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VOL. XLIX. NOTRE DAME, INDIANA, JUNE 24. 1916. No. 37-

Life's Battle: Class Poem.

BV EUGENE R. MCBRIDE, PH. B. r^UT of a world where nations clash and reel Give us staunch hearts that ne'er to foe shall bend; And millions die, for things beyond their ken; Strong arms, the tempered sword of Truth to wield; Rising above the clang of ringing steel. Clear eyes, the veil of baffling doubt to rend; Resounds the inextinguishable cry: "More men!" Brave souls that only to the right shall yield. Forth from the land we claim as native sod, Summon to arms our free, untrammelled youth In the safe, peaceful paths its Fathers trod. Now at the gates of life, throughout the land; From sea to sea, the thunders speak again: In faith steadfast, inspired by holy Truth, ^'Guard of the Nation, give us men! More men!" Firm, on the quaking battlements to stand.

High runs the battle tide's tumultuous strife; Breaks on our shores the wave of foreign hate. 0, Thou who first didst give our Nation life. Full-dower us with strength ere 'tis too late To meet the ambush and surprise of war. Or yet to wield the sword, when high 'tis raised; To keep undimmed the nation's guiding star Over the trail our sturdv Fathers blazed.

Thunders the summons in these halls to-night; Mother! Thy ready sons have heard the call; Champing, as steed that scents the oncoming fray, Waiting thy knighthood at thy feet they kneel. Burns every youthful heart to meet the fight. Leaving the quiet field and ivied hall. Ride to the standards, and let come what may! Far must they fare to try their arm and steel. Feeling the duty that is his at last, Now do they pledge thee, ere thy blade descend Willing, with hopeful heart that scorns despair. On each bowed shoulder, queenly Notre Dame, To guard the beacons of a glorious past; Whatever come, to battle to the end The present face, and any future dare. For God, for Country, and thy fairer name.

Baccalaureate Sermon.*

^HE world with its distant and widely the homage of nature in the myriad forms of^ extended climes, with their peculiari her prolific existence, is the same celestial sphere, ties of situation and climate, make which, in the frozen regions of the Arctic and one great whole. The events which Antarctic just touches the extreme horizon, and have happened in it, which are happening, and shuddering, hastens away. So, Man. He which will happen, are closely - linked together stands forth in his beauty and strength, in his and interwoven into one unbroken thread.. intellectual vigor and moral elevation. He The past has had its influence in forming the searches the earth, explores the seas and studies present, the present is, operating vigorously the skies, yet he is the same man in form, in-mind, upon the future. The sun, moving proudly in , destination as the poor untutored-savage, .and gloriously over the center of the globe, * Delivered in Sacred Heart Church, Sunday, June bringing forth verdure and foliage in all their 11, 1916, by the Rev. Charles Peter Raffo, Louisville, ,beauty and luxuriance, ^and receiving in return' Kentucky. 5 94 TT-IE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

