20 Well-To-Well Automated Correlation

20 Well-to-Well Automated Correlation: Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, Alberta 30 Go Take a Hike 34 GeoConvention 2014: Focus 35 Geology of the Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds and Adjacent Strata near Field B.C., Yoho National Park New Perspectives on a 127 Year Old Discovery, Part 3

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CAN YOUR SOFTWARE WITHSTAND A FEBRUARY 2014 – VOLUME 41, ISSUE 02 FLOOD OF INFORMATION? ARTICLES Well-to-Well Automated Correlation:

CSPG OFFICE Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, Alberta ...... 20 #110, 333 – 5th Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3B6 Journey to the Bottom of the World: Susan R. Eaton’s Account of her Scientific Tel: 403-264-5610 Web: www.cspg.org Office hours: Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 4:00pm Adventures in the Antarctic to Grade 3 to 8 students ...... 29 Executive Director: Lis Bjeld Go Take A Hike ...... 30 Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Event Coordinator: Kristy Casebeer Tel: 403-513-1226, Email: [email protected] Photo of the Month ...... 33 Geoscience Coordinator: Kelsey Green Tel: 403-513-1225, Email: [email protected] GeoConvention 2014: Focus ...... 34 Member Services: Tel: 403-264-5610, Email: [email protected] Publications and Website: Emma MacPherson Geology of the Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds and Adjacent Strata near Field B.C., Email: [email protected], Tel: 403-513-1230 Co-Manager, GeoConvention 2014: Aileen Lozie Yoho National Park, New Perspectives on a 127 Year Old Discovery, Part 3 ...... 35 Tel: 403-513-1227, Email: [email protected] Database Administrator and Accounting: Kasandra Amaro Maternity leave until January 2014 DEPARTMENTS Corporate Sponsorship: Lis Bjeld Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Executive Comment ...... 5 Controller: Eric Tang Tel: 403-513-1232, Email: [email protected] Technical Luncheons ...... 8 EDITORS/AUTHORS Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG office. Division Talks ...... 16 Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date. (e.g., January 23 for the March issue). Rock Shop ...... 4, 12, 24 To publish an article, the CSPG requires digital copies of the document. Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should be in TIFF format at 300 dpi., at final size. For additional information on manuscript preparation, refer to the Guidelines for Authors published in the CSPG Bulletin or contact the editor.

Technical Editors Hugh S. Mosher Colin Yeo (Assistant Tech. Editor) Nunaga Resources Ltd. Encana Corporation M.: 403-809-9997 Tel: 403-645-7724 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Coordinating Editor Emma MacPherson, Publications Coordinator, CSPG As the most dynamic data aggregator in the industry, Petrosys keeps your workﬂ ow moving. Tel: 403-513-1230, [email protected], ADVERTISING Advertising inquiries should be directed to Emma MacPherson, Tel: 403-513-1230 email: [email protected]. The deadline to reserve advertising space SOFTWARE SERVICES CONNECTIVITY DATA MANAGEMENT is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date.

The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July and August. The purpose of the RESERVOIR is to publicize the Society’s many activities and to promote the geosciences. We look for both technical and non-technical material to publish. Additional information on the RESERVOIR’s submission guidelines can be found at http://www.cspg. Only Petrosys’ powerful suite of software effortlessly navigates the overﬂ ow of data from multiple sources org/publications/pubs-reservoir-submissions.cfm. and disciplines. Our industry-leading dynamic data aggregation, integration and surface modeling capabilities The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher. Additional copies of the RESERVOIR are available at the CSPG office. enable you to identify, reﬁ ne and resolve issues more quickly. Dedicated technical support and service offer No official endorsement or sponsorship by the CSPG is implied for any advertisement, insert, or article that appears in the Reservoir unless otherwise noted. All submitted materials are reviewed by the editor. We expert solutions when needed. And with our clear, logical interface, even getting started is smooth sailing. reserve the right to edit all submissions, including letters to the Editor. Submissions must include your name, address, and membership number (if applicable). The material contained in this publication is intended for Start achieving exploration and production targets at a lower cost and in a shorter time frame with Petrosys. informational use only. While reasonable care has been taken, authors and the CSPG make no guarantees that any of the equations, To learn more go to www.petrosys.com.au/transcend. schematics, or devices discussed will perform as expected or that they will give the desired results. Some FRONT COVER information contained herein may be inaccurate or may vary from standard measurements. Prismatic Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming owes its The CSPG expressly disclaims any and all liability for the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user of information contained in this publication. Under no circumstances shall the CSPG and its officers, directors, wonderful colour to algae that breed in the hot warm waters on the edge of the spring. employees, and agents be liable for any injury, loss, damage, or expense arising in any manner whatsoever from the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user. Photo by Dave Robinson. Designed and Printed by The Data Group of Companies, Calgary, Alberta. RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 3 ROCK SHOP

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Strip Log Log Manager us Jocelyn Lampron, P. Geol. 765 8 212019 22 23 24 Horizontal Log CD Horizontal Log Log Viewer President & CEO 234 BA 18 17 16 15 14 13 Mud Log Wellsite Geological Supervision ph: 403.266.3132 Log Analysis lsd *Conventional Wells-Heavy Oil/SAGD cell: 403.818.8549 CD 1 0987 11 12 N *Coal Bed Methane Wells www.hopewellpetroleum.com BA CD Suite 102, 7370 Sierra Morena Blvd SW, Calgary, AB T3H 4H9 *Domestic & International Supervision [email protected] 23456 BA [email protected] 1-800-447-1534 (403) 237-9189 *On & Offshore Geological Supervision 906, 505 6 St. SW Calgary, AB T2P-1X5 EXECUTIVE COMMENT A message from 2014 President, Dale Leckie

CSPG What’s in Store EXECUTIVE for 2014 PAST PRESIDENT Paul MacKay • Shale Petroleum Ltd. One of the last year’s important highlights CSPG will continue the ongoing [email protected] Tel: 403.457.3930 for the CSPG was its registration as a non- co-operation on other fronts: profit society registered federally under PRESIDENT Dale Leckie • Nexen Energy ULC the NFP Act in March 2013. Under the • GeoConvention 2014, and the [email protected] Tel: 403.613.0458 NFP act, the stated Mission of the CSPG planning for future years. is to “To advance the professions of PRESIDENT ELECT the energy geosciences – as it applies • CSPG is partnering with AAPG to Tony Cadrin • Journey Energy Inc. [email protected] Tel: 403.303.3493 to geology; foster the scientific, organize a Playmakers Forum on technical learning and professional May 27, 2014. FINANCE DIRECTOR development of its members; and Gord Stabb • Durando Resources Corp. [email protected] Tel: 403.819.8778 promote the awareness of the • CSPG is co-sponsoring a conference profession to industry and the public.” on the oil sands on Oct 14-16, FINANCE DIRECTOR ELECT Restated, the mission of the CSPG is to 2014 entitled “Oil Sands and Astrid Arts • Cenovus Energy promote technical learning events and Heavy-Oil Symposium: A Local [email protected] Tel: 403.766.5862 to be a focal point for networking and to Global Multidisciplinary DIRECTOR social activities for our members. The Collaboration.” Alexis Anastas • Nexen Energy ULC mission of the CSPG is not to be a profit [email protected] Tel: 403.699.4965 maker but to be economically viable. This • In 2015, CSPG will partner with DIRECTOR mission statement should guide all CSPG SEPM in 2015 to host a Carbonate Andrew Fox • MEG Energy Corp. initiatives and the portfolios of its Board. Research Conference in Banff; both [email protected] Tel: 403.770.5345 CSPG and SEPM were benefactors DIRECTOR 2013, under the Presidency of Paul of the late Dr. Eric Mountjoy who Milovan Fustic • Statoil Canada Ltd. MacKay, was an action-filled year. The bequeathed part of his estate for [email protected] Tel: 403.724.3307 Geoconvention Partnership Agreement the betterment of our science and DIRECTOR was signed; the Educational Trust Fund education of students. Michael Laberge • Channel Energy Inc. was reorganized; CSPG complied with the [email protected] Tel: 403.301.3739 NFP Act and the Ambassador Program • AAPG (ACE) is coming to Calgary was initiated. in 2016. DIRECTOR Robert Mummery • Almandine Resources Inc. [email protected] Tel: 403.651.4917 Now, 2014 is upon us. It is time to stabilize Other initiatives for 2014 will include: and continue the initiatives set by previous DIRECTOR Weishan Ren • Statoil Canada Ltd. presidents. My first initiative will be increased • Membership drive will happen [email protected] Tel: 403.724.0325 collaboration with other Societies to benefit this year. the professional development of members DIRECTOR and hopefully increase our membership • Focus on the Bulletin of Canadian Darren Roblin • Endurance Energy [email protected] Tel: 587.233.0784 numbers and to continue to build strong ties Petroleum Geology and peer with our provincial professional regulatory reviewed Publications. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR body – APEGA and fellow society to the Lis Bjeld • CSPG south – AAPG. [email protected] Tel: 403.513.1235 (Continued on page 7...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 5

(...Continued from page 7) • Reinforcing CSPG branding as new and renewed membership; encourage started by Robin Mann – part of this volunteering; encourage participation at branding is recognition as “Canada’s CSPG events, and to promote the mission Energy Geoscientists.” of the CSPG.

• Growth of the Ambassador Program Use the CSPG to your full advantage and that Paul MacKay started. ‘Welcome Home.’

This CSPG Board encourages you, as CSPG CORPORATE SPONSORS members, to support and promote CSPG SAMARIUM geoLOGIC systems ltd. activities where ever possible – encourage TITANIUM APEGA Shell Canada Limited PLATINUM Cenovus Energy Inc. IHS WELLSITE GEOSCIENCE SERVICES Imperial Oil Resources Nexen Energy ULC. GOLD AGAT Laboratories ConocoPhillips Enerplus Corporation Tourmaline Schlumberger Canada Limited Statoil Canada SILVER Athabasca Oil Corporation Baker Hughes Inteq Canadian Natural Resources Ltd CGG Services (Canada) Inc. Devon Encana Corporation Husky Energy Inc. ION Geophysical MEG MJ Systems Petrosys Suncor Energy BRONZE ARC Financial Corporation Arcis Seismic Solutions Belloy Petroleum Consulting Casey & Associates When time is money, Cougar Consultants, Inc. Wellsite Geoscience is Earth Signal Processing Ltd Explor money well spent. GLJ Petroleum Consultants Ltd. Whether you’re exploring a basin, producing a well or completing Hunt Oil Loring Tarcore a shale play, time is money. That’s why Weatherford Laboratories Olympic Seismic Ltd. brings a suite of formation evaluation technologies right to the Paradigm Geophysical (Canada) Corp. wellsite. Utilizing mud gas and cuttings, these technologies provide PGS detailed data on gas composition, organic richness, mineralogy PLS Inc and chemostratigraphy in near real time. As a result, operators now Pro Geo Consultants have an invaluable tool to assist with sweet spot identification,

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 7 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS FEBRUARY LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by Systematic Assessment of Water Resources to Support Unconventional Play Development, West-Central Alberta

SPEAKER Brad J.R. Hayes Petrel Robertson Consulting Ltd.

11: 30 am Wednesday, February 5th, 2014 Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre Macleod Hall C/D Calgary, Alberta

Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, three business days before event. (Friday, January 31st, 2014.) CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. Non- Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST.

Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/ index.cfm.

ABSTRACT Shale and tight sandstone and carbonate reservoirs are now being developed in the disposal zones to support field operations, operators have regional knowledge of water heart of the Western Canada Sedimentary particularly where high-volume slickwater resources, and the ability to interact readily Basin using horizontal wells and multizone fracs are part of the story. with nearby competitors. frac completions. Devonian Swan Hills carbonates and Duvernay shales, Triassic A revised regulatory framework being put The West-Central Alberta Basin (WCAB) Montney siltstones, and Cretaceous Wilrich into place by the Alberta Energy Regulator Water Project is designed to characterize and Cardium sandstones are the best- demands that operators plan their surface and subsurface water resources known and most widespread plays. While unconventional development operations, across broad unconventional oil and gas play drilling and completions methodologies vary including water sourcing and disposal on fairways in west-central Alberta. It provides by play and are still being optimized in a project scale and play wide basis, and in the foundation to support more detailed many cases, there is a clear need for large collaboration with other operators where characterization projects addressing specific source water volumes and secure water possible. It is important, therefore, that unconventional developments. Technical

8 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 work is being performed by independent has led PRCL in regional subsurface aquifer Brad is an active member of the CSPG, and consulting groups, while project governance projects in Horn River Basin, the BC Montney served as its President in 2001. He is also a and financial support is provided by fairway, Central Mackenzie Valley and Deh Cho member of AAPG, GAC, and APEGBC, and a consortium of oil and gas producers areas of NWT, and now in west-central Alberta. currently sits on APEGA Council. under the umbrellas of PTAC (Petroleum Ben Kerr of Foundry Spatial and Derek Brown Technology Alliance of Canada) and CAPP of Strategic West are other key members of (Canadian Association of Petroleum the team examining surface, shallow and deep Producers). water sources in the WCAW Project.

In order to address water issues as broadly Brad received a PhD from the University of as possible, the WCAB Project has been Alberta, and a B.Sc. from the University of designed to assess water resources at Toronto, and has been with PRCL since 1996. surface, in surficial sediments and shallow non-saline aquifers, and in deep saline aquifers. Initial work in 2012/2013 focused on data collection and cataloguing, but by summer of 2014, more detailed modeling and analytical / predictive work will be completed. Collaboration with the Regulator ensures that Project work will be of direct value in regulatory applications. Ultimately, Project results will be made public so that all concerned stakeholders can gain a common understanding of the best technical solutions for use of both non-saline and saline water resources. At the present time, project data are being displayed in an integrated GIS- driven website for client companies; more sophisticated display, query, and decision- support tools will be developed beginning later in 2014.

The WCAB Project is an excellent example of the collaborative work that industry needs to undertake in order to demonstrate environmental sensitivity in developing unconventional resources. Sharing this information with regulators and public stakeholders is an important step in gaining societal acceptance for the development work that needs to be done.

BIOGRAPHY Brad Hayes is President of Petrel Robertson Consulting Ltd., a consulting firm engaged by clients including industry, government agencies, and legal and financial organizations, to address conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon exploration and development.

