 8 12,13 venting dental caries. The antimicrobial action of geopropolis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Briefly, produced by Melipona fasciculata Smith in Maranhão State, analysis was performed with a Hewlett Packard Gas Chro- northeast Brazil, was analyzed against Streptococcus mutans, matograph 5890 Series II Plus linked to a Hewlett Packard Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans by the agar dif- 5972 mass spectrometer system equipped with a 23 m long, fusion method, confirming its potential to control or prevent 0.25 mm id, 0.5 ␮m film thickness HP5-MS capillary column. 9 ◦ ◦ infections in the oral cavity. The temperature was programmed from 100 C to 310 C at a ◦ −1 Although there is some data with respect to the antibacte- rate of 5 C min . Helium was used as a carrier gas, flow rate −1 ◦ rial and antifungal activity of propolis and geopropolis, there 0.7 mL min . Split ratio 1:80, injector temperature 280 C. The is no data concerning their effects on Pythium insidiosum, a ionization voltage was 70 eV. The identification was accom- fungus-like organism belonging to Kingdom Stramenopila, plished using computer searches on a NIST98 MS data library. Phylum Oomycota, which is the causative agent of pythiosis, a pyogranulomatous disease of the subcutaneous tissue that Pythium insidiosum susceptibility to propolis and 10 affects mostly horses, dogs and humans as well. geopropolis extracts Epidemiologically, pythiosis is related to human and animal contact with contaminated water, and zoospores con- Fifteen Pythium insidiosum isolates were used for sensitivity stitute its infective form. This disease is life-threatening and tests: an isolate from the first human case of pythiosis in diagnosis is time-consuming. Besides, treatment with conven- Brazil (B-01), and 14 obtained from equine pythiosis (Eq-2 to tional antifungal compounds is difficult in most of the cases, Eq-15). All isolates were obtained from the Middle West region requiring extensive surgical debridement. The unsuccessful of São Paulo State, Brazil, and maintained in the Laboratory response to antifungal therapy is due to the absence of ergo- of Medical Mycology of the Department of Microbiology and sterol in the plasmatic membrane, which is the main target of Immunology, UNESP, Campus of Botucatu. 10 azoles, alilamines and polienes. Thus, we wish to present for Isolates were inoculated into plates containing SAB agar at the first time the effects of propolis produced by Africanized ◦ 35 C for 7 days. Afterwards, standardized fragments (5 mm) honeybees and geopropolis produced by M. fasciculata against were taken and put into microtubes containing SAB broth with Pythium insidiosum isolates. different concentrations of propolis or geopropolis in a final volume of 1.0 mL, to obtain the minimal fungicidal concentra- tion (MFC) to hyphal growth. Control contained only SAB broth. Material and methods ◦ After 24 h at 35 C under moderate shaking, to prevent precipi- tation of the extract and the pathogen, fragments were plated Extract of propolis and geopropolis ◦ individually in SAB agar and incubated at 35 C for seven days. All experiments were performed in quintuplicate. Propolis was collected in the Beekeeping Section, UNESP, Cam- ◦ The susceptibility of Pythium insidiosum isolates to propolis pus of Botucatu, São Paulo State, southeast Brazil (22 53 25 S, ◦ or geopropolis was determined by measuring the diame- 48 27 19 W). Propolis sample was prepared as previously ter (mm) of radial growth of the colony at 24, 48 and 4,11 described. Briefly, 30 g of propolis was ground and extracted 168 h (7 days) of incubation. All cultures were photographed with 100 mL of 70% ethanol, in the absence of bright light, at and the colonies diameter was achieved using the soft- room temperature and moderate shaking. After a week, the ware Image J (image processing and analysis in JAVA; extract was filtered and the final concentration was calcu- 16 http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij), as described by Pires et al. Diame- lated. Specific dilutions of extract of propolis at 1.0, 3.4, 7.0, ◦ ters at the angles 0, 45, 90 and 135 of each plate were recorded −1 12.0 and 18 mg mL were prepared in Sabouraud (SAB) broth in mm. for inhibition assays. MFC was determined by no growth of Pythium insidiosum Geopropolis was produced by M. fasciculata and collected in ◦ ◦ over time. The absence of growth at 24 h but growing after 48 Palmeirândia, Maranhão State, northeast Brazil (2 39 S, 44 and 168 h, using the same concentration of propolis or geo- 55 W). Ecosystems of this region include mangroves, flood- propolis, was considered as a fungistatic action. ing fields, lagoons, forests and babassu fields. Geopropolis ◦ samples were kept at 4 C before extraction, ground and mace- rated in 100 mL of ethanol 70% at room temperature, under Results 9 moderate shaking. After 24 h, the extract was filtered and submitted to solvent evaporation. Geopropolis was dissolved Chemical composition of propolis and geopropolis in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which did not affect the pathogen growth (data not shown). Geopropolis extract was Benzoic acid, dihydrocinnamic acid, coumaric acid, caf- −1 diluted at 3.4, 5.0, 7.0, 12.5 and 18 mg mL in SAB broth for feic acid, prenyl-p-coumaric acid, flavonoids, artepillin C, assays. trihydroxymethoxy flavonon, tetrahydroxy flavonon, and Both extracts of propolis and geopropolis were new and triterpenes were the main compounds found in propolis com- prepared for the assays. position. Carbohydrates and their derivatives, triterpenes, b r a z i l i a n j o u r n a l o f m i c r o b i o l o g y 4 7 (2 0 1 6) 863–869 865 anacardic acid, alkylresorcinols, and sugar alcohols were the h major constituents of geopropolis identified by GC–MS.
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