IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 07, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Application of Statistical Analysis to Understand the Trace Metal Contamination in Drinking Water of Sandur and Its Surrounding, District () D. M. Thotappaiah1 T. Suresh2 Manjappa S3 Suresh B4 1,2,3Department of Chemistry Engineering 4Department of Civil Engineering 1,2Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary-583104, , India 3University BDT College of Engineering, Davangere-577005, Karnataka, India 4Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Davangere – 577 005, Karnataka, India Abstract— Present investigation was conducted to study the biochemical treatment for drinking purposes, hence the level trace metals in ground water sources used for drinking in of pollution has become a causes for human health [12]. Sandur Taluke, , Karnataka (India). Total fifty There are various trace metals are responsible for ground water samples were collected from source. During the occupational and residential exposure. Out for that about 23 study total seven trace metals were determined for a period of of these are heavy metals such as antimony, arsenic, bismuth, one year (March 2015 to April 2016), for three summer, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, gold, winter and rainy seasons. Trace metals are Iron, Zinc, Copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, platinum, silver, Nickel, Chromium and Cadmium and Lead in the tellurium, thallium, tin, uranium, vanadium, and zinc [4]. underground water of Sandur taluka and its surroundings of The entering of the small quantity of these metals into the Bellary District of Karnataka State were analyzed. Due to ecosystem and the environment is common but in large human activity the earth surface have direct or indirect impact quantity of these metals enters into the system causes acute on the underground water whether associated with urban, and chronic toxicity. Some of the health hazards due to industrial or agricultural activities large scale concentrated accumulation of trace metals into the human system or source of pollutants, such as industrial discharges and sub- ecosystem are include reduced growth and development, surface injection of chemicals and hazardous are obvious cancer, organ damage, nervous system damage, and in source of ground water pollutants. The trace metals were extreme cases, death. Heavy metals may enter the human estimated by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, the body via food chain, atmosphere, hydrological cycle through analytical results were compared with safe limits in mg/L for the skin in agriculture, industrial, or residential settings [3]. trace metals laid down by BIS, WHO, ICMR, APHA. However, there are few investigations on Correlation Co-efficient analysis was used to analyze the data groundwater pollution with different pollutants and different and to identify possible sources of selected trace metals. researchers studied on the ground water quality by Ghanem Significant correlations were found among trace metals, [5] has investigated on ground water pollution in Tulkarem which suggest a common origin. The concentration of trace area especially for nitrate and chloride pollutants, the metal iron and chromium in ground water samples showing analytical results indicated that most of the ground water 100% and 54% above the permissible limit of BIS, WHO. But samples are above the permissible limit of nitrate content as in some of the underground water samples are contaminated per WHO standards of 45 mg/L for drinking water. Ghanem with Iron, which might be affect human health as well as the [6] work focused on the groundwater pollution due to trace health of the ecosystem. It is therefore, suggested to take up metals in North West Bank and results displayed that regular analysis to be done in the Sandur taluka of Bellary especially Pb, Cd, and Cr are analyzed out of these trace district. The results obtained from this study suggest a metals Pb detected more than the WHO limits. Husam possible risk to the community and the fact that for many Malassa [8] has studied the groundwater contamination with people in the study area, ground water is a main source of trace metals in Water of South West Bank, the results are their water supply. shown above the EPA limits in some wells. Khwaja [9] Key words: trace metals, BIS, WHO, safe limit, human analyses the ground water quality using statistical techniques health, ground water finally concluded the work most of the parameters were above the standard limits prescribed by BIS. I. INTRODUCTION However, and according to previous study and our God gave a very precious liquid, which is most important for best knowledge there are no studies conducted on the analysis all living organisms on the planet. Most of the species and of heavy metals in Sandur taluka, Bellary district, Karnataka especially human beings depends on water for their survival