Much of Brad’s work on unconventionals during the past few years has focused on characterization of subsurface aquifers as potential water source and disposal zones. He

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 9 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS FEBRUARY LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

ABSTRACT erosion for the NW margin from the Late A Brief Tectonic The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is the 9th largest Cretaceous to early Eocene. body of water on earth, covering an area of and Depostional approximately 1.6 million km2 with water Sedimentation in the GOM can be divided into depths reaching 4,400 m (14,300’). The basin five megasequences: Rifting to Upper Jurassic, History of the formed as a result of crustal extension during Lower Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous, the early Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea. Paleogen, and Neogene. The oldest sediments Northern Gulf of Rifting occurred from the Late Triassic to are clastics in the Upper Triassic known only early Middle Jurassic. Continued extension from peripheral rift basins onshore. In the Mexico through the Middle Jurassic combined with basin center evaporites of the Middle Jurassic counter-clockwise rotation of crustal blocks Louann Formation are the oldest deposits SPEAKER away from North America produced highly encountered. Deformation and movement of Joseph Carl Fiduk extended continental crust in the subsiding the Louann salt affects almost all the overlying AAPG Distinguished Lecturer basin center. Subsidence eventually allowed strata and plays a very important role in all oceanic water to enter from the west leading aspects of the basin’s petroleum systems. 11: 30 am to thick, widespread, evaporite deposition. Above the salt, Upper Jurassic marine shales Thursday, February 27th, 2014 Seafloor spreading initiated in the Late Jurassic of Oxfordian and Tithonian age comprise two Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre eventually splitting the evaporite deposits into of the most important petroleum source beds. Macleod Hall C/D, Calgary, Alberta northern (USA) and southern (Mexican) basins. In the Lower Cretaceous megasequence the Recent work suggests that this may have been Aptian age Sligo and Albian age Stuart City Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, accomplished by asymmetric extension, crustal carbonates established basin rimming reef three business days before event. (Monday, February delamination, and exposure of the lower crust margins that divided shelf from deep water. 24th, 2014.) CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + or upper mantle rather than true sea floor These reefs sit above the structural hinge GST. Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. spreading (or it could be some combination between thick and thin continental crust. of the two). By 135 Ma almost all extension In the Upper Cretaceous megasequence Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA had ceased and the basic configuration of the the Cenemanian age Woodbine-Tuscaloosa PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online GOM basin seen today was established. The system represent the first coarse clastics to at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/ Laramide Orogeny was the last major tectonic advance beyond the Lower Cretaceous shelf index.cfm. event impacting the GOM. It caused uplift and margin. The megasequence is capped with

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Western Canada: Slave Point, Swan Hills, Leduc, Grosmont, Jean Marie, Horn River Shales, Elkton, Shunda, Pekisko, Banff, Mississippian subcrops and anhydrite barriers in SE Sask., Bakken, Three Forks, Montney, Halfway, Charlie Lake, Rock Creek, Shaunavon, BQ/Gething, Bluesky, Glauconitic, Lloyd, Sparky, Colony, Viking, Cardium, Horseshoe Western Canada Canyon and Mannville CBM, Oilsands Areas, Outcrops Geological Edge Set US Rockies & Williston: Red River, Mississippian subcrops & anhydrite barriers (Bluell, Sherwood, Rival, etc), Bakken, Three Forks, Cutbank, Sunburst, Tyler, Heath, Muddy, Dakota, Sussex, Shannon, Parkman, Almond, Lewis, Frontier, Niobrara, Mesaverde shorelines, Minnelusa, Gothic, Hovenweep, Ismay, Desert Creek, Field Outlines, Outcrops

Texas & Midcontinent: Permian Basin paleogeography (Wolfcampian, Eastern US / Leonardian, Guadalupian), Granite Wash, Mississippian Horizontal Play, Appalachian Basin Chat, Red Fork, Morrow, Sligo/Edwards Reefs, Salt Basins, Frio, Yegua, Geological Edge Set Wilcox, Eagleford, Tuscaloosa, Haynesville, Fayeteville-Caney, Woodford, Field Outlines, Outcrops, Structures

Northern US Rockies North American Shales: Shale plays characterized by O&G fields, formation limit, outcrop, subcrop, structure, isopach, maturity, & Williston Basin stratigraphic cross-sections. Includes: Marcellus, Rhinestreet, Huron, Geological Edge Set New Albany, Antrim, Utica-Collingwood, Barnett, Eagleford, Niobrara, Gothic, Hovenweep, Mowry, Bakken, Three Forks, Monterey, Montney, Horn River, Colorado

Eastern US / Appalachia: PreCambrian, Trenton, Utica-Collingwood, Medina-Clinton, Tuscarora, Marcellus, Onondaga Structure, Geneseo, Huron, Antrim, New Albny, Rhinestreet, Sonyea, Cleveland, Venango, Bradford, Elk, Berea, Weir, Big Injun, Formation limits, Outcrops, Allegheny Thrust, Cincinatti Arch, Field outlines

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10 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 tsunami deposits from the Chicxulub impact deep marine depositional processes, marine 2007 GCAGS meeting in Corpus Christi. Joseph on the Yucatan peninsula. The Paleogene1 and sedimentology, petroleum systems analysis, and has been an invited speaker to the HGS dinner Neogene 2 megasequences are dominated the use of three-dimensional seismic data in meetings in 1996 and in 2005 as well as an invited by major clastic inputs of the lower Wilcox1, petroleum exploration. He is currently involved in speaker to the New Orleans Geological Society upper Wilcox1, Vicksburg1, and Frio1, salt-sediment interaction research in the Flinders (1999), the Southwest Research Institute (2001), lower Miocene2, middle Miocene2, upper Ranges, South Australia, fluvial deltaic deposition the Costal Bend Geophysical Society & Corpus Miocene2, Pliocene2, and Pleistocene2. These in the Cretaceous Seaway of NW Colorado, and Christi Geological Society (2004), the HGS-PESGB progradational episodes not only advanced the deep marine stratigraphic analysis in the Gulf of 4th International Conference on African E & P shorelines and shelf margins significantly but Mexico. Joseph teaches internal training classes (2005), the Lafayette Geological Society (2005), also deposited thick sands (major reservoirs) in on seismic interpretation and salt tectonics for the New Orleans Geological Society (2006), the the deep GOM. The Neogene progradational WesternGeco and external industry courses for Dallas Geological Society (2007), and the Offshore episodes are strongly influenced by glacio- Nautilus U.S.A. and local geologic societies. Technology Conference (2010). eustatic cycles of increasing frequency and amplitude He is a member of the American Association of Joseph is a member of the Society of Exploration Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) #352532 and a Geophysicists (SEG) #148620 and a member of BIOGRAPHY Certified Petroleum Geologist #5367. Joseph has the Geophysical Society of Houston #10461 and Joseph has a B.S. and M.S. degree in Geology served as a session chair at the 2001, 2004, has served as a session chair at the 2009 National from the University of Florida, an M.B.A degree 2008, 2010, and 2011 National Conventions. He Convention. from the University of Texas of the Permian was an invited speaker at the 1991, 1993, 2004, Basin and a Ph.D. in Geology and Geophysics 2005, and 2010 conventions and at the 1999 and Joseph is a member of the Society for Sedimentary from the University of Texas at Austin. He has 2008 International conferences. Joesph has also Geology (SEPM) #43576 and a member of the worked for the USGS, Gulf Oil, Discovery Logging, been invited to speak to the Moroccan Association Gulf Coast Section SEPM where he is currently the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, British of Petroleum Geologists (2007) and the Mexican president-elect. He has served on the Conference Petroleum, Texas A&M University, the University Association of Petroleum Geologists (2008). program advisory committee in 2005, served as a of Texas, the University of Colorado, as a private session chair in 2005, and was an invited speaker consultant, and Chief Geologist for CGG and Joseph is a member of the Houston Geological at the 10th Annual Research Conference (1989), CGGVeritas. Joseph is currently Chief Geologist for Society (HGS) #10461 and has been an alternate 24th Annual Research Conference (2004), and the WesternGeco in Houston, TX. delegate for the HGS since 2004 and has sat as a 25th Annual Research Conference (2005). voting representative four times. In addition, Joseph Joseph’s research interests cover coastal and shelfal has served as a session chairman at the 2006 and In his 30+ years as a working geologist Joseph clastic deposition, salt structural deformation 2012 GCAGS meetings. He co-instructed a short has published 70+ peer-reviewed abstracts and and evolution, basin analysis, shelf margin to course in Deepwater Depositional Processes at the papers.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 11 ROCK SHOP

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1602 – 5th St N.E. T.I.H. Consulting Ltd. Calgary, AB. T2E 7W3 Geologic Well-Site Phone: 403-233-7729 Supervision www.tihconsulting.com e-mail: [email protected]

12 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS MARCH LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

proppant loading, fluid volume and type, fluid Geological and to proppant ratio, injection rate, treatment pressure, choke size, plug and perf versus Technological sliding sleeve completions, and well spacing. Components of BIOGRAPHY Bakken and Dr. Stephen A. Sonnenberg is a Professor and holds the Charles Boettcher Distinguished Chair Three Forks in Petroleum Geology at the Colorado School of Mines. He specializes in unconventional reservoirs, Reservoirs, sequence stratigraphy, tectonic influence on Williston Basin sedimentation, and petroleum geology. A native of Billings, Montana, Sonnenberg received BS Six distinct facies are present in the Bakken and MS degrees in geology from Texas A&M SPEAKER of the Williston Basin. Overall the succession University and a Ph.D. degree in geology from the Dr. Stephen A. Sonnenberg appears to represent shelf deposits ranging Colorado School of Mines. He has over twenty-five Colorado School of Mines from subtidal to lower intertidal back to years experience in the industry. subtidal. The amount of limestone, dolomite 11: 30 am and sandstone present varies across the area. Steve has served as President of several Tuesday, March 11, 2014 In general, more dolomite and limestone is organizations including the American Association Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre present in the southern part of the basin and of Petroleum Geologists, Rocky Mountain Macleod Hall C/D the siliciclastic content increases towards the Association of Geologists, and Colorado Scientific Calgary, Alberta north. Society. He also served on the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission from 1997-2003 Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales The Three Forks consists largely of silty and was the Chair of the Commission from 1999- is 1:00 pm, three business days before event. dolostone, clay-rich dolostones, red beds 2003. [Thursday, March 6, 2014]. CSPG Member Ticket and anhydrites. These units were deposited Price: $45.00 + GST. Non-Member Ticket Price: in subtidal to supratidal environments in a He is the recipient of the Young Alumnus Award, $47.50 + GST. restricted epeiric sea. Four regional units of the Outstanding Alumnus Award, and Mines Medal Three Forks have been identified and regional from the Colorado School of Mines, Distinguished Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA thicknesses and correlations established. The Achievement Medal from Texas A&M University, PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online upper three cycles of the Three Forks are the distinguished service awards from AAPG and at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/ current target of exploration. Recent cores RMAG, and honorary membership awards from index.cfm. of these intervals show significant residual oil AAPG, RMAG and the Colorado Scientific Society. saturation. Thus, petroleum potential in these In 2013, he was awarded the Halbouty Medal ABSTRACT units is high. from AAPG. The Bakken and Three Forks formations are productive across much of the Williston The Bakken and Three Forks are regarded Basin. The first production dates back to as technology reservoirs because they 1953 with discoveries at the Antelope Field require horizontal drilling and multistage of North Dakota. The Bakken became an fracture stimulation. Some critical geologic important horizontal target commencing in components for the reservoirs include 2000 with the development of Elm Coulee sedimentary facies, mineralogy, mechanical Field in Montana. The Three Forks became a stratigraphy, diagenetic history, overpressure, target from 2007 to the present. The USGS source rock maturity, natural fractures technically recoverable number for the Bakken and traps. Critical technology components and Three Forks is 7.5 billion barrels oil and include lateral length, number of hydraulic 6,700 billion cubic feet of gas (USGS, 2013). fracture stages, proppant volume and type,

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 13 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS MARCH LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

worldwide, the diversity of shale-hosted fracture and effective stress at the time of fracture Natural systems and the how and why various fractures development. For the most part, the origin systems form are presented. Core and outcrop of fractures cannot be determined from their Fractures in observations, strength tests on shale and on orientation or commonly-measured attributes fractures in core, and geomechanical models allow such as width, height, and length. The mineral fill Shale prediction of fracture patterns and attributes that in sealed fractures does provide an opportunity Hydrocarbon can be taken into account for well placement however, and fluid-inclusion studies of fracture and hydraulic fracture treatment design. Both cements tied to burial history have been used to Reservoirs open and sealed fractures can interact with, and unravel their origin. modify, hydraulic fracture size and shape. Open SPEAKER fractures can enhance reservoir permeability but Interaction with hydraulic fracture treatments Julia Gale may conduct treatment fluids great distances, may serve to increase the effectiveness of the AAPG Distinguished Lecturer possibly aseismically in some instances. hydraulic fracture network, or could work against it. Factors governing the interaction include 11: 30 am The challenge of incomplete sampling of natural fracture intensity, orientation with Tuesday, March 25, 2014 subsurface fractures has been addressed through respect to reservoir stress directions, and the Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre comprehensive fracture data collection in strength of the fracture plane relative to intact Macleod Hall C/D, Calgary, Alberta cores and image logs and careful selection of host rock. The effect of calcite-sealed fractures outcrops, coupled with an understanding of how on the tensile strength of the Barnett Shale was Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, fractures and their attributes scale. Well tested tested using a bending test. Samples containing three business days before event. [Thursday, March mechanistic models of how fractures grow in natural fractures have half the tensile strength 20, 2014]. CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. tight sandstones and carbonates were also used of those without and always break along the Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. to interpret fractures in shale. In order to predict natural fracture plane. Yet in other examples, the fracture patterns and their attributes, it is helpful weakness is in the cement itself, partly because of Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA PDH to understand the mechanism of their formation retained fracture porosity. credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// and timing in the context of the burial and www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm. tectonic histories of the basin in which they are Natural fractures in shales likely grow by slow, forming. A key variable is the depth of burial, and chemically assisted (subcritical) propagation and By using examples from shale reservoirs thereby the temperature, pore-fluid pressure, a subcritical propagation criterion was used to model the growing fractures. The subcritical crack index is a mechanical rock property that controls fracture spacing and an input parameter expertise for the models. The subcritical crack index for several shales was measured. The index in Integrated Subsurface Solutions is generally high for Barnett Shale - in excess of 100 - although it does show variability with Featuring one of our many technical services offering world class geophysical data support ... facies. By contrast, subcritical indices in the New Albany Shale are much lower, and also show DAtA room services considerable variability. Barnett Shale subcritical We offer seismic project preparation, data presentation on Seisware, Kingdom or WinPics seismic workstation. indices suggest high clustering whereas New Albany Shale subcritical indices suggest fractures are likely to be more evenly spaced, with spacing related to mechanical layer thickness. The investigation of the variability in subcritical index in shale and how it might tie to other rock properties is underway.

BIOGRAPHY storage support convenience comfort Julia Gale started her career in geology with undergraduate studies at Imperial College, London. Your data will be carefully managed on secure workstation and made She obtained a Ph.D. in Structural Geology from available to reviewers in one of our spacious, private and comfortably appointed data rooms. If you desire to establish a data room on your Exeter University, UK in 1987, working on the own site, we can supply a dedicated workstation with working software Archean of southern West Greenland. She taught license to you on a rental basis, which we will manage and maintain. structural geology and tectonics for 12 years at the University of Derby, UK, having research interests in Contact us for further information and pricing. the Dalradian of NE Scotland and the Mona Complex of Anglesey, NW Wales. Julia moved to the University of Texas at Austin in 1998, where she is a Research Scientist at the Bureau of Economic Geology in the A division of Geo-Reservoir Solutions Ltd. Jackson School of Geosciences. Her research focus is on natural fracture characterization and prediction in geo-reservoirsolutions.com 403.777.0008 [email protected] shale and carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs.

14 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 RESERVOIR_GEORes_third_Dataroom_08_2013.indd 1 2013-08-22 1:25 PM Start your year off right with the 2014 CSPG Geological Calendar

Available NOW for 10 dollars!

Office: 110-333, 5th Ave SW DIVISION TALKS STRUCTURAL DIVISION Sponsored by

12 noon, Thursday, February 6, 2014 Crowsnest Pass and the Fernie Basin west Virtual Airborne Conference Centre Room A, to Elko, this talk will covers viewing folds, +30 level, Western Canadian Place faults, landslides, culture, industry gas fields, Field Trip of (Husky Energy), 707-8th Avenue S.W. coal mines, lakes, dams and history. Calgary, Alberta Southern Alberta DIVISION INFORMATION ABSTRACT Structural Division talks are monthly-ish and British This talk will present a summary of 26 and cover a diversity of structural themes. years of aerial photography of southern Our Structural Division sponsors are HEF Columbia Alberta and southeastern British Columbia, Petrophysical and Husky Energy. All are welcome conducted from a single-engine Beechcraft. and no registration is required. For additional SPEAKER information, to be placed on the Division e-mail Peter Jones From Calgary to the Rocky Mountain Trench list or to present a talk, please contact Darcie International Tectonic Consultants Ltd. via the Triangle Zone, Kananaskis country, Greggs, [email protected].

DIVISION TALKS BASS DIVISION Sponsored by

unconventional log analyses, adsorption ‘shale anisotropy’ which brought him to work Alberta isotherms, XRD mineralogy, RockEval at the AER in 2005, specializing in resource tests, organic petrography, Dean Stark appraisal of unconventional deposits. Hydrocarbon- analysis, and analogue pressure and temperature information and gas analyses. Steve Lyster has a B.Sc. and Ph.D. in Mining Bearing Shales The nature of shale analysis means that Engineering from the University of Alberta, many conventional laboratory tests may specializing in geostatistics. He has been and Siltstones have a high associated uncertainty that a geostatistician with the Alberta Energy must be quantified in resource estimates. Regulator since 2009, and has worked on SPEAKER modelling groundwater aquifers, mapping Dean Rokosh and Steve Lyster We evaluated the geology, distribution, bedrock topography, and other projects. His characteristics, and hydrocarbon potential main focus for the last three years has been 12:00 Noon of key shale and / or siltstone units in quantification of shale hydrocarbon resources Tuesday, February 11th, 2014 Alberta. Five units show immediate and incorporating the concept of uncertainty ConocoPhillips Auditorium, Gulf potential: the Duvernay Formation, into resource estimates. Canada Square, the Muskwa Formation, the Montney 401 - 9th Ave. S.W. Calgary, Alberta Formation, the Nordegg Member, and INFORMATION the basal Banff and Exshaw formations BASS Division talks are free. Please bring Recent advances in hydraulic fracturing (sometimes referred to as the Alberta your lunch. For further information about and horizontal drilling technology have Bakken by industry). The released study the division, joining our mailing list, a list of made unconventional petroleum resources also includes a preliminary assessment of upcoming talks, or if you wish to present a talk increasingly important to the oil and gas the Colorado, Wilrich, Rierdon, and Bantry or lead a field trip, please contact either Steve industry in Alberta. The Alberta Energy Shale units. These units were systematically Donaldson at 403-766-5534, email: Steve. Regulator (formerly Energy Resources mapped, sampled, and evaluated for their [email protected] or Mark Caplan Conservation Board) is performing ongoing hydrocarbon potential. at 403-817-2603, email: mark.caplan@ work to quantify the in-place hydrocarbon brionenergy.com or visit our web page on the resources in self-sourced (shale) and tight BIOGRAPHIES CSPG website at http://www.cspg.org. (siltstone) reservoirs. Dean Rokosh graduated from S.A.I.T. in 1977 and worked as a geological technologist (8 The term ‘shale gas’ has largely become years), landman (2 years) and oil scout (2 a catchall phrase to describe any years) for Hudson’s Bay Oil & Gas, Dome unconventional plays that require hydraulic Petroleum and Amoco Petroleum. In 1990, fracturing, including shale gas, shale oil, Dean enrolled at the University of Alberta and tight gas, tight oil, and hybrid laminated graduated with a B.Sc. in Geology in 1994 reservoirs. The analysis of each shale or and a Ph.D. in Geology in 2000. He did a siltstone unit requires its own unique spin, one year postdoc in Quaternary Geology and with different considerations of organic helped write a book on climate change in the content, grain density, water saturation, Rocky Mountains. Dean then worked as a hydrocarbon fluid makeup, reservoir research assistant with Prof. Doug Schmitt in conditions, and other parameters. Data geophysics at the University of Alberta for 3.5 requirements include geological picks, years. One of the projects he worked on was

16 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 DIVISION TALKS INTERNATIONAL DIVISION Sponsored by Petroleum Exploration in the Paleogene Lacustrine Basins of Central Sumatra

SPEAKER T. D. J. England Bukit Energy Inc

12:00 Noon Wednesday, February 12th, 2014 Nexen Plus 15 Conference Centre Nexen Annex Building 7th Ave. & 7th Street SW Calgary, Alberta through Neogene tectonics have created Union Oil and Esso Resources exposed him ABSTRACT numerous structural and stratigraphic traps. to the basics of exploration for oil and gas Primary controls on sedimentation in These include intrabasinal and marginal in Alberta and British Columbia. In 1985 he lacustrine basins are tectonics and climate fault block highs and extensional collapse joined BP Canada to explore in the Canadian which together govern water and sediment complexes on overbuilt margins formed high Arctic, drilling wells in the Beaufort Sea inputs. High sediment and water supply during the syn-rift episode (49-25.5 Ma), and Queen Elizabeth Islands during the final result in over-filled basins with prograding and various contractional and wrench Panarctic Oils Ltd. consortium years. Following sedimentary sequences and stable lake fault-related folds and inversion structures the arctic adventure, Tim returned to school levels; low sediment and water supply result formed during the post-rift episode (post to specialize in basin analysis. He graduated in under-filled basins with predominantly 25.5 Ma). with a doctorate in geological sciences from aggradational sedimentary sequences Memorial University of Newfoundland in 1990. and unstable lake levels. Depositional From a regional perspective the Paleogene environments are diverse and complex, succession is underexplored, as historical After graduate school, Tim rejoined BP in given the many influencing factors, and drilling was focused on Neogene strata Houston to explore in the Gulf of Mexico deep- sediments deposited in these basins may overlying the rift shoulders, with few wells water province, eventually returning to Calgary be siliciclastic, volcaniclastic, carbonate, having been drilled down the flanks into the in 1993 to join Talisman’s new international evaporitic and organic. Rapid lateral changes deeper parts of the basins. Over 13 BBOE exploration team. Over the next 16 years, in sedimentary facies and depositional has been discovered to date, mostly within he participated in the ten-fold growth of the systems are typical. Neogene reservoirs, although it is likely that company, developing and supporting projects all of this petroleum was sourced from the in the Americas, Europe, Africa, the Middle The Paleogene lacustrine basins of central Paleogene lacustrine deposits. Given the East and Southeast Asia. Exploration-led Sumatra are generally overfilled; however, tighter reservoir quality of the Paleogene country entries were accomplished in Trinidad distinct episodes occurred where more carrier beds, effective regional paleo-sol & Tobago, Colombia, Peru, and Alaska. Tim balanced fill conditions prevailed, allowing top seals, occurrence of overpressure, guided Talisman’s high Arctic exploration drilling tropical meromictic lake conditions to and intersections of oil and gas bearing program on the North Slope of Alaska and develop and profundal organic-rich source layers within the source rock sequences, subsequently lead the exploration effort in beds to be laid down. Assuming consistent significant prospective resource potential is Norway. humid climate conditions, this deposition indicated for the deeper parts of the basins. occurred during a period of relatively stable These tight resources are being targeted Since leaving Talisman in 2009, Tim has tectonics, which greatly reduced detrital on existing PSC’s held by production as primarily focused on E&P projects in Indonesia, sediment input to some basins. The organic- well as through new conventional and China and Mongolia. In 2011 Tim co-founded rich mudstones are up to 150 m thick in unconventional PSC’s which have much Bukit Energy Inc. to explore for tight oil and gas marginal sequences and up to 1500 m thick improved contract terms. resources in Indonesia. in profundal sequences. Primary reservoir targets are alluvial, fluvial, deltaic and sub- BIOGRAPHY Timothy D. J. England, EVP Exploration, Bukit lacustrine sandstones interbedded with Tim England entered the Canadian oil patch in Energy Inc., Suite 2310, 700-2nd Street S.W. or juxtaposed to the source rocks. Basin 1980 after graduating with a B.Sc. in Geology Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 2W2 dynamics in response to episodic Paleogene from UBC in 1980. Early career positions at [email protected]

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 17 DIVISION TALKS PALEONTOLOGY DIVISION Sponsored by

THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR POSTERS mail address (and email address if you Paleo 2014 /DISPLAYS wish) of the author should be included A table and stand with a 4x8-foot poster for insertion in the volume. Deadline for Alberta board will be supplied to each presenter. submission of abstracts for publication is Each presenter should bring stick pins February 15, 2014. Specific instructions Palaeontological or tape for attaching posters although and examples can be downloaded from we will try to have some on hand for our website www.albertapaleo.org. Society 18th those who forget. Those who have special requirements such as electricity FURTHER INFORMATION Annual to operate a display or a larger display Lecture Program and Workshops: area should identify these requirements Harold Whittaker, (403) 286-0349, Symposiums upon submission of a request for space. [email protected] Presenters are requested to provide an Presented in conjunction with the C.S.P.G. abstract as per instructions below. We Posters and Displays: Palaeontological Division, Alberta request that poster presenters be set up Doug Shaw (403) 556-2438, Palaeontological Society and Mount Royal by 8:30 AM the day of the event. During [email protected] University Earth Sciences Department the day a poster session period will be specified, please be available at least Advertising: LECTURES AND POSTER DISPLAYS during this time for discussion about your Reg Spratley (403) 263-0556, Saturday, March 22, 2014 exhibit. The deadline for submission of [email protected] 9:00 am to 5:00 pm request for poster space is February 15, 2014. Abstract Submissions: WORKSHOPS Howard Allen (403) 862-3330, Sunday March 23, 2014 THE SYMPOSIUM [email protected] 9:00 am to 4:00 pm The symposium is a two day event with lectures, poster and showcase displays ABOUT THE ALBERTA CALL FOR POSTERS AND ABSTRACTS on Saturday, March 22, 2014, and PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY The Alberta Palaeontological Society (APS) workshops on Sunday March 23, 2014. The Alberta Palaeontological Society is a non- would like to invite you to provide a poster Saturday programs are free and open profit society whose purpose is to promote at our fifteenth annual palaeontological to the general public. No registration is the science of palaeontology through study symposium. This symposium will showcase required to attend the Saturday activities. and education and make contributions to presentations from a mix of avocational Due to limited space, Sunday workshop the science through discovery, collection, and professional palaeontologists from participants will be required to register description, public education and preservation all over Western Canada. We are and pay a moderate fee for workshop of material for study and posterity. The interested in posters on topics associated manuals. The main events will be centred APS works with professionals at museums with palaeontology. Specific invitations in the lower level hall at Mount Royal and universities to add to Alberta’s have been given to staff and students University. palaeontological collections and preserve its of western universities, natural history heritage. Alberta Palaeontological Society clubs, the Geological Survey of Canada, SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACT VOLUME meetings are generally held on the third museums and members of the petroleum As in past years an attractive symposium Friday of the month in Room B108 of Mount industry and the artists’ community. The abstract volume will be published. It will Royal University, in Calgary. aim is to showcase palaeontology to the be sold at a price to cover publication general public and foster closer relations costs. We request that speakers and between the APS and the above groups. poster presenters submit abstracts for The event is free to all participants. There the publication to the editor (see below). is no fee to submit a poster and abstract. Abstracts can be 1-4 pages (with 1 being standard) in length although exceptions We plan to encourage families to bring will be made for specific requests. Abstract fossils to our identification booth. contributors are encouraged to include Advertising for the event will go out photos and/or diagrams although it should to news media, Canadian Society of be noted that the abstract volume will be Petroleum Geologists Reservoir, the printed in black and white. Documents internet, and various government facilities, will not be edited for content but may be museums, schools, etc. reformatted to fit into the volume. Snail

18 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 PALEO 2014 Presented in conjunction with the CSPG Palaeontological Division and Mount Royal University Earth Sciences Department Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta Lectures and Poster Displays – Saturday, March 22, 2014, 9:00 AM to 4:30 PM Workshops – Sunday, March 23, 2014, 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM Saturday lecture events and poster viewings are free and require no registration. There will be fossil displays and activities of interest to a wide audience, including families, on the Saturday. Sunday workshops do require registration and a minor fee.

SPEAKER SCHEDULE WORKSHOP Saturday, March 22th Sunday March 23th All talks to be held in Jenkins Theatre, lower level of Mount Royal University (limited pre-registration) Mount Royal University, 9:00 AM Opening statement by Cory Gross, APS President, and

Symposium instructions by Harold Whittaker. Illustrating Prehistoric Animals 9:15 AM The perils of Protichnites: The checkered history of Two Identical Sessions: an iconic ichnotaxon. Robert MacNaughton, Ph.D. Research 9:00 - 12:00 and 1:00 - 3:00 Scientist, Geological Survey of Canada (select one session).

10:15 AM Coffee break Presenter: Sydney Mohr 10:30 AM Cretaceous methane seepage fueling life oasis in the Palaeontology Artist Arctic. Dr. Benoit Beauchamp, University of Calgary Art is the perfect medium by which to educate and promote interest 11:00 AM Lungfishes: Origin and evolution of an iconic ‘living in prehistoric life. In order to bring a drawing to life while maintaining fossil.’ Jason Pardo, M. Sc. Student, University of Calgary accuracy and realism, a number of topics will be covered, including light 11:30 PM Life before impact: Paleodiversity dynamics and shading, proportion, and movement. Application of these techniques immediately prior to the end-Cretaceous extinction will be demonstrated using graphite pencils, with a particular focus on in southern Saskatchewan. Emily L. Bamforth, Assistant depicting non-avian theropod dinosaurs and primitive birds. In addition Curator of Palaeontology, Royal Saskatchewan Museum to learning how to search for accurate visual resources, aspects of basic anatomy including feathers and skeletal structure will also be touched on. 12:00 PM Noon Hour Break Participants are encouraged to bring a notebook, as well as any art pencils if they have them, although these will also be supplied for the session. 1:00 PM Cretaceous/Paleocene terrestrial palynology. Kimberley Bell, Ph. D. student, University of Calgary Cost: $15 per person 1:30 PM How complete is our knowledge of prehistoric biodiversity? Sarda Sahney, Visiting Fellow, University of To register for workshops Bristol contact Harold Whittaker (403) 286-0349 2:00 PM Poster session. Poster presenters are requested to be with their or [email protected] posters Make the cheque payable to the 2:45 PM Coffee break Alberta Palaeontological Society, P.O. Box 35111, Sarcee Postal Outlet, 3:00 PM Heavy industry activities in Alberta and it’s Calgary Alberta, Canada T3E 7C7. positive effect on vertebrate paleontology at The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology. Deadline for workshop registration is March 10, 2014. Darren Tanke, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology Registration is limited to 25 participants, so register early. 3:30 PM Growth and histology of the armoured dinosaurs. Michael Burns, University of Alberta

4:00 PM High Arctic camel on Ellesmere Island. Dr. Natalia Rybczynski, Canadian Museum of Nature

5:00 PM Finish RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 19 WELL-TO-WELL AUTOMATED CORRELATION: Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, Alberta | By Omar Deder, NeoSeis Technology Group Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The identification of lithofacies relies on core data analysis which can be expensive and time consuming as compared to the electrofacies which are straight forward and inexpensive. To date, challenges of interpreting as well as correlating well log data have been on the increase especially when it involves numerous boreholes making manual analysis almost impossible.

NeoStrat® is a PC application, which supports well to well correlation. This is done through classification of the well log responses into relatively similar groups based on eletrofacies and lithofacies. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the merits of the algorithm utilized to achieve well log analysis versus expert analysis.

The algorithm which was developed processes the data in three stages: first by zoning the log into sub-intervals, secondly by characterizing the interval with various shape parameters while imposing user defined boundary conditions, and finally by performing a statistical (weighted Figure 1. Location Map of the investigated area. correlation) method to classify the interval. fidelity well-to-well correlations, indicating Dynamic programming (Fang et al., 1992; Le A representative project to illustrate this the NeoStrat® software is a very promising Nir et al., 1998), Log data zonation (Lanning difficulty is focused on wells drilled in the geological characterization tool. & Johnston, 1983; Gill et al., 1993), Pattern Pouce Coupe South, west-central Alberta Recognition (Duda & Hart, 1973; Cheng area. The four wells used in this study INTRODUCTION & Lu, 1985), Expert Systems (Davis et al., were O1, O2, O3 and O4. The results of Well-to-well correlations typically use total 1981; Bonnet & Dahan, 1983; Lineman et al., qualitative and quantitative analysis from gamma ray and resistivity logs. The shapes 1987), Artificial neural networks (Luthi & the reference well O1 are taken to arrive of the log curves are used for matching, Bryant, 1997; Luthi, 2001). at different well log picks and petrofacies in but the absolute values are generally not the adjacent wells O2, O3 and O4. considered. The focus of this study aims at A representative project is focused on wells recognizing the patterns of the available log drilled in the west-central Alberta, Pouce The algorithm was implemented in each of dataset (Gamma Ray and Resistivity data) to Coupe South area. Four wells were used in the wellbores and similar log responses and describe the stratigraphy for automating the this study O1, O2, O3 and O4 (Figure 1). classifies the wells in classes that represent possible correlation process. The complex of the geological process in the lithologic information. The automated well the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin log correlation software was used to correlate Numerous methods for correlation by (WCSB) region produced a wide variation and to improve electrofacies evaluation computer have been tested and reported in in lithological and physical properties. In and lithofacies identification on the basis of the literature. The literature demonstrates general, two distinct parts governed the correlations to generate a subsurface model that three techniques have been employed sedimentation in two different tectonic for non-cored intervals at other adjacent for the most reliable results, which setting within this area (Mossop & Shetsen, matching wells O2, O3 and O4. are Pearsonian Correlation, Dynamic 1994), which is: Programming and Expert Systems (Olea & The software has relieved the tedium Sampson, 2003). Cross-association analysis 1. Paleozoic to Jurassic succession, of correlating logs, and has shown to (Sackin et al., 1965; Merriam & Sneath, 1967), dominated by carbonate rocks consistently outperform human log and Pearsonian cross-correlation coefficient (deposited on the stable craton), interpreters in determining rock types and by using dips from microresistivity (Kemp, 2. Mid-Jurassic to Paleocene succession, lithofacies relationships. Tests on multiple 1982) have also been examined. dominated by clastic rocks datasets from studied wells separated by Other methods include Matrix Algebra log (deposited during evolution of the thousands of meters demonstrate high- interpretation techniques (Doveton, 1986), Canadian Cordillera).

20 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 Standardized Shale Similarity Standardized Shale Similarity If is the offsetStandardized between Shale intervals Similarity and is the reading for log at depth at the same regular If is the offset between intervals and is the reading for log at depth at the same regular ! ! ! interval, then𝑘𝑘 the standardizedIf is the offsetshale between similarity intervals between𝜆𝜆 and𝑖𝑖 the intervalsis the reading of length for log 𝜆𝜆 at depth centered 𝑧𝑧 at theat depthsame regular in log interval, then𝑘𝑘 the standardized shale similarity between𝜆𝜆! 𝑖𝑖 the intervals of length 𝜆𝜆! centered𝑧𝑧! at depth in log and interval of the same length centered at in log is equal to: ! ! interval, then𝑘𝑘 the standardized shale similarity between𝜆𝜆! 𝑖𝑖 the intervals of length2 𝜆𝜆𝑛𝑛! + 1 centered𝑧𝑧! at depth in𝑧𝑧 log 𝜆𝜆 and interval of the same length centered at in log is equal to: 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑧𝑧! 𝜆𝜆! and interval of the same length centered!!! at in! log is equal to: ! ! 𝑧𝑧 !!! 𝜆𝜆 ! 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑧𝑧 𝜆𝜆 𝑧𝑧 !!! 𝜆𝜆 !!!!!! ! 𝑧𝑧 ! 𝜆𝜆 !!!"# ! ! !!!"# ! !!! !,! 1 1 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑗𝑗! 𝑗𝑗−−𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆!!!"# ! 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆!((𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘) − 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆!!!"# ! 𝛼𝛼 𝑖𝑖, !𝑘𝑘,!; 𝑛𝑛 = 1 − !"# ! ! !!!"#!! !!"#− ! !"#! ! !!!!"#!!"# ! ! 𝛼𝛼 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘!;,𝑛𝑛! = 12𝑛𝑛− + 1 !!!1!! 𝜆𝜆 !"#𝜆𝜆−! 𝑗𝑗𝜆𝜆 −!!𝜆𝜆!"# ! − 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 !"#(𝑗𝑗 +! 𝑘𝑘−) −𝜆𝜆!!𝜆𝜆!"# ! 𝛼𝛼 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 =21𝑛𝑛−+ 1 !!!!! 𝜆𝜆 !"#−!𝜆𝜆 !!!"# ! − 𝜆𝜆 !"# !− 𝜆𝜆 !!!"# ! Reading Reading in zone in zone of interest of interest for forreference reference2𝑛𝑛 + 1 ! !w! ell!w!ell,𝜆𝜆 , − 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 − 𝜆𝜆 Reading in zone of interest for reference well, Reading Reading in zone in zone of interest of interest for formatch match well, well, ! ! Reading in zone of interest for match well, 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 𝜆𝜆 R𝑗𝑗eading R!eading of pure of pure shale shale in zone in zone of interestof interest for for reference reference well, well, ! ! 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 Reading of pure shale in zone of interest for reference well, 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 + Reading𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 𝑗𝑗 + Reading𝑘𝑘 ! of pure of pureshale shale in zone in zone of interestof interest for for match match well well, , Standardized!"# ! !"# ! 𝜆𝜆 Shale𝑗𝑗 + Reading𝑘𝑘 Similarity of pure shale in zone of interest for match well, 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 Reading Reading𝜆𝜆!"# in! clean in clean zone zone of interest of interest for for refere referencence well, well, !"# ! !"# ! Reading in clean zone of interest for reference well, 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 Reading𝜆𝜆!"# ! in clean zone of interest for match well, !Reading!!"# ! in cleanReading zone in clean of interest zone of interest for match for match well, well, !!!"# !𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆!!!"# ! 𝜆𝜆If is! !the!"# ! offset between intervals and is the reading for log at depth at the same regular Figure 2. Illustration of the concept of weighted correlation coefficient for the same wells. The best match!!!"# !𝜆𝜆 is between!!!"# ! the intervals centered at 2017 m, which is the 𝜆𝜆PearsonianPearsonian Correlation𝜆𝜆Pearsonian Correlation Correlation Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient correct correlation. interval, then𝑘𝑘 the standardized shale similarity between𝜆𝜆! 𝑖𝑖 the intervals of length 𝜆𝜆! centered𝑧𝑧! at depth in log CalculationCalculation of the ofcoefficient the coefficient requires requires computation computation of ofthe the covariance covariance betweenbetween the intervalsintervals and and their their and intervalCalculation of the sameof the length coefficient centered requires at computation in log is ofequal the to:covariance between2𝑛𝑛 + 1 the intervals and𝑧𝑧 !their 𝜆𝜆! Four boreholes were selected to evaluate product of Standardized shale standardsimilaritystandard deviations. deviations. If centeredis Ifthe isoffset the offset between at between depth intervals intervals z andi in and log is λ isthe2 the andreading reading interval for for loglog at of depthdepth at at the the same same standard deviations. If is the offset between𝑧𝑧 intervals!!! and𝜆𝜆! is the reading for log at depth at the same the automated classification algorithms. These and Pearsonian Correlation Coefficienregular interval,regulart to interval, then the thenthe covariance the same covariance between length between the theintervalscentered intervals of! oflength! lengthat zi+k incentered centered log atλ! 4depthdepth is in! in! log log and and 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 !!! 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 regular interval, then the covariance between the intervals of! length centered at! depth in! log and interval ofinterval the same of the𝑘𝑘 length same lengthcentered centered at at in log in log is equal is! equal𝜆𝜆 to:𝑖𝑖 to:! !!"# ! 2𝑛𝑛 +! 1 𝜆𝜆!!!"# ! 𝑧𝑧! ! 𝑧𝑧 𝜆𝜆! ! wells were selected owing to the consistency automate the process of correlation between !,! equal to: 1 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 − 𝜆𝜆 2𝑛𝑛 +𝜆𝜆 1(𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘) − 𝜆𝜆 𝑧𝑧 𝜆𝜆 interval of the same length𝛼𝛼 centered𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 at= 1 − in log!! ! is equal! !"# to:! !!!"# ! − !"# ! !!!"# ! ! ! 2!!𝑛𝑛! +𝑧𝑧 1 !!!!!𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 − 𝜆𝜆 2𝑛𝑛 + 1𝜆𝜆 − 𝜆𝜆 𝑧𝑧 𝜆𝜆 of tool testing and calibration. For the purposes the wells (Olea & Sampson, 2003). The 𝑧𝑧 𝜆𝜆 !!! Reading in zone of interest for reference!!! well, !!! !!! 𝑧𝑧!!! !!! 𝜆𝜆! !!! Reading in zone! of interest1 for match! !well, 1 ! ! of this study, a series of formation and units method is applicable to use even! in the ! 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 1= !!! ! 𝜆𝜆 !𝑗𝑗 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 − 1 !!! !𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗) !!! 𝜆𝜆!(𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘) 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 Reading𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 of, pure𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 shale= in2 zone𝑛𝑛 + 1 !of!𝜆𝜆! !interest!𝑗𝑗 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 + for𝑘𝑘 −reference2𝑛𝑛 + 1 ! !well,!!!𝜆𝜆 ( 𝑗𝑗 ) !!!!!𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘) ! While the standard1 deviations2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !! are:!!! 2𝑛𝑛1 + 1 !!!!! !!!!! were defined based on the geophysical results presence of gaps in the stratigraphic𝜆𝜆 record𝑗𝑗While+ Reading𝑘𝑘 the! standard of pureWhile deviations shale thein zoneare: sta of! ndard interest! fordeviations match well, are:! ! !"# ! 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 − 𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗) 𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘) and changes in thickness of equival𝜆𝜆 Readingent in clean2 𝑛𝑛zone+ 1 of!! !interest!! for reference2𝑛𝑛 well,+ 1 ! !!!! !!!!! and previous studies in the region (Edwards et While𝜆𝜆!"# !the standard deviations are: Reading in clean zone of interest for match well, ! !!!"# ! !!! !!! al., 1994; Moslow, 2000; Dixon, 2000; ERCB, intervals. 𝜆𝜆 ! !!!"# ! !!! ! !!! ! 1 ! 1 ! 𝜆𝜆Pearsonian Correlation Coefficient𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 = 1 ! 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 − 1 𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗) ! 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!!! 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! ! ! 2009; Clack, personal communication, 2013). 𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 = !!! 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 − !!! 𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗) 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! STANDARDIZED SHALE SIMILARITYCalculation of the coefficient requires1 computation! of1 the covariance between the intervals and their 𝑠𝑠! 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 = 𝜆𝜆! 𝑗𝑗 − 𝜆𝜆!(𝑗𝑗) 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! ! Three geologic informal units were also If k is the offset between intervalsstandard and deviations. λ1(i) If is the offset between intervals!!!! !and is the! !reading!!! for log at depth at the same ! 1 !!!!! ! 1 !!!!! regular interval, then the covariance𝑠𝑠! 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑘𝑘between; 𝑛𝑛 = the intervals𝜆𝜆! 𝑗𝑗 of!− length 𝜆𝜆! (centered𝑗𝑗) at! depth in! log and included to verify our work, which are is the reading for log λ1 at depth zi at the 𝑘𝑘 !!!!!!!! 𝜆𝜆 𝑖𝑖 !!!!!!! 𝜆𝜆 𝑧𝑧 ! 1 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 ! 21𝑛𝑛 + 1 ! The Pearsonian𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖 ,correlation𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = coefficient for these𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗two− intervals is: 𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗) ! the Montney D, Montney C and Montney same regular interval, then theinterval standardized of the same length centered at 2𝑛𝑛 in+ log1!!! !!!!! is!! equal to:2 𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!!2!!!𝑛𝑛!!+ 1 𝑧𝑧! 𝜆𝜆! The Pearsonian correlation coefficient1 for these! two intervals1 is: B. The units were a prominent turbidite shale similarity between the intervals of 𝑠𝑠! The𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 =Pearsonian𝑧𝑧!!! 𝜆𝜆 !correlation𝜆𝜆! 𝑗𝑗 − co efficient𝜆𝜆!(𝑗𝑗) for Standardized Shale Similarity !!!!!!! !,! !!!!!!! 2𝑛𝑛 +!!1! !,! 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝑛𝑛(𝑖𝑖+, 𝑘𝑘;1𝑛𝑛) !!! !!! 𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = ! ! deposit, which is the distal portion of the length 2n + 1 centered at depth zThei in Pearsonianlog λ1 correlationthese Covariance coefficient two between int forervals thethese intervals two is: intervals𝑠𝑠for! 𝑖𝑖,standard!, 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑖 ,is:𝑘𝑘 ;matching 𝑛𝑛) similarity, ! 1 !,! ! ! 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛1) ! ! If is the offset between intervals and is the reading for log at depth 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 at , the𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘 same; 𝑛𝑛 = regularStandard deviation𝑟𝑟 𝜆𝜆𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘of;𝑗𝑗 𝑛𝑛the𝜆𝜆= intervals𝑗𝑗!+ 𝑘𝑘 for−! standard matching𝜆𝜆 ( 𝑗𝑗similarity) ,𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘) turbidities fan. Based on the geological and and interval of the same length centered at !,! 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! 𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 (2𝑖𝑖,𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘;+𝑛𝑛)1 !!!!! !!!!! 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Reading( Covariance𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛) in zone between of interest the of intervals standard for matching standard similarity matching for reference similarity well,, interval, then𝑘𝑘 the standardized shale similarity between𝜆𝜆! 𝑖𝑖 the intervals of length 𝜆𝜆 While! centered the standard𝑧𝑧! ! at depth! Standarddeviations in log deviation are: of the intervals for standard matching similarity, !,! 𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑖𝑖Reading, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛) in zone of interest of standard!, !matching similarity for match well, petrophysical analysis made on the core zi+k in log λ3 is equal to: 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘!; 𝑛𝑛) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛) and interval of the same length centered at in log is equal to: Reading𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 in zone! of interest! ! ,of! standard matching similarity for reference well, 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 ! ! ! 𝑧𝑧 𝜆𝜆 𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = ! ! 𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠Weighted𝜆𝜆( 𝑖𝑖Reading,𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘+; 𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘) Correlation in zone ofCoefficient interest of standard𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖 ,matching𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘 ;sim𝑛𝑛)ilarity for match well, drilled within well O1, the core is comprised ! Covariance• betweencov 2,4 (i, the k; intervals n) Covariance for standard matchingbetween simi laritythe, 𝑧𝑧!!! 𝜆𝜆! 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 ! Standard deviation of the intervals for standard matching similarity! , !!! !,! Weighted𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 Correlation Coefficient !!! !!! of very fine grained sandstone, siltstone and ! !!!"# ! ! 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Reading(!𝑖𝑖!,!"#𝑘𝑘; !𝑛𝑛) in zone of interestintervals of standard for standardmatching similarity matching for reference similarity well, , 1 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 − 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘!) − 𝜆𝜆 ! ! !,! 𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛) ! 1!,!,!,! !,! 1!,! ! 𝛼𝛼 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = 1 − !"# ! !!!"# ! − !"# ! !!!"# ! Reading in zone of interest 𝑊𝑊of standard 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 =matching!𝛼𝛼 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 sim . 𝑟𝑟 ilarity𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 for match well, shale (Derder O., 2012; Derder O., 2012; 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! 𝜆𝜆 − 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 !− 𝜆𝜆 𝑠𝑠• s𝑖𝑖2, 𝑛𝑛(i, =n)s4 (i, k; n) Standard𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 − deviation 𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗) of Reading in zone of interest for reference well, 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! 4 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! ! Derder O., 2013). Reading in zone of Reading interest for matchin zone well, of interestWeighted𝜆𝜆 for𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 Correlation Coefficientthe intervals 𝑊𝑊!,!,!,! 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 for= 𝛼𝛼! ,!sta𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘ndard; 𝑛𝑛 . 𝑟𝑟!,! 𝑖𝑖 , matching𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 ! • λ 1 (j) 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 Reading of pure shale in zone of interest for reference well, 4 ! 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 + Reading𝑘𝑘 of purereference shale in zone well,of interest for match well, similarity, !"# ! ! 𝜆𝜆 Reading in clean zone of interest for reference well, !!!!! !!!!! METHODS !"# ! • (j + k) Reading in zone of interest for • (j) Reading in zone of interest 𝜆𝜆 Reading in cleanλ3 zone of interest for match well, λ2 𝑊𝑊!,!,!,! 𝑖𝑖1, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛼𝛼!,! 𝑖𝑖!, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 . 𝑟𝑟!,! 𝑖𝑖1, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 𝜆𝜆!!!"# ! 𝑠𝑠! 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = 𝜆𝜆! 𝑗𝑗 − 𝜆𝜆!(𝑗𝑗) As previously noted the algorithm which!!!"# ! match well, of standard2𝑛𝑛 + 1 ! !matching!!!!4! similarity2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! !for! 𝜆𝜆Pearsonian Correlation Coefficient The Pearsonian correlation coefficient for these two intervals is: was developed processes the data in the • λ max 1 Reading of pure shale in zone of reference well, Calculation of the coefficient requires computation of the covariance between the intervals and their following stages: interest for reference well, • λ 4 (j + k) Reading in zone of interest of standard deviations. If is the offset between intervals and is the reading for log at depth at the same 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐!,!(𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛) • λ max 3 Reading of pure shale in zone of standard!, !matching similarity for match regular interval, then the𝑘𝑘 covariance between the intervals 𝜆𝜆of! 𝑖𝑖length centered 𝜆𝜆at! depth 𝑧𝑧in! log and 𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = ! ! Covariance between the intervals 𝑠𝑠for 𝑖𝑖standard, 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘 ;matching𝑛𝑛) similarity, 1. Zoning of the log; interval of the same length centeredinterest at for in log match is equal well, to: ! we! ll, 2 𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑧𝑧Standard𝜆𝜆 deviation of the intervals for standard matching similarity, !,! 2. Characterizing of the curve shape; • shale Reading𝑧𝑧!!! 𝜆𝜆 !in clean zone of interest𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Reading(𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘 ; 𝑛𝑛) in zone of interest of standard matching similarity for reference well, λ 1 ! ! !!! !!! 𝑠𝑠 !!𝑖𝑖,!𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑖𝑖Reading, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 ) in zone of interest of standard matching similarity for match well, 3. Employing statistical correlation and for reference well, ! WEIGHTED CORRELATION ! 1 ! ! 1 ! 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 ! 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 − 𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗) ! 𝜆𝜆 (𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘) defining boundary condition to classify • 2𝑛𝑛 +Reading1 !!!!! in clean 2zone𝑛𝑛 + 1 !! !!of! interestWeighted𝜆𝜆!!!𝑗𝑗!!+ 𝑘𝑘 Correlation Coefficient While the standard deviationsλshale 3 are: COEFFICIENT the interval; for match well,

4. Interacting with the automated ! !,!,!,! !,! !,! !!! !!! 𝑊𝑊 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛼𝛼 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 . 𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 classification algorithm (accepting or PEARSONIAN1 CORR! ELATION1 The correlation method4 requires the user to 𝑠𝑠! 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 = 𝜆𝜆! 𝑗𝑗 − 𝜆𝜆!(𝑗𝑗) rejecting results) to ensure the user COEFFICIENT2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! 2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!!! select the correlation length for populating always remains in control at all times Calculation of the coefficient requires an anchor table (a guide function of depth ! to oversee the automated correlation computation of !!!the!! covariance!!!!! between differential versus depth). Correlation 1 ! 1 𝑠𝑠! 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = 𝜆𝜆! 𝑗𝑗 − 𝜆𝜆!(𝑗𝑗) process. the intervals2𝑛𝑛 +and1 !!! !thei!!! r standard2𝑛𝑛 + 1 !!!! !deviations.!! coefficients can vary erratically and in order The Pearsonian correlation coefficient for these two intervals is: If k is the offset between intervals and λ1(i) to help preclude this, the range of a

We applied the technique of Weighted is the reading for log λ!,!1 at depth zi at the semivariogram, which is the minimum !,! 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛) 𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = ! ! Correlation Coefficient (Figure 2). The Covariancesame regular between the interv intervals al,𝑠𝑠for 𝑖𝑖 standard, 𝑛𝑛then𝑠𝑠 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘 ;matching𝑛𝑛the) covarianc similarity, e distance at which the semivariogram equals Standard deviation of the intervals for standard matching similarity, weighted Correlation Coefficient is !,!a between the intervals of length 2n + 1 (Continued on page 22...) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Reading(𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛) in zone of interest of standard matching similarity for reference well, ! ! 𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑖𝑖Reading, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛) in zone of interest of standard matching similarity for match well, ! 𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 ! Weighted𝜆𝜆 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 Correlation Coefficient RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 21

𝑊𝑊!,!,!,! 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛼𝛼!,! 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 . 𝑟𝑟!,! 𝑖𝑖, 𝑘𝑘; 𝑛𝑛 4

for the Montney Formation (Derder, 2102; Derder, 2013). The work of Derder provides a complete discussion of the geological and petrophysical interpretation of Montney Formation (Units C & D) in the same area.

The work of Clack (Pers. Comm., 2013) in the region has employed analysis on the log data based to the curve shape analysis. Our goal here is to test and validate how the algorithm identifies the contacts; is the algorithm demonstrating the same trends as the expert’s picks; and what is the comparative accuracy of the algorithm? It took little time (seconds) to compute well- to-well correlations in a dataset of 2300m of multi-channel logs sampled at multi- windowed of intervals.

Wells O1 and O2 have been selected to explain the concept of using single-log correlation versus multi- log (weighted) correlation. The parameters for correlation were set to be similar for all correlation methods on the same window, where length of correlation interval, top of search interval, bottom of search interval, and center of correlation were 40m, 425m, 2299m and 1446m respectively (Figure 3).

We first correlate the wells by using only standard reference similarity log (gamma ray). We then correlate the wells by using only standard matching similarity log (Conductivity log). Finally, we have correlated the selected well by using the weighted log (gamma ray and conductivity). The same method was applied to correlate other adjacent wells of O2 with O3, and to correlate wells of O3 and O4.

In addition to the conductivity log, an Figure 3. Poor correlation derived from one single log was used at a time (1 & 2). Satisfactory correlation results attempt is made to investigate the ability of obtained from weighted method between wells O1 & O2 correlation (3). the program by using rock sensitive logs for correlation, such as density and sonic logs. (...Continued from page 21) well and spatial data. We developed the Firstly, the core was selected to assess the the variance, provides a statistical measure of program using the cross-platform Qt toolkit lateral and vertical electrofacies variability the distance within which measurements are capable of running on Windows, Unix/Linux in the studied area. Then, the geology from statistically correlated. and Macintosh platforms. The program drilled core and petrophysical data within allows importation of well log data, well Units D, C and B were integrated for the The selection of the reference elevations to well correlation interval specification, a reference well O1 to recognize the different was based on a graph of the slope of filtering capability, resampling, anchor table electrofacies in the adjacent wells. the local semivariogram. The regression population, regression analysis, well picks graph of the anchor locations with depth importation and extension, datum flattening, RESULTS differential versus depth in correlated wells log shading with lithological definition, well Poor correlations results were obtained for each pair of wells (Reference and to well correlation visualization, gridding and between two wells O1 and O2 by using Matching wells) was calculated. The chosen contour mapping capabilities and sending only one single log (GR) (Figure 3.1). Equally parameters of the regression level and the output results to many file formats. poor results were obtained with resistivity minimum correlation coefficient cut-off logs only (Figure 3.2). Unlike the single were used for the weighted correlation. The algorithms were tested on well logs from log correlation, the weighted correlation a series of borehole drilled in the studied results between wells O1 and O2 reveals a SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTED area. Previous work in this area included log very similar sequence in both wells and can The program focuses on innovation and and core interpretation for the purpose of provide better results than their separate user-friendliness for manipulation of the determining the reservoir characterization consideration (Figure 3.3).

22 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 The weighted correlation method is validate how the facies classification system for zonation based on pattern recognition utilized for populating an anchor table. corresponds to the log electrofacies and log threshold parameters (Figure 6). The regression graph and correlation while not overlooking missing sequences. The algorithm was tested to identify certain coefficient of the anchor locations with Therefore, we investigate the degree to types of contacts. Table 1 refers to software depth differential versus depth in correlated which the facies from the core differ from picks which have a comparable human wells for each pair of wells are shown in the electrofacies in the log. contact pick. In general, the algorithm (Figure 4). For the weighted correlation, the produces very satisfactory results. The chosen parameters of the regression level The NeoStrat® software accomplishes the computer picked contacts indicate that the and minimum correlation coefficient cut-off interpretation of log data with computer- algorithm consistently places contacts which were used. aided correlations. It calculates the were within 2m of a pick selected by log difference between the logs in elevation analyst. Although there being 1150m between Wells within the selected window. We recognize O1 and O2 from a dataset in WCSB, a and delineate zones from the logs based A satisfactory result in general was obtained. very good correlation was obtained. The on the log curve shape, log magnitude and Fifty-one percent (47 out of 93) of the sample rates were changed to 0.1m before geological description from the core (core- contact are very close to the human contact well-to-well correlation in order to provide log correlation). picks and are within a 2m differential. us with better matching and continuity of Twenty-nine percent (27 out of 93) are log curves. There are very good similarity The reference pick interpretation was that within 5m differential and twenty percent correlations between wells O2 and O3, and of the author, and may not represent that (19 out of 93) are inconsistent with analyst between wells O3 and O4. The distance of other experts interpreting the same picks (more than 5 meters) either due to between wells O2 and O3 and between data. The picks in the region were based on the failure of the algorithm or failure of the wells O3 and O4 are 1140m and 2450m, correlating the wells to the nearest wells the log analyst. respectively (Figure 5). author could find in the Western Canada Geologic Atlas and contributed work of For correlations within unit of Montney The electrofacies is often used to Clack (pers. Comm., 2013). The correlations Formation (D, C and B) in particular, a distinguish and describe geologic units were based mainly on the gamma ray logs, better result was obtained. About 60% (7 from logs. However, the success of the which were most commonly used in the out of 12) of the contacts are very close classification depends on understanding and Atlas. Thus, most of the picks are probably to the human contact picks. Very good integrating the facies from the geological acceptable. computed contacts also notice within 5m study and electrofacies from logs in the of a log analyst making a 26% (3 out of 12). study area. An attempt has been made to The gamma and resistivity logs were used (Continued on page 24...)

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 23 (...Continued from page 23) and density logs, respectively. aid in the refinement of manual correlations. Around 14% (2 out of 12) of the computer • Thirdly, although the contact of Anomalies in the correlations highlight the picks are likely to be inconsistent with Montney B in well O2 is higher than presence of special circumstances. Although analyst picks (around 6 meters). the same pick in the reference well, the automatic weighted correlations are not the same pick in the other wells were always exactly correct everywhere, they For validation of the work, we have tried to deeper but within a very narrow range often show something that a geologist doing define tops of the Montney Units using GR of only 1m. The picks of the Montney manual correlations may have probably with sonic, and GR with density logs. Table units using GR with sonic logs and GR missed. Results are summarized below: 2 summarizes the different in picks of the with density logs were shown in the • The software, in general using multi- selected units using GR with induction logs (Figure 7). logs is a very promising geological to the GR with sonic, and GR with density characterization, correlation and logs. Form the tables we notice that the CONCLUSION AND interpretation tool. sonic and density logs enhanced the results RECOMMENDATION • The log picks algorithm performed obtained from using GR with conductivity NeoStrat® is a computer program well in the case study and provide logs as the follows: developed to correlate the stratigraphy of consistent well-to-well correlations on well logs using weighted correlations of wells separated by thousand meters • Firstly, About 70% of the picks (8 out of different logs such as gamma ray, resistivity, with little dependence on the type or 12) were within 2m or less. The other sonic and density. The main purpose of combination of logs. four contacts were within 3m or less, this evaluation was to determine if the • Interactive processing is recommended which indicates the favor of using rock correlations were useful and if the author for locating sharp contacts, especially sensitive logs. would consider using it in geological and for gradational contacts. • Secondly, the difference of Montney D petrophysical studies. The main focus was • The system is controlled by the unit in the well O4 is reduced by using on the effects of using different parameter reference well interpretation and sonic and density logs due their ability values and how they affected the accuracy pattern recognition to build the of measuring the rock properties. It of the resulting correlations. statistical knowledge base. decreased from 6.98m to 3.9m and 4.7m • Using more logs and curve shape using sonic and density logs, respectively. The correlation program is worthwhile and parameters could enhance classification In addition, the difference of Montney useful. The main use will probably be for by providing enough discrimination C unit in the well O2 is decreased from detailed correlation of reservoir units or between tops and units. 6.98m to 2.03m and 3.5m using sonic over limited sequences. The results can also

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24 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 Figure 4. Regression curves (difference in elevation) for the correlations of each wells pair.

Figure 5. Illustrate the perfect correlation between wells O1, O2, O3 and O4. Black log (GR), red log (ILD). The strength of correlation coefficient cut-off is 0.5.

REFERENCES Transactions on Pattern Analysis and 4. Derder, O. 2012. Characterizing Reservoir 1. Bonnet, A. and Dahn, C., 1983, Oil-well Machine Intelligence, v. PAMI-7, no.3, p. Properties for the Lower Triassic Montney data interpretation using expert system and 299-305. Formation (Units C and D) Based on patter recognition techniques: Proceedings 3. Davis, R., Austin, H., Carlbom, I., Frawley, Petrophysical Methods. MS thesis, of the Eighth International Joint Conference B., Pruchnik, P., Sneiderman, R., Gilreath, J. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, on Artificial Intelligence, W.Kaufmann, Inc., A. The Dipmeter Advisor: Interpretation Canada. Los Altos, California, p. 185-189. of Geologic Signals” Proceedings of the 5. Derder, O. 2012. Rock typing and definition 2. Cheng, Y. C. and Lu, S.Y., 1985, Waveform 7th International Conference on Artificial of flow units, Montney Formation (Unit C), correlation by tree matching: IEEE Intelligence. August 1981. (Continued on page 29...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 25 Figure 6. Log picks for the studied wells. The algorithm presented here applied for the well-to-well correlation of gamma ray and induction log deep logs.

26 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 tween the human picks and our he difference in elevation be ddle, software picks. Right, t ts. Left, analyst picks. Mi elation between the log measuremen e in meter. lation for wells indicates, in general, a high degree of corr Table 1. The Corre 1. Table algorithm picks. Units ar

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 27 Table 2. Summarizes the selected picks of Montney Units (D, C and B) using different logs. A (GR & ILD log), B (GR & Sonic ∆t log), C (GR & Density log)

Figure 7. Tops Montney Formation Units. GR with Sonic logs (top). GR with Density logs (bottom).

28 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 (...Continued from page 25) by adjacency- constrained multivariate Logs, Their Use in Reservoir Modelling: West Central Alberta. InSite: 31(1): 16-21. cluster: American Association of Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 373 p. 6. Derder, O. 2013. Characteristics of the Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, no. 20. Merriam, D. F. and Sneath, P. H. A., 1967, Triassic Upper Montney Formation (Unit 10, p. 1781-1791. Comparison of cyclic rock sequences C), West Central Area, Alberta. CSPG 14. Kemp, F., 1982, an algorithm for the using cross-association: in Essays in CSEG CWLS geoConvention. stratigraphic correlation of well logs: Paleontology and Stratigraphy, C.Teichert 7. Dixon, J. (2000). Regional lithostratigraphic Mathematical Geology, v. 14, no. 3, p. and E. L. Yochelson, eds.: University of units in the Triassic Montney Formation of 271-285. Kansas, Department of Geology, Special western Canada. Bulletin of Canadian 15. Lanning, E. N. and Johnson, D. M., Publication 2, Lawrence, Kansas, p. 523- Petroleum Geology, v.48, No.1, p.80-83. 1983, Automated identification of rock 538. 8. Doveton, J. H., 1986, Log Analysis of boundaries—an application of the Walsh 21. Moslow, T. (2000). Reservoir Architecture Subsurface Geology: John Wiley & Sons, transform to geophysical well log analysis: of a Fine-Grained Turbidite System: Lower New York, 273 p. Geophysics, v. 48, no. 2, p. 197-205. Triassic Montney Formation. WCSB. 9. Duda R. O. and Hart P. E., 1973, Pattern 16. Le Nir, I., Van Gysel, N., and Rossi, 20th Annual Research Conference Deep- Classification and Scene Analysis, New D. 1998, Cross-section construction Water Reservoirs of the World (pp. 686- York: Wiley- Interscience, 211-236pp. from automated well log correlation: 713). GCSSEPM Foundation. 10. Edwards, D. B., Barclay J. E., Gibson, a dynamic programming approach using 22. Mossop, G. D., Shetsen, I (1994). D. W., Kvill, G.E., Halton, E. (1994). multiple logs: Transaction of the SPWLA Introduction to the Geological Atlas of Triassic Strata of the Western Canada 39th Annual Logging Symposium, Society the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Sedimentary Basin. Geological Atlas of of Professional Log Analysts, Houston, (Chapter 1). the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin paper DDD, 13 p. 23. Olea, R. A. and Sampson, R. J., 2003, (Chapter 16). 17. Lineman, D. J., Mendelson, J. D., and User’s manual for Correlator, version 11. Energy Resources Conservation Board Toksöz, M. N., 1987, well to well 5.2: Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, (ERCB), Table of Formations, Alberta, determination using knowledge- based Kansas. 2009. systems and dynamic depth warping: 24. Sackin, M. J., Sneath, P. H. A., and 12. Fang, J. H., Chen, H. C., Shultz, A. W., SPWLA Transactions, 28th Annual Merriam, D. F., 1965, ALGOL program for and Mahmoud, W., 1992, Computer- Symposium, paper UU, 25 p. cross-association of numeric sequences aided well log correlation: American 18. Luthi, S.M. and Bryant, I.D., 1997, Well- using a medium size computer: Kansas Association of Petroleum Geologists log correlations using a back-propagation Geological Survey, Special Distribution Bulletin, v. 76, no. 3, p. 307-317. neural network: Mathematical Geology, Publication 23, 37 p. 13. Gill, D., Shomrony, A., and Fligelman, H., vol. 29, no. 3, p. 413-425. 1993, Numerical zonation of log suites 19. Luthi, S.M., 2001, Geological Well

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On December 17, 2013, Susan Eaton opportunistic and predatorily leopard (P.Geol., P.Geoph., M.Sc., B.Sc. Hon., seals to the curious and sometime B.J. (Journalism) Hon.) came as a guest mischievous penguins, a big highlight speaker to Notre Dame des Vallées, a with the younger children. French elementary – junior high school in Cochrane, Alberta. She gave two Susan showed her outstanding presentations; one in the morning to photographs and videos, as well as 23 Grade Three and Four students; and those taken by National Geographic another in the afternoon for a group of photographers. Susan was very about 45 Grades 5 to 8 students. Many successful in capturing the students’ topics were covered; interest. She was extremely generous in 1) recounting Shackleton’s epic sharing her knowledge, while adjusting survival story after his ship, the the content of her presentation to reach Endurance, was crushed by ice the appropriate grade level. Pertinent and sank; biological changes in this fragile questions were asked, and, for many, the 2) how a team of scientists from various ecosystem and also have global exciting world of science came alive, engaging disciplines (including geology and implications; the next generation of budding scientists. geophysics) retraced Shackleton’s steps 4) the survival skills required to explore Thank you, Susan, for a very enriching and in 2013, under the auspices of the the Antarctic; inspiring presentation! Geological Society of America; 5) the high-tech gear needed for diving 3) the importance of understanding and snorkeling in extremely cold water; Eva Drivet (P.Geol.) oceanic changes that have triggered and Drivet Geological Consulting Ltd. a cascading series of geological and 6) the fauna encountered, from the highly

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 29 GO TAKE A HIKE Ram Falls Provincial Park, Alberta | By Philip Benham, W.R. Jamison and Yingchun Guan

Trailhead: The roads to reach this site are mostly unpaved and there are few facilities. Ensure you start with a full tank of gas and bring a vehicle appropriate for the gravel roads. Spring thaw and heavy rains can make roads slick or impassable. Drive 8 km west from Caroline on Hwy 22 to intersection with Hwy 591 then continue WSW on it for 31 km. At junction with Hwy 40 / 734 continue SW on Hwy 40. It swings to NW and, almost 58 km from the junction, you will cross the bridge over Ram River. The park entrance is on your right, 300m beyond the bridge. Proceed about 500m east from the entrance to the day use area and Ram Falls Viewpoint parking area (P on map). To access the “Wad” viewpoint, drive 2.7 km west from the PP entrance along Forestry Road 40 (passing the airstrip- “A” on map), then turn left The Turonian aged Cardium Formation is a sandstone Bow Valley). The eastern limit of the erosion resistant (west) on a well maintained gravel road and continue for prone package of strata sandwiched between the black Paleozoic strata (purple star on cross–section) marks another 2.0 km. Walk south through the forest (no trail) marine shales of the underlying Blackstone and overlying the boundary between the Rockies Front Ranges and the for ~100 to 200 m to the bank of the river. The “Wad” Wapiabi formations. All three formations are extensively Foothills. East of the McConnell Thrust but, upstream of should be in sight on the opposite bank. and spectacularly exposed at Ram Falls Provincial Park. the viewpoint, is a disharmonically deformed “wad” of late The Cardium is approximately 100m thick and is subdivided Jurassic Nikanassin Group sandstones, siltstones and shales. Distance: The trail to the Ram Falls viewpoint is into members on the basis of least five coarsening (and It sits in the hangingwall of an unnamed thrust fault (red short (about 400m return) but you can extend it by shallowing upwards) cycles. The most obvious to spot is the circle). The strata are so convoluted that they resemble walking almost 1 km along the valley rim for varying approximately 15m thick Kakwa member which contains the swirled ice-cream. At the waterfall viewpoint (blue circle) views of the waterfall and contorted strata. The view thick sandstone that forms the resistant lip of the waterfall the Cardium rises and then arcs gracefully over itself in the point is stepped boardwalk that drops perhaps 30m. (Plint et al, 1988). hanging wall of a relatively small thrust fault that, for the Handrails provide safety at the viewpoint and signs advise most part, places Wapiabi over Wapiabi. The forelimb of the you not to clamber on the steep slopes of loose shale.. Numerous thrust faults are exposed along the length of Ram folded Cardium exhibits significant extensional deformation, River. Strata adjacent to these faults display widely varying but much less than in the “Wad.” Further downstream, The Reservoir Committee welcomes contributions deformation styles based on an interplay of lithology, bedding the exposed footwall Cardium dips steeply at about 45° from our readership to this series. If you wish to thickness, geomechanical properties and characteristics of SW (green dot). Beyond this, the river swings southeast offer a submission to Go Take a Hike on your the fault. We will discuss these from west to east. The sites and steeply dipping Blackstone shales are exposed as far favourite hike of geological interest, email the discussed on cross-section are colour coded to circles on as the eye can see. The Cardium, had it been preserved Reservoir at [email protected] for map, or stars if off the map. About 5 km directly west of (see cross section) would be up to one kilometre above us more information. the park entrance (and visible from the waterfall viewpoint) at this point. A good three kilometres of overlying strata are the Ram Mountains. They are composed of Paleozoic has been removed by erosion during the growth of the carbonates carried to the surface by the McConnell Thrust Rockies and since cessation of fault activity in the Eocene (the same fault observed at Mount Yamnuska flanking the (approximately 45 Ma).

Above Left: View of Wapiabi black shales with minor siltstone and siderite nodules, along Hwy 40 at the bridge over Ram River. Above Right: Close-up of Scaphites depressus. These specimens are macroconch (probably female); the male of the species is much smaller (microconch). Scaphites is a heteromorph ammonite (complete specimens are shaped vaguely like the number “9”). It is common in the Western Interior Seaway and its rapid evolution makes it a useful biostratigraphic marker. These specimens come from the Wapiabi Fm, upstream of the waterfall and park. Photo courtesy of Keith Mychaluk.

30 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 Top. Panoramic view from the Ram Falls platform. On a clear day the Ram Mountains (lifted by the McConnell Thrust) will be visible about 5 km west beyond the falls. The west dipping backlimb of the Cardium hanging-wall fold rises and then overturns steeply. The white arrow points to the start of strong extension of the Cardium sand in the forelimb. Dashed lines mark minor fault offsets. Photo courtesy of Tannis McCartney Centre Left: The “Nik Wad” displaying disharmonically folded Nikanassin strata. Centre Right: Cardium “three-peat” about 8 km downstream of waterfall on South Ram River, view from helicopter (not accessible as part of this hike). White arrows identify fault movement direction. Bottom: Cross section adapted from Currie and Reik (1977) after Erdman (1946). In general deformation decreases eastwards. Photo locations on section are identified with coloured dots and stars. The cross-section is a simplification as numerous folds and small faults dramatically thicken the Blackstone (Kbs) downstream of Ram Falls.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 31 About 8 km downstream of the last Cardium is yet another fault repeat. It is not accessible by foot but a view by helicopter is provided (orange star). Note that here the Cardium exhibits more brittle deformation, the fault branches and splits the Cardium into three beams. This may be due to much smaller displacement along the fault plane.

If you look closely at the various outcrops you will see that fracture (or joint) density varies between the sandstones and the surrounding shales as well as along individual beds depending on their position on a structure (fold flexure or fault proximity tend to result in increased fracture density). Regional joint sets occur parallel and perpendicular to the direction of compression (which is approximately 40 degrees East of North). This regional compressional orientation is related to the growth of the Rocky Mountains (mostly between the Mid Cretaceous to Eocene) when approximately 170 km of shortening due to fault and folding is known to have occurred (Price and Fermor, 1984). These regional joint sets are then “supplemented” by additional fracture sets during fold and fault growth. You may notice that many of the fractures in the sandstone terminate at bed boundaries. This is due to the differing geomechanical properties (the stiffer, more brittle sandstone versus the softer, ductile shales). A combination of these properties is taken into account when petroleum companies consider the creation of manmade fractures (“fracs”) during the stimulation of a well. Generated “frac’s” tend to propagate to the NNE (the direction of maximum compressive stress), and are then held open with injected sands or ceramic particles. The natural fractures within the reservoir provide additional key high permeability pathways Top Left: Brown sideritic concretion within the Wapiabi (near viewing for oil and gas within the tight reservoir. Without the combination of completion technology, platform). These concretions can occur around the shells of ammonites as the decaying organism alters the pH, triggering carbonate cementation. horizontally oriented wells and natural fracture systems many unconventional plays (such as the Top Right: Distal expressions of storm event beds (often expressed as Cardium Light Tight Oil play) would be uneconomic. hummocky cross stratification) can be seen here in occasional silty to fine grained, rippled sandstone beds. References: Centre Left: View from platform downstream to footwall Cardium (erosion Currie, J.B., and Reik G.A.,1977. A method of distinguishing regional directions of jointing and resistant fin) on north side of valley. An extensive slope of loose Wapiabi shale of identifying joint sets associated with individual geologic structures. Can. J. Earth Sci., 14, (and some outcrop) is in the foreground. If you walk to the point opposite the fin 1211-1228 (1977). you will see Cardium at your feet on the south side of the valley. Erdman, O A, 1946., Cripple Creek Map Area, GSC Paper 46-22, 1946. Plint, A.G., Walker, R.G., and Duke, W.L. (1988). From: James, D.P., & Leckie, D.A. (Eds.) 1988, Inset shows several metres of sideritic nodular bedding on the top of one of the Sequences, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology,: Surface and Subsurface. CSPG, Memoir 15, p. 167-184. Cardium shallowing cycles which are easily visible from the trail along the valley Price, R.A. and Fermor, P.R. 1984. Structure section of the Cordilleran Foreland Thrust and Fold edge. Belt west of Calgary. Geological Survey of Canada Map 1501A. Centre Right: View of Cardium sands in the footwall, downstream of the waterfall. Reik G.A. and Currie, J.B., ,1974. A Study of Relations between Rock Fabric and Joints in Sandstone. Can. J. Earth Sci., 11,1253-1268 (1974).

32 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 PHOTO OF THE MONTH

The Quirang, Isle of Skye, Scotland. This fascinating landform is a result of a series of landslides. This feature is comprised of Jurassic sediments, clays, shales and sandstones overlain by thick lava flows.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 33 GEOCONVENTION 2014: FOCUS May 12-16, 2014, www.geoconvention.com

Luncheons, to share stories, talk about key issues will focus on networking and building the and inspire you to change and action. Monday’s future of the industry. lunch will feature Ivo Vegter, an independent South African journalist and author of Extreme FOCUS ON SOCIAL EVENTS Environment: How Environmental Exaggeration Wind down at the end of each day with fun GeoConvention is not just about the education; Harms Emerging Economies, published by social activities. The Monday Night Social your GeoConvention experience wouldn’t Random House Struik, and nominated for the Event and Tuesday Night Networking Event be complete without the opportunity for 2013 Alan Paton Non-Fiction Award. Check both take place on the exhibit floor. They networking. Macmillan’s definition of networking out Ivo’s TEDxCapeTown talk on YouTube, provide an opportunity for exhibitors and is “the activity of meeting and talking to people follow him on twitter @IvoVegter, and don’t delegates to visit and get to know colleagues to exchange information and advice about work miss his lunch presentation on May 12. Amanda in a casual environment with entertainment, or interests.” There are several events taking Lang, co-host of CBC TV’s Lang and O’Leary food and beverages. Wednesday evening will place during the week, designed to facilitate this. Exchange and senior business correspondent be focused on education with a new Alumni And provide a little fun, too! for CBC’s The National, will be the speaker at Reception – where you can catch up with Tuesday’s lunch. Her book, The Power of Why: professors, school reps and fellow alumni FOCUS ON BREAKFAST Simple Questions That Lead to Success, shows to celebrate everyone’s successes and show Some say breakfast is the most important meal readers how to reignite curiosity at any age to support for your alma mater – and the of the day. That may be especially true for become more innovative and productive and Challenge Bowl – where student teams will GeoConvention as the Power Up Breakfasts this will be the topic of her address on May 13. compete in an action-packed geoscience quiz take place on the exhibit floor, providing an game. And the week will wrap up again with opportunity to visit with suppliers while you enjoy Wednesday will again feature an Industry- the annual AGAT Core Meltdown at the your morning coffee and continental breakfast. Student Luncheon designed to allow students University of Calgary! to learn more about the geoscience industry FOCUS ON LUNCH and allow everyone to meet and mix with Don’t miss out on a second of the geosciences We are excited to be present two excellent their future colleagues. The lunch will provide event of the year – registration opens in speakers at the Monday and Tuesday Keynote a brief presentation on a trending topic but March. See you there! GeoConvention 2014: FOCUS May 12-16, 2014  Calgary, Alberta

3-day technical program: oral sessions and poster presentations 2-day Core Conference at the AER Core Research Centre 3-day exhibit ﬂoor with over 100 exhibitors Networking and Social Programs MONDAY LUNCH: IVO VEGTER TUESDAY LUNCH: AMANDA LANG South African journalist, Lang & O'Leary Exchange and author CBC Sr. business correspondent Registration opens March 3

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34 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 GEOLOGY OF THE MOUNT STEPHEN TRILOBITE BEDS AND ADJACENT STRATA NEAR FIELD B.C., YOHO NATIONAL PARK New Perspectives on a 127 Year Old Discovery: Part 3 | By V. Allen Kimmel P. Eng., P. Geol.

This article is a summary of one technical letter and three technical papers related to ongoing research by the author in an area that includes the Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds and Burgess Shale located near Field, BC. The present research began with the recognition of, and investigation into, the Field Slide by the author, the findings of which are summarized immediately below. Analysis of the slide mass and slide failure surfaces led to other relevant findings that are contained within the pages that follow.

The article is divided into three segments for publication in the Reservoir. The first segment deals with the existing surface geomorphology and Cambrian depositional environments. The second segment deals with the Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds, adjacent strata and local structural features. The final segment concludes discussing the local structural features and highlights the major conclusions of the research to date. Figure 18. The FGFZ on Mount Field. The Basal Cathedral (on the eastern fault block visible above the climbing PART 3 - FINAL SEGMENT helmet at the base of the photo) is approximately 300 metres lower than the correlative Basal Cathedral Zone on THE FOSSIL GULLY FAULT ZONE the Western Fault Block. Note the patch reefs (PR) visible within the Basal Cathedral as well as the overlying draping The Fossil Gully Fault Zone (FGFZ) is carbonate beds zone (DBZ) in the Western Block. a remnant of the final of three major mountain building events visible in the study area. The Fossil Gully Fault (FGF) received its name from Rasetti (1951. p.39 & 40, Fig. 3) while working in Fossil Gully on the north slope of Mount Stephen. That same year Ney (1954), called the fault the Field Stephen Fault and viewed it as being part of a fault zone rather than a single fault, though he did not pursue resolving the structure of the zone (p.120 Fig 1). Both Ney and Rasetti traced the fault/fault zone from the west side of Mount Stephen across the Kicking Horse Valley and onto Fossil Ridge on the southwest side of Mount Field.

As is evident in Figure 18, the FGFZ comprises three fault blocks visible on the south side of Mount Field - the relatively in place west block, the partially down thrown and rotated central wedge and the fully down thrown and rotated east block. The blocks are separated by the Western Fossil Gully Fault (WFGF) and the Eastern Fossil Gully Fault (EFGF). The total vertical displacement Figure 19. Original Fossil Gully Fault interpretation on the west side of Mount Stephen which shows the Fossil Gully across the FGFZ in this location is estimated Fault Zone merging into one fault across Slope 2 and the TBS. Note also the apparent pinching out Field Member (Continued on page 36...) (FM) from left to right in the photo. Modified from Fletcher and Collins 2003, Fig.3

