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In all cases the best available copy has been filmed, Uniiiversify Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8300296 Lemlsh, Dafoa Barkal VIEWING TELEVISION IN PUBLIC PUCES: AN ETHNOGRAPHY The Ohio Stale University PH.D. 1982 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Retd. Ana Aibor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1982 by Lemish, Dafna Barkai All Rights Reserved VIEWING TELEVISION IN PUBLIC PLACES: AN ETHNOGRAPHY DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School o f The Ohio State U n iversity by Dafna Barkal Lemlsh, B .A ., H.A. A A A A A A The Ohio State U niversity 1982 Reading Committee: Approved by: Thomas A. HcCaln Ellen A. Wartella ^ T— Donald J. Cegala Thomas A. McCain, Advisor Enrico L. Quarantelli Department o f Communication To my sons - Leeshaf, who shared his mother with this study, and Noam, who won't have t o . and To Peter - without whom none of the three would have been possible. II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My knowledge o f viewing te le v is io n In public places I owe * * greatly to the many unknown viewers encountered throughout this study. My two advisors, Thomas McCain and Ellen Wartella, Invested great amounts of time and effort In helping me gain perspective on the vast amount of data collected. Their overwhelming enthusiasm, thoughtfulness and confidence in me have enriched my l i f e beyond the scope o f th is study. Donald Cegala was p a rtic u la rly helpful in his insights on the interpersonal communication dimension of the study, and Enrico Quarantelll in his methodological advice. Alison Alexander and James Lull provided helpful comments on earlier drafts of this report. My Israeli and American families provided all the wonderful support that can be possibly given from a distance. To my parents, Chaya and Yehuda Barkal, I am grateful. In particular, for encouraging my curiosity t and drive for self-growth. Most o f a l l , I am g ratefu l to Peter, a husband, frien d and colleague, for serving as a role model, and for teaching me a lot about the pursuit of knowledge and about "family 1iberation," among other things... i l l VITA September 26, 1951 .... Born * Haifa, Israel 1 9 7 4 ............................................... B.A., Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel 1975*1977 ....................................... Instructional Coordinator, The Center for Instructional Television, Tel Aviv, Israel 1978 ............................................. M.A., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 1978-1980 ....................................... Research Associate, The Ohio State U n ive rs ity, Columbus, Ohio 1980-1982 ....................................... Editorial Assistant, Journal of Broadcasting PUBLICATIONS W artella E ., Alexander A. and Lemish 0 ., "The Hass Hedla Environment of ChiIdren.11 American Behavioral Scientist, 23:1 (September/October 1979) pp. 33-52. Becker L., Underwood P. and Lemish D., "Western Wire Services and News of the U.S. in the Yugoslav Press," Gazette. 28:105-115 (1981). FIELDS OF STUDY Major F ie ld : Hass Communication Theory and Research of Hass Communication, Professor Thomas A. HcCatn Children and Television, Professor Ellen A. Wartella Qualitative Research Methods, Professor Enrico L. Quarantelll AWARDS The Sonkin Memorial Award for Peace and International Understanding, The Ohio State University, 1981. The W alter B. Emery Award, The Ohio State U n iversity, 1981. ' tv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. If ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................. I l l VITA .............................................................................................................................. lv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... ix PREFACE........................................... .................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY.................................................... 3 Context and Television Viewing ................................. 5 Life Span Changes ...................................................... 6 Changes Across Context ......................................... 7 The Aspects of Context ................................................ 8 The Sociological Aspects of Context ................ 9 Ecological Psychology Perspective . 10 The Dramaturgical A p p ro a c h ................................ 11 The Psychological Aspects of Context .... 19 Ambiguity of Terminology .............................. 20 Self Report Measures ............................................ 21 Validating Self Reports .................................... 22 Nature of Viewing as the Context ........................... 25' Measuring Viewing ........................................... 25 Defining Viewing ............................................... 26 Home V i e w in g ........................................................ 27 Public Viewing .................................................... 27 Active Viewing .................................................... 28 Contlbutlons of Ethnographic Studies . 31 Summary ' 31 FOOTNOTES ................................................................................................................. 3*» v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHAPTER Page I I METHOD ...................................................................................................... 35 Sampling .......................................................................... 35 L o c a t io n ...................................................................... 37 T i m e .......................................................................... 39 P ro g ra m s .................................................................. 39 Viewers ................................................................. 40 O b s e rv in g ................................................................ 40 E n t r e e ...................................................................... 40 Physical and Social Constraints .... 42 Quantity of Observations ............................... 43 Viewers and Non-Viewers ............................... 44 Withdraw] ............................................................. 45 Interviewing ................................................................. 45 Recording ...................................... 47 Terminating Data Collection ................................... 48 Overview of Data Collection ................................... 49 Analysis .......................................................................... 51 FOOTNOTES ......................................... 52 I I I VIEWING TELEVISION IN PUBLIC: PLACES, PEOPLE AND -PROGRAMS — A DESCRIPTION ................................................ 53 Introduction ................................................................. 53 Places .............................................................................. 53 Shopping Locations ............................................ 54 University Locations ....................................... 57 B a r s ......................... 83 H o s p i t a l ................................................................. 68 People .............................................................................. 70 S h o p p e rs ................................................................. 71 S t u d e n ts ................................................................. 76 Bar Customers ...........................

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