state, India. The main objectives of the present study are including uncontaminated and clean water for drinking analyses the different trace metals in selected ground water of purposes. The water is used by human beings for different Sandur taluka and its surroundings of the Bellary district and purposes like food, production, nutrition are dependent on also apply the statistical analysis for the findings. water availability in adequate quantities and good quality [7]. From the previous study it is revealed that and estimated that II. MATERIALS AND METHODS approximately one third of the total population of the world A total number of 50 groundwater samples were collected in are depending on groundwater for drinking purposes and 1 L colored polythene cans from different bore wells and today more than half the world's population depends on hand pumps from the selected location in Sandur Taluka for groundwater for survival [11]. The major concern is most of the period of one year from March 2015 to April 2016. The the municipalities are supplying water to public without trace metals have been determined with Shimadzu make

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Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AA-7000). For the and dissolved phases [1] with their presence in ground water determination of trace metals, the collected ground water being either of natural origin (e.g. eroded minerals within samples were immediately acidified with HNO3 to bring rocks and soils strata, leaching of ore deposits and volcanism the pH below 2 to avoid the precipitation of the trace metals. extruded products) or of anthropogenic origin (i.e. human The samples were concentrated and subjected to nitric acid activities, industrial or domestic effluents) [10]. The most digestion. Selected trace elements such as Iron, Zinc, Copper, common heavy metals that humans are exposed to are iron, Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium and Lead were estimated as per zinc, cadmium, lead and chromium has been associated with standard method (APHA, 1995). lithosphere and presenile dementia. A one-way ANOVA test was calculated to analyses, if the trace metal concentration is significantly different between the fifty groundwater samples. Results showed that the fifty ground water samples in this study are different from each other at 95% confidence level in terms of heavy metal content. These findings confirm geological variations of the metals in the fifty ground water analyzed in this study. Figure 2 shows this variation of trace metals and especially iron as an example in the fifty ground water samples. This fluctuation in the concentration of iron metals in the fifty ground water samples analyzed in this study indicates that the sources of iron metal are from anthropogenic and human activities e.g. mining and also especially geological features of the study location [13]. Correlation among trace metals analyzed during the study period and parameters greatly facilitates the task of rapid monitoring of ground water quality. Table 4 presents the Pearson correlation coefficient matrix between the trace metals of ground water of the study area. The variables having coefficient value (r) > 0.50 are considered significant. The analytical data shows that Iron showed significant positive relation between Copper (r=0.396), chromium (r=0.359) and significantly negative correlation with Zinc, Nickel, cadmium and lead (r = -0.020, -0.001, -0.021 and - 0.018) respectively. The result indicates that increasing in iron copper and chromium also increase. This may be due contains copper and chromium in some of the geological structure of the study area. In the present except cadmium and chromium all other trace metals are positively correlated with the other trace metals analyzed. Results showed that seven trace metals (Pb, Fe, Cr,

Fig. 1: Location Map of the Study Area Showing Ground Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd), were detected in one or more ground Water Sampling locations water sample analyzed in this study. Table 1 shows the concentrations of metals detected in the selected groundwater A. Study Area samples analyzed in this study in fifty different sampling The present study is carried out at Sandur area of Bellary locations. Table 2 indicates the descriptive statistics of the district, Karnataka which is geographically bounded by 15° trace metal in the selected locations of Sandur taluk of Bellary 10' and 15°50' north latitude and 76° 55' and 76° 61' east district. Results also showed that only three metals (Fe, Cu longitude covering an area of above 565 meters (Figure 1). and Cr) were detected in all ground water samples analyzed Sandur and its surrounding village’s places of natural beauty in this study, while Fe, Zn and Cr were detected in 100%, with lush green mountains, valleys, deep gorges and most of 54% and 4% of the ground water samples analyzed in this the villages are depending upon the ground water for their study, respectively. In general, 98% of all samples analyzed daily needs. The Sandur town located to the south of contained one or more of the 7 metals studied each in varying Hosapete. It located on the southern edge of the original concentration. The concentration of Fe, Zn, Cu and Crin the Vijayanagara metropolitan area. Sanduru Taluka has deposits fifty ground water samples analyzed in this study were ranged of manganese ore and hematite (iron ore), and is home to from 0.421 -2.042, 0.00-0.281, 0.00, 0.362 and ppm several mines and steel plants in and around the taluka. Study respectively. However other three metals like Ni, Cd and Pd area receives 750mm of elevation but has seen more than indicated below detectable level during the study period. 1000mm of rainfall. As per 2011 census the population of the study area is 37,431.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Trace metals present is all types of water especially in waste water and ground water since they are in colloidal, particulate

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Sr. Latitude and Sl Latitude and Village location Village Location No Longitude No Longitude 15.10 Lati, 15.30 Lati, 1 Laxmipura outside village 26 Ankamnal mallapur road 76.48 Longi 76.55 Longi 15.11 Lati, 15.21 Lati, 2 near school 27 D-Mallapura near tank 76.48 Longi 76.58 Longi 15.10 Lati, near pakkira devru 15.20 Lati, 3 Tumati down the village 28 Hiralu 76.48 Longi temple 76.61 Longi 15.11 Lati, 15.31 Lati, 4 Bujanganagara near bus stop 29 Thippanamaradi near angannavadi 76.48 Longi 76.60 Longi 15.10 Lati, 15.30 Lati, 5 Narasingapura bus stop circle 30 Tyagadalu village entrance 76.48 Longi 76.42 Longi 15.12 Lati, 15.42 Lati, 6 Ranajithpura near school 31 Kalingeri choranur roadside 76.48 Longi 76.49 Longi 15.10 Lati, near 15.40 Lati, 7 Susheelanagara hospet road side 32 Sovenahalli 76.47 Longi gramapanchyati 76.51 Longi 15.12 Lati, 15.48 Lati, 8 Siddapura near devi temple 33 Agrahara near water tank 76.48 Longi 76.54 Longi 15.12 Lati, road side water 15.50 Lati, 9 Jaisingpura outside 34 Sulthanpura 76.48 Longi tank 76.38 Longi 15.12 Lati, 15.31 Lati, 10 Venkatagiri near anjaiani temple 35 Mallarahalli road side 76.48 Longi 76.39 Longi 15.10 Lati, roadside 15.28 Lati, 11 Dowlatpura near masjid 36 S.Lakkalahalli 76.50 Longi arriculture land 76.40 Longi 15.04 Lati, 15.24 Lati, 12 D.Thimmalapura outside village 37 Genethikatte chornur road side 76.49 Longi 76.39 Longi 15.12 Lati, 15.20 Lati, 13 Taranagara near halla 38 Nallabande near minwater tank 76.50 Longi 76.30 Longi 15.11 Lati, 15.18 Lati, 14 Muraripura near doni 39 Hosavaddanakatte road side 76.50 Longi 76.32 Longi 15.11 Lati, 15.12 Lati, 15 V-Nagalpura behind the govt. school 40 Choranuru near water tank 76.50 Longi 76.20 Longi near 15.11 Lati, 15.18 Lati, 16 Taluru govt. school 41 Bommagatta hulikunteshwara 76.51 Longi 76.29 Longi temple 15.12 Lati, 15.22 Lati, 17 Chikkantapura road side agriculture land 42 Bannihatti near anganavadi 76.53 Longi 76.33 Longi 15.11 Lati, ubbalgundi road 15.26 Lati, 18 S-Basapura near bus stand 43 76.52 Longi side 76.42 Longi 15.11 Lati, 15.31 Lati, 19 road side 44 Ubbalagundi outside village 76.52 Longi 76.32 Longi 15.11 Lati, near 15.36 Lati, 20 Dharmapura ashryaya colony 45 Rajapura 76.52 Longi chappardahalli 76.50 Longi 15.04 Lati, 15.44 Lati, 21 Yashavantanagara kudligi road side 46 Metriki near bus stand 76.49 Longi 76.39 Longi 15.03 Lati, 15.42 Lati, 22 Nidagurthi beside the pond 47 Vittalapura beside govt. school 76.48 Longi 76.38 Longi 15.03 Lati, havinamadagu 15.46 Lati, 23 Mallapura near govt. school 48 Anthapura 76.48 Longi road 76.42 Longi 15.02 Lati, 15.37 Lati, 24 Katinakamba near bus stand 49 Sandur shanbogar street 76.47 Longi 76.44 Longi 15.02 Lati, 15.29 Lati, 25 inside vasavi temple 50 Kodalu outside village 76.47 Longi 76.51 Longi Table 1: Location of the sampled bore well and open wells in the Sandur Taluk, Bellary District

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0.421 2 100 Iron 0.3 1.0 0.3 1.0 - . % 2.042 0.000 3 Cop 0.05 1.0 0.05 1.5 - 54% . per 0.362 Below 4 Nick detect - 0.02 - 0.02 0% . el able level Below Cad No 5 detect miu - 0.005 0.01 relax 0% . able m ation level 0.012 Fig. 2: Average Concentration of trace metals (in ppm) Vs 6 - Zinc 5.0 0% ground water samples obtained in March 2015 to April 2016 . Descriptiv 0.281 Fe Zn Cu Ni Cr Cd Pb e stats Chro 0.000 7 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 miu 0.05 - 4% Mean . 02 50 76 00 12 00 00 m 0.062 Standard 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Table 3: Comparison of the trace metals of groundwater of Error 43 11 13 00 02 00 00 the study area with WHO and ISI for drinking purpose. 