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 35 (...Continued from page 35) Given that the erosional unconformity at approximately 300 metres. Findings from moves upsection to the east, the Ogygpsis/ this year’s field work indicate that the Fossil Burgess Shale beds exposed at the top Ridge strata, containing the famous Walcott of the TBS are potentially tens of metres and Raymond Quarries, is located within the stratigraphically higher, and hence younger, central wedge of the FGFZ. than the fossiliferous Ogygopsis beds found within the UTBs and LTBs. These upper TBS The FGFZ interpretation was refined and beds comprise green/yellow bedded slatey enhanced along the western flank of Mount shales void of fossils. Stephen by Fletcher and Collins in 2003. Though Fletcher and Collins (2003. p.1824, The visually thinning Field Member (from Fig.1) appear to have originally hypothesized north to south) across the TBS in Figure 19 that the full FGFZ crossed the entirety of is a combination of the interbedded Field Mount Stephen, their final interpretation Member shale/carbonate sequence found shows the Fossil Gully Fault Zone tracking below the thrust in the lower portion of south from Fossil Gully, across Slope 4 Figure 16 (previous article segment) and the and Slope 3 and then merging into a single EFGF. The bulk of the Field Member still Fossil Creek Fault that continues south exists below the thrusted Basal Cathedral across Slope 2 and finally crosses the TBS remnants on the eastern fault block, but immediately upslope of the patch reef shown has been completely eroded off of the in Figure 2 of the initial article segment (p. central faut block (wedge). As previously 1828 Fig. 3 and 2009, figure 8, p.40). They stated, there is no Cathedral Escarpment interpret the upper one third of the TBS Figure 20. The Eastern Fossil Gully Fault (EFGF) on the or proximal Escarpment carbonate evident as Mid and Lower Eldon separated by a southern edge of the TBS. Note the deformed Field anywhere on the surface of the TBS - within pinching out Field Member, as illustrated in Member shale that makes up the mass of the strata in the thrust strata or within the underlying Figure 19. There is no Cathedral Escarpment the 3 metre wide fault. The fault separates the Lower Eldon. If present within the unthrusted Eldon of the central wedge (block) from the Field in their interpretation. Member Upper Eldon and Basal Cathedral/Burgess strata on the TBS, the Cathedral Escarpment exposed on the surface of the eastern fault block. would be positioned hundreds of metres Investigation of the upper TBS slope reveals below the exposed Eldon on the central that the entire Fossil Gully Fault Zone is (Figure 21). The densification is caused by fault block (assuming significantly less than a present on the TBS, not just one merged an increase of magnesium oxide within the hundred metres of vertical offset within the Fossil Gully Fault. The defining western rock. Typical Ogygopsis shales have an MgO central fault block). fault of the Fossil Gully Fault Zone (WFGF) content of 1.5 to 2%. The densified shales crosses the TBS above the patch reefs as have an MgO content ranging from 25 to CONCLUSIONS previously documented by Fletcher and 31% (Powell et al 2006, p. 438, Table 2). Analysis of the Field Slide mass and Collins (2003 and 2009) and shown in Figure failure surfaces has provided new insight 19. But the Eastern Fossil Gully Fault (EFGF) Aside from the obvious E-W vertical into the depositional, structural and is also present crossing the top third of the displacement and rotation visible on Mount geomorphological history of the Mount TBS, approximately 100 metres upslope of Field in Figure 18, the fault blocks of the Stephen area. the WFGF on the northern edge of the TBS FGFZ also exhibit a N-S axial rotational and approximately 50 metres upslope of the component. The throw across the FGFZ, Foremost, numerous investigators have WFGF on the southern edge of the TBS estimated at approximately 300 meters on commented on the sparsity of the Ogygopsis (Figure 22). Hence the FGFZ is continuous the south face of Mount Field, is estimated fauna/ fossils in the LTBs vs the abundance of from at least Mount Field to the southern to only be in the tens of metres on the TBS. the same in the UTBs. Recognizing that the edge of the TBS on Mount Stephen. Here, the zone acts more as a hinge line than LTBs are the same rock as the UTBs, and an offsetting normal fault zone. The strata that the LTBs were deposited 450metres Like in other places along the FGFZ, on the west, downdip side of the FGFZ (the basinward of the original depositional strata adjacent to the bounding faults has west block) - Basal Cathedral Limestones position of the UTB’s (which is 150 metres been dragged into both faults (Collins and and Ogygopsis Shale - is essentially the same basinward of any Basal Cathedral patch reefs Fletcher, 2003, p. 1830). On the TBS, some as the strata on the east, upslope side of the or bioherms evident on the TBS), allows the of this strata is Ogygopsis shale (in the FGFZ (the east block). The central wedge development of a plausible explanation for WFGF), and some Field Member shale between the two defining faults has rotated the discrepancy in fossil abundance in the (in the EFGF) which comprises the oddly into the highest position of the three blocks. LTBs relative to the UTBs. The mass of orientated, steeper dipping black strata The Basal Cathedral and Ogygopsis thrust the Ogygopsis fauna lived on and amongst evident in Figure 20. strata that is exposed on the top of the the dead Basal Cathedral patch reefs - the east and west blocks has been completely location of the UTB deposition. The LTB The shales found within the faults were eroded off of the central wedge, exposing strata was deposited significantly basinward slightly deformed (stretched) during younger lower Eldon at the surface as Deiss of this setting, hence the relative sparsity of the faulting process and, if fossiliferous had interpreted in 1940 (Deiss, 1940 p. fauna in the LTBs. Ogygopsis shale, contain elongated 779l). Viewed another way, the eastern and trilobite fossils. Densified post deformation western blocks have been down thrown Second, the initial deposition of the by groundwater movement through the relative to the central block (Figure 22). Ogygopsis Shale beds took place after a fractured fault strata over time, this strata Ogygopsis shales and Field Member shales/ basin flooding event(s) that covered the is the source of the dense black shale carbonates were, in places, dragged into the Basal Cathedral unconformity/exposure fragments found throughout the UTBs bounding faults in the process. surface(s) in moderately deep water, as no

36 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 would be younger strata, occurring tens of metres stratigraphically higher than the top of the Ogygopsis beds found within the UTBs and LTBs.

Fourth, the absence of gygopsisor equivalent shale within the Yoho Valley Burgess exposures and on Fossil Ridge (the Walcott Quarry) has perplexed researchers for over a century.

Fifth, no Cathedral Escarpment or related strata exist anywhere on the TBS or adjacent slopes.

Sixth, the patch reefs located on the TBS are part of the initial, lowermost Cathedral/ Stephen Formation(s) carbonate/shale depositional package. Initial observations indicate the exposed Cathedral Escarpment within the Kicking Horse Valley comprises the reefal stages of several depositional packages. Seventh, the exposure surface Figure 21. An elongated trilobite fossil found within an altered piece of MgO rich, dense black Ogygopsis Shale on between the underlying Basal Cathedral the southern edge of the UTBs. Sourced from the Western Fossil Gully Fault upslope, these fragments (frequently Formation and the overlying Ogygopsis fossiliferous) are found throughout the mid TBS. Pieces of more typical undeformed fossiliferous Ogygopsis from the Shale Formation is a major unconformity UTBs are visible at the right centre and at the lower right corner of the photo. that represents the stratigraphic break separating the two formations, as well as the break separating the Basal Cathedral from younger Cathedral strata. Mapping of this and other unconformities is essential to understanding the Mid Cambrian geology of the study area.

Eighth, the existence and nature of the Fossil Gully Fault Zone/Fossil Gully faulting indicates extensional tectonism post thrusting.

Ninth, previous investigators did not account for the existence of any laterally displaced (thrusted) strata or any duplication of strata (repeated thrust sections) on the TBS or adjacent slopes. Discovery/recognition of the Kimmel Thrust Complex, Fossil Gully Fault Zone, patch reefs and exposure surfaces necessitates upgrading the existing published Mid Cambrian depositional models, stratigraphic relationships and overall structural history of the study area. Figure 22. The Fossil Gully Fault Zone (FGFZ) on the TBS showing the central fault block with Ogygopsis/Burgess/ Basal Cathedral thrust strata removed, revealing the underlying Lower Eldon. Finally, the findings of this article provide a solid basis for the creation of a cohesive reef regeneration occurred on the exposed turbulent water. Regardless, the waters in geological history – from the deposition TBS patch reefs during Ogygopsis time. The which the fauna lived, near or at storm wave of the mid Cambrian formations, through Ogygopsis muds initially infilled the lows base should have been well oxygenated. the deformation caused by the mountain between the topographic highs created by and post mountain building events to the the exposed, dead Basal Cathedral patch Third, initial analysis indicates that the signature of the most recent glacial and reefs. The water depth was likely close to Ogygopsis/Basal Cathedral erosional post glacial geomorphological events. The storm wave base as the existing (dead patch unconformity moves upsection to the east, successful integration of multiple geological reef) highs are not draped in Ogygopsis preserving more Basal Cathedral strata in and geotechnical disciplines was key to Shale. Rather, the muds infilled the existing this direction. Given this hypothesis, the solving the complex, 127 year old Mount lows - possibly just below the reach of Ogygopsis/Burgess Shale beds exposed at Stephen Trilobite Beds puzzle – a puzzle turbulent water. The highs (absent of the top of the TBS, comprised of green/ that took over half a billion years to create. draping muds) would have been subject to yellow bedded slatey shales void of fossils, (Continued on page 38...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 37 (...Continued from page 37) shale and associated Cambrian formations west of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the Fossil Gully Fault Zone on Mount Stephen, British Foremost, I would like to thank Parks Canada Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, for granting the author, a private individual, a 1823 - 1838. research permit during the summer of 2012. The permit made the Field Slide Study a Fletcher, T.P. and Collins, D.H. 2009. Geology and reality. Funding for this project was provided by Stratigraphy of the Burgess Shale Formation on Mount GeoHistory Inc. (www.geohistory.ca) Stephen and Fossil Ridge. A Burgess Shale Primer – International Conference on the Cambrian Explosion A special thank you goes to several Parks Canada Banff August 2009 Field Trip Companion Volume. staff, who made time for this research project, 32 - 53. making it possible for us to carry out our field CORPORATE SUPPORTERS work in the closed and restricted areas. Thanks Fritz, W.H. 1971. Geological setting of the Burgess Apache Canada Ltd. especially to Todd Keith, who was instrumental Shale. In Proceedings of the North American Apoterra Seismic Processing Ltd. in helping me through the permit (and other) Paleontological Convention, Chicago, Ill., September BDO Canada LLP processes and who spent some critical days on 1969. 1155 - 1170. Birchcliff Energy Ltd. the mountain with me. Thanks to Dan Teleki BJV Exploration Partnership who helped with more research days on the Hunter, IG, Bloy, GR and Leggett, SR, 1988. The Lower Cabra Consulting Ltd. mountain and with other logistical considerations. Fairholm Reef Complex (Cairn Formation), White Cabra Enterprises Ltd. Casey & Associates And finally, thanks to Adele Laramee who stayed Man Gap area, Canmore, Alberta: CSPG Memoir 13 Canada Brokerlink Inc. with us for an “extended” day. With their help 399-403. CL Consultants we were able to spend approximately 20 hours Compass Directional Services of research time within the restricted and closed Kimmel, V. A. 2011. The Mount Stephen Landslide. Continental Laboratories (1985) Ltd. areas - time that allowed the formulation of the Technical letter to the BSGF and Parks Canada. Core Laboratories findings within this paper, findings that go far Core Laboratories Canada beyond the original scope of the Field Slide Study. Kimmel, V. A. 2012a The Field Landslide, Yoho Cougar Consultants, Inc. National Park, British Columbia - unpublished. Datalog Technology Inc. THANKS ALSO TO: EDGE Technologies Rajeev Nair and the University of Calgary for Kimmel, V. A. 2012b Stratigraphy and Depositional Energy Navigator the use of their field instrumentation. Setting of the Middle Cambrian Strata in Yoho National EV Cam Canada Inc. Park near Field, British Columbia. - unpublished. Explor My volunteers - Min Seo and Katie Liebault for Fekete helping with the initial field work and Maurice Kimmel, V. A. 2012c Structural History of the Middle Geotir Quinn for his ongoing field work assistance. Cambrian Strata in Yoho National Park near Field, GLJ Petroleum Consultants Ltd. British Columbia. - unpublished. GranTierra Energy Inc. Haley Kimmel for her initial compilation Little Rock Document Services of published literature, help with the initial McIlreath, I.A. 1977. Accumulation of a Middle Matrix Geoservices Ltd. field work and for her constructive editing Cambrian, deep-water limestone debris apron adjacent Matrix Solutions Inc. suggestions. to a vertical, submarine carbonate escarpment, McDaniel & Associates Consultants Ltd. southern Rocky Mountains, Canada. Society of Mcleay Geological Consultants Ltd. National Oilwell Varco Landon Kimmel for his ongoing help with Economic Paleontologist and Mineralogists Special Nickpoint Environmental Services the field work (especially his unparalleled Publication No. 25 November, 1977. 113-124. Paradigm Geophysical (Canada) Corp. packhorse and blister first aid skills) and for his Pason Systems Corp. help researching the published literature. Ney, C. S. 1954. Monarch and Kicking Horse Mines, Pulse Seismic Inc. Field, British Columbia. Alberta Society of Petroleum Regent Resources REFERENCES Geologists 4th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, RIGSAT Communications Aitken, J.D. and McIllreath, I.A. 1984. The Cathedral 119 - 136. RPS Energy Canada Ltd. Reef Escarpment, A Cambrian great wall with humble SAExploration origins. GEOS 13-1: 17 -19. North, F.K. and Henderson, G.G.L. 1954. Summary Shea Nerland Calnan LLP of the geology of the southern Rocky Mountains of Sigma Explorations Collom, C. 2000. On the outcrop. Marrella - newsletter Canada. Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists 4th Statcom Ltd. of the Yoho Burgess Shale Foundation, 13: 12-15. Annual Field Conference Guidebook, 15 - 81. Sproule Associates Limited Sourcex Deiss, C. 1940. Lower and middle Cambrian Powell, W.G., Johnston, P.A., Collom, C.J. and Johnston, Total Gas Detection Ltd. stratigraphy of southwestrn Alberta and southeastern K.J., 2006. Middle Cambrian Brine Seeps on the Tucker Energy Services Canada British Columbia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Kicking Horse Rim and their Relationship to Talc Tucker Wireline Services Canada Inc. America. 51: 731- 794. and Magnesite Mineralization, and Associated AS OF JANUARY 10, 2014 Dolomitization, British Columbia, Canada. Economic CSPG welcomes our 2013 Corporate Supporters! Fletcher, T.P. and Collins, D.H. 1998. The Mid- Geology, 101, 431-435. The benefits of being a corporate member include: Cambrian Burgess Shale and its relationship to the • Recognition in the monthly Reservoir and quarterly Bulletin Stephen Formation in the southern Canadian Rocky Rasetti, F. 1951. Middle Cambrian stratigraphy and • One associate membership • Reserved tables at the technical luncheons with your company logo Mountains. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35 faunas of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Smithsonian • One free pass to the CSPG Core Conference (4), 413-437. Miscellaneous Collections. 116 (5). …and more! Contact Kasandra Klein at [email protected] to be a corporate member today! Fletcher, T.P. and Collins, D.H. 2003. The Burgess

38 RESERVOIR ISSUE 02 • FEBRUARY 2014 Professionals in Geoscience www.apega.ca

Scope of Practice Every member of APEGA has a self-defined Scope of Practice, as specified by Part 1, Section 5(1) of the Engineering and Geoscience Professions Act. Every member is obliged to understand and internalize those parts of the legislation, given that it defines them professionally. The Practice of Geoscience is defined in Section 1 of the Act. A Professional Geoscientist is expected to choose an area of specialty within the broad group of tasks contained in Section 5(1) that fits that person’s academic training and professional experience. If a practitioner strays outside that competence envelope, the outcome may be dire for public health and safety. Competence is not a static entity. As a professional grows in knowledge and experience, one’s scope of practice envelope grows with it. Professional Development (PD) is an integral part of growth in competence and re-definition of an individual’s personal scope of practice. APEGA’s Continuing PD program underscores the essential nature of knowing how the boundaries of competence change over time. Progressive geoscientists continuously learn and adopt new ways of doing things and their confidence and competence grow. What are the boundaries of your scope of practice, now and five years from now? Are you ready to grow? For more information: Tom Sneddon, P.Geol., FGC Director Geoscience and Outreach P: 403-262-7714 or 888-262-3688 E: [email protected]

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a.s/m) P (k impedance Acoustic

16000 12000 10000 9000 8000 5000 4000 7000 15000 14000 17000 1000 1 6000 13000

1.4

1.5

1.6

Por=0.1

Por=0.15

ol shl=0.2 ol V

Por=0.2

1.7 Por=0.25

Por=0.3 ol shl=0.4 ol V

Por=0.35

Por=0.4

1.8

ol shl=0.6 ol V

1.9

Seismic

2.0

2.1 2.2

P/S velocity ratio

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6 Petrel

Wells

2.7

2.8

Reservoir Properties Reservoir

plug-in for Petrel* for plug-in

Blueback Rock Physics Rock Blueback

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GeoScience Solutions Partner Solutions GeoScience chosen and preferred the Reservoir Blueback