who, ages ago, in his weakness and ignorance, and felt that Ave were as fleeting as the}-; Avhen considered the little earth around him as the Ave haAJ-e looked upon CA-er}- object to Avhich whole creation. Man is, and ever has been, Ave could turn our gaze, and the}'- liaA'ê all the same being, in his strength and in his told us that tlie}'- could giA-e us no hope or sup weakness, in his knowledge and in his ignorance, port, because they Avere so feeble themseh-es— in his elevation and in his depression. Depen we can look to the tlu-one of God: change and dent upon his fellow-man, operating upon the decay haA-e ncA'êr readied that. It is fixed and destin}- of the future, he does something, either • can ncA'êi be disturbed. God alone can satisfy of good or of evil for those who come after him. the craA'-ings of the intellect and the longings In being, man is the same. How then can man of the heart. The higher the education the nearer husband his strength, increase his knowledge should it bring us to God. The more profound and further his elevation? and liberal tlie knoAvledge the more dependent B}' education. To obtain knowledge is the upon God. effect of education. The effect of knowledge is It is the misfortune of the generality of men to give to the mind a sense "of its own value. that during life and health they seldom or ncA-er The feeling of its own ultimate and personal make God the subject of their serious reflec importance springs from education with equal tions. Fixing their hearts upon the riches and directness and certainty. A mind under this the adAJântages and the pleasures of this Avorld, training of knowledge becomes conscious of the}'- employ all their faculties for the attain itself, conscious of what itself is, and from ment of eaithl}'^ emoluments. Eternity is seldom thence, intuitively conscious of its own intrinsic or never thought of. value. Just in proportion as the mind possesses To succeed in a purpose of life does not mean - this condition, it must realize that it was made to reach a pre-eminence Avhereby the praises not merely for relative objects, but that it was and applauses of men are obtained in this life; made for purposes terminating in itself, for but to reach that pre-eminence AA'^hich is accom improvement, for virtue, for happiness. panied by the blessing of God, toAA^hose proA'i- The mind possessing this sense of its own de.nce and goodness all success is due. Man}- worth and destin}-, will demand freedom to AA^ho haA'-e begun their professional career, act for that great end which God established determined to be tru,e to God AA'^hile tliey Avere as the ultimate end of its existence. To worship true to their Avork, have been suddenl}'^ stopped and adore God, to- measure our every thought in theii progress toAvard God, because the world and deed according to that worship and adora has branded their piety Avith the imputation tion, leads man to what should be his ultimate of folly, and assailed them Avith sneers and end—Kternal Happiness. Our Eternal Happi censures. A man AA^ho is true to his profession ness comes from the Eternity of God. The sees God in all that he does. He sets the laughter contemplation of this Etemit}'- of God should and contempt of the Avorld at defiance; and be the life-spring of all we do and think. For the fidelity to God rises superior to CA'-ery human contemplation of,this glorious attribute of God, consideration. The constancy.of such souls is is fitted to excite in our minds the most animat undaunted; their fortitude admirable. The}'- ing and the most consoling reflections. Standing are faithful to the graces and helps AA^hich are amid the ruins of time and the wrecks of so plentifully diffused upon mankind by the mortality, where ever}'thing about us is created bounteous and generous laAv of Christ. and dependent, proceeding from nothing and The faithful practice of the religion of Christ hastening to destruction, we rejoice that some by the early Christians was attended by the thing is presented to our view whicli has stood most dreadful persecutions Avhich continued everlasting and will live forever. When we have for four centuries; The situation to-day in looked upon the pleasures of life and they have many respects resembles that of the first vanished away; when Ave have looked upon the professors of Christianity. The slanders thrown works of nature and have perceived that they . upon the Catholic Faith in these days are Httle are changing; when we have looked -upon the else than repetitions of the calumnies heaped monuments of art and have seen that they upon it. at that early period, except that the would not .stand; when we have looked upon authors of them are. no longer heathens, but our friends and the}'' have fled while we were men who profess to believe in Christianit}'^. gazing; when