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Note: All the trace metals are expressed in ppm Median 72 16 00 00 06 00 00 Iro Zin Cop Nic Chro Cadm Le 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n c per kel mium ium ad Mode 81 00 00 00 00 00 00 1.0 Iron Standard 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 Deviation 02 77 95 00 15 00 00 - 1.0 Sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zinc 0.0 00 Variance 91 06 09 00 00 00 00 20 5.7 2.8 0.4 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Coppe 0.3 0.0 1.00 Kurtosis 63 64 32 00 93 00 00 r 96 61 0 2.1 1.9 1.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 - Skewness 0.0 0.01 1.0 69 09 63 00 40 00 00 Nickel 0.0 21 0 00 1.6 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 01 Range 21 81 62 00 62 00 00 Chro 0.3 0.1 0.30 0.2 1.000 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 mium 59 14 3 10 Minimum 21 00 00 00 00 00 00 - Cadmi 0.0 0.01 0.0 2.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.018 1.000 Maximum um 18 9 10 42 81 62 00 62 00 00 21 50. 2.5 3.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 - Sum 0.0 0.01 0.1 1.0 118 13 75 00 84 00 00 Lead 0.0 0.124 0.131 21 2 10 00 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 18 Count 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 Table 4: Similarity Index between the trace metals in Table 2: Descriptive statistics of Trace metals in ground Ground water samples of Sandur taluk Samples having WHO Avera Sam Samples having concentrations of trace BIS (1991) (1993) ge ple concentration of the trace metals exceeding the S Conce Exce metals maximum contaminant Trac l Ma Ma ntratio edin levels e Max Max N x x n in g Maximum meta perm perm No. of No. of o desi desi the desir Trace Concentrati ls issibl issibl Locatio % Locatio % . rabl rabl study able metals on level e e ns ns e e area, Limi /µg/L ppm t Lead - - 50 - - Below 10 No Iron - - 300 50 1 detect 0 Lead - 0.05 0.05 relax 0% . able Copper 23 46 50 27 54 ation level Nickel - - 70 - -

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Cadmiu REFERENCES - - 10 - - m [1] Adepoju-Bello, A. A., O. O. Ojomolade, G. A. Ayoola 10 Zinc 50 5000 - - and H. A. B. Coker, Quantitative Analysis of Some 0 Toxic Metals in Domestic Water Obtained from Lagos Chromiu 48 96 50 2 04 Metropolis, Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, Vol. 42, m No.1, 2009, pp. 57-60. Table 5: Samples having measurable concentrations of the [2] Chang, M. B., C. H. Jen, H. T. Wu and H. Y. Lin, trace metals and percentage of locations exceeding the Investigation on the Emission Factors and Removal maximum contaminant limits in groundwater of Study Area Efficiencies of Heavy Metals from MSW Incinerators in Note: WHO and BIS* Taiwan, Waste Management & Research, Vol. 21, No. 3, Furthermore, results showed that the concentration 2003. pp.218-224. of iron and copper are above the allowable limit of WHO and [3] Dupler, D., Heavy Metal Poisoning, In: J. L. 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Based on the Heavy Metals in Ground Water of South West above work, it is suggested to adopt some kind of inexpensive Bank/Palestine by ICP/MS, Journal of Environmental treatment to reduce the level of Fe in ground water samples Protection, 4, 2013. pp. 818-827. in the selected villages of the Sandur taluka since this water [9] Khwaja M. Anwar and Aggarwal Vanita. Analysis of is not suitable for direct consumption for drinking purposes. Groundwater Quality Using Statistical Techniques: A Four heavy metals (Cr, Cu and Zn) and one metal Case Study Of Aligarh City (India), International Journal (Iron) in samples analyzed from fifty bore wells. Out of seven of Technical Research and Application, vol. 2, issue, 5, trace metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, and Fe) only iron content 2014. pp. 100-106. detected in 100% of ground water samples analyzed. [10] Marcovecchio, J. E., S. E. Botte and R. H. Freije, Heavy Concentrations of two heavy metals (Cu and Cd) detected in Metals, Major Metals, Trace Elements. In: L. M. Nollet, the ground water samples analyzed in this study are within Ed., Handbook of Water Analysis, 2nd Edition, CRC the allowed limits, but they are detected about 54% and Press, London, 2007. pp. 275-311. 0.04% in some of the ground water samples analyzed in this [11] Mohrir A. Ramteke D.S., Moghe C.A., Wate S.R and study. The concentration of three metals (Pb, Cd, and Ni) are Sarin R. Surface and Groundwater Quality Assessment below detectable limit of the ground water samples analyzed in Binaregion, IJEP. Vol.22 (9), 2002. in this study. Especially for Iron content, it is concluded that [12] Sinha, D. K., Saxena, S., and Saxena, 2004. R. Water uncontrolled consumption of groundwater which is used for quality index for Ramganga river water at Moradabad”, drinking in the study area may be dangerous for human Pollution Research, vol. 23(3) pp. 527-31. health. 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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is very thankful to Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary and Department of Chemistry for providing necessary research facilities.

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