we have looked upon ourselves It is not so much against these slanderous THE NOTRE DA ME SCHOLASTK 595 attacks tliat a guard is to be raised, but rather sailed on before you. Avoi4 the shoals. : EZeep against the less open, though more dangerous in the middle of the stream. It matters not snare to be met with in the evil example, the what your purpose in life may be, whether sneers or the ridicule of those who bear the priest or teacher, physician or lawyer, name of Christians. St. Matthew in his Gospel philosopher or statesman, capitalist or (x. 28) warns us "Be not afraid of men who laborer—^there are breakers ahead. Fear^ not. at most can hurt your bodies only; but fear Strengthened by the consciousness that God Him who hath the power to cast both body is with }'-ou, confident in the powers and fitness and soul into hell." which have been developed and perfected No human consideration, nor fear of what during the years of preparation within these the world may say, should deter a man from the hallowed walls, watchful of your course, you practice of religion'. He should remember that will ride them safely, and. be more confident his business in this life is to serve God as well of victory and success. as to become prominent in his profession. To To succeed is not to be gazing- continually seek first the Kingdom of God and His Justice, at the hiUtop of success. Interest yourself and to sanctif}"- all the employment^ of life chiefly in the progress to it. The NOW is yours should be his aim and his intention. Man in —the-^TO BE is yet ahead of you. The futiu-e- every action of his life should have in view the belongs to God. Labor to-day, faithfully and noble end of his being; and should direct diligently, it will help you for the morrow. every circumstance to the attainment of that The words of the poet well express this. - *r end. Trust 110 future howe'er pleasant. Many men adorn and edify their fellow-men Let the dead past bury its dead; by their holiness and sanctity of manners, Act, act, in the living present. whose lives present nothing extraordinary or Heart within and God o'erhead^ uncommon, except the strict regularit}' with No man has ever reached pre-eminence, in which they perform the exercises of religion his profession without assiduous and constant and the duties of their'calling. This condition labor—without difficulties to overcome,- either does not belong to any one state of life or any within or without himself. Want of virtue and one class of mankind exclusively, but is open lack of sobriety are inner obstacles to advance to all, in ever}'- station and in ever}'- profession, • ment, and the treacherous seducers which leads who sincerely aim to the attaining of it! Nothincr the way from God and success. The mind appears better calculated to reriiove prejudice which is not purely and soberly clean and healthy and correct the false notions of our Holy Religion will exercise its influence on man's whole being. than to unfold to public view by edifying This moral combat must be fought and won.' example the fruits of its truth and practice. The Grace of God and the Sacraments are This great and renowned University of Notre weapons irresistible. With their use you will Dame takes its place among the most celebrated give no quarter to these vices. , You will rain educational institutions in the Avorld," and with deadly batteries against their stronghold, 3rou ; a choice of the most learned and self-sacrificing will triumph over them. You will lead your professors, equips the mind and tempers the own captivity captive. You will be a Caesar" heart of the sons committed to her care. This unto yourself. training and culture is given that they may go Opposition will be your portion. Without forth and become not only pre-eminent in their it your strength and vigor would never be kno^yn. chosen purpose in life, but faithful and loyal Honest opposition arouses our latent and hidden- to their holy faith. energies, forces us to meet a fair and competent Young Men! You, upon whose brows the antagonist with care and consideration, excites. laurel wreath of graduation is about to be our dormant faculties to vigorous action. .An placed—^you are the chosen sons of 1916. You unfair and malicious opposition. treated with have been prepared, and it is hoped that you manly courtesy dies of its own inanitions : have prepared yourselves, for your purpose Whatever your opposition, be generous withal in life. You should know what you have to and let charity which, "Thinketh.no. evil, do. Be determined to do it. Launch your envieth not, beareth, believeth, hopeth and vessel without fear. It is well equipped. You endureth all things," be the crowning grace have the . experiences of others who have of all you do; ,^ - ; , 596 THE NOTRE-DAME SCHOLASTIC

"Let not your heart be troubled, nor let it The Final Test of the Republic. be afraid," are encouraging words in to-day's gospel. In a word, "Fear not." The same Holy Spirit who thrilled the hearts and enlightened BY THE HON. MARTIN JOSEPH AAÂDE. tlie intellect of the cliosen ones of Christ, hovers over us within these sacred walls. Ma}'' N a Commencement address, one is inclined He tlu-ill 3-our hearts and enlighten 3ôur g^j to deal AAdth the poetiy of life. We feel intellects that 3*ou, the chosen ones, may go the thrill of springtime; AA'C breathe the forth bravel}^ and courageousl}* to do the Avork odor of the roses; we hear the music of allotted to you by the vocation 3''ou have the' AAôodland, and our hearts gloAA- as vifO: look cliosen under the direction of that same Spirit. upon youth, radiant AAîth the joy of life's Fear not. Hide not 3'our talent. Increase it • springtide promise. But tempting as is this and make it productive. Add to 3ôur alread3' field of delight, I AA'ill not AAânder therein accumulated storage of knowledge and allow to-night. it not to remain dormant and unproductive. This is a joyous hour, but oh! it is a solemn Be among those who are accomplishing their hour, because in this hour we deal AA'-ith the life's mission, not among those who have fallen -most AJîtal thing in the entire AA'orld—ÂA^C deal b3'- the AvaA'^side, inert and ineffectual. Be A\ath human life. Not merely physical life, but among tliose A\dio leaA-e their "footprints on spiritual life, mental life, the achieA''ements of the sands of time," not among those AA'IIO haA'ê life, life's past achieA''ements, and, more impor halted in the Avalk of life. tant still, the acliieA'-ements yet unborn. We Of 3ôu Avho leaAê the UniA'êrsit3'' AA'ith are here at the soAving-r-many AAÎII not be the highest honors, much AAdll be expected. present at the reaping; and as AAê peer Avith Fear not. The same application and unseeing eyes into the hidden future, we AAdth energetic work that croAvns A'-QU Avith the hungr}'- hearts wonder what the harA'-est will be. highest honor to-da3'^ AA'ill continue to keep I clierish "tliis occasion, not because of the 3'ôu in the front of the battle of life, and as 3'ôu opportunit}'' it giAJ-es for the expression of poetic haA*e been, so to speak, leaders here, continue fancies, but rather because of the opportunit3'' to be leaders in the great struggle for superiorit3'^ it brings to express stern AAôrds which ma3'^ and high success. Those of 3ôu Avho have not •possibly be an aid, or an inspiration, to those been so fortunate, Fear not. Stead3'^ and assid Avho "fliis day bid farcAvell to the school room, uous application, AA^th dogged and persistent and join the ranks of men AAdio are out fighting perseverance AA'ill find 3''ou side b3'- side with the the battles of life. best. That man3'' are wiser and stronger than This is a time for solemn thought, not alone 3''ou, is no reason for discouragement. Success because it marks a, milestone in the lives of is in giA'ing 3'ôur whole life to AAdiat 3'"0u honestty "those who graduate to-night, but because OA'êr belicA'-e 3'ou are capable of "doing. Let it be the entire world, hangs the pall of human great- or small, it AAdll have its beneficent AAârfare and bloodshed and death. If we listen influence and accomplish its purpose. There with the spirit Adbrant with feeling for our are few Edisons and Marconis, to name onl3'^ felloAv-men, we can hear the aAAûl roar of tAVo Avithin, our times. LiA'ês Avhich ma}'' not .battle, the groans of the d3dng, awa3'" out bear any fame as these, haA'ê yielded good of ther.e under -the stars; not "the aAvful throb no less significance. "The candlestick set in of.the battle of last.year, or of last month, or of a Tow place has-given light as faitlifully Avhere yesterday,,but ito-da}"^,—now, at this A''er3'' hour, it was needed as that upon the. hilltop." The as men fi^ght and die in the most terrible conflict cheerfxil and simple message that- was giA^-en to the world has ever seen. They are not savages, the Shepherds of Bethlehem was as fruitful those that are out there d3''ing, they are ci\dlized, and thrilling as, any; eA'er sent by wire or air. christianized, men, many of them our kith Therefore, /(?arwof.' As professional men, do and kin, and the picture of their struggles is manfully whateA^'er }'ôu purpose to do, strain tooraAvful to: contemplate. every rnerA''e, exert the AA^hole man, but be - Few of us have an}?- well-defined idea of the steadfast in yoiir Faith., .Crowned, as you ifoAV cause of this fearful conflict; all that Ave know '- Avill be- -for^ work well - done', forget not the is, that a'.couple of years ago^ the Avorld, AA'âs crown that awaits "the . faithful servaiit. ^^' at "peace; men .in every land were following THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 597 their daily aA''ocations—going at night to happy And men all over the world are thinking homes, the labors made light by smiling faces to-day—thinking upon the problems of govern of their children. It-^really seemed as if men ment, and the responsibilities of government, were getting closer together, and as if the and the obligations of individual men to "the world were soon to realize the long dreamed of, government. and hoped for, spiritual union in which all men In this nation men. are thinking, realizing would give recognition to the brotherhood of man. as they never did before, that man's duty is But alasl like the lightning's flash out of not alone upon the field of battle in time of the cloudless sk)'', the .terrible storm of war war, but that his most solemn duty is to use burst forth, and rivers of human blood have his brain, his heart, and his conscience, in fertilized the fields of the most cultured and earnest effort to guide the nation in paths of Christian nations of Europe. The happy toiler peace. of a couple of years ago, is in the trenches, The problem of human government has if not in his grave; the happy home is in ruins, existed throughout all the ages since mankind the smiling children are huddled-at their weeping first started out upon the great highway of mother's knee—^pitiful pictures of starvation life. • The greatest problem men have ever been and despair. called upon to solve, is how they might. Jive The only ray of light that can be seen shining together in communities "mthout cutting in the terrible darkness of this awful war, is each other's throats." the splendid spirit of patriotism, of nationality, As we look at the warring world to-day, we which is manifest in every nation engaged in are reminded that the history of the world is.a the conflict. Before the war came,_ the people . long, sad story of war and bloodshed and death. of these nations Avere divided in many wa3''S— That the path which humanity has traveled politicall}'", in religion, in social position; but stretches back into the dim distance, a long when the conflict came, they closed their gleaming line of white human bones; that the ranks, they forgot their politics; religious flowers and the trees and the shrubs along the differences melted away, and they are fighting way, have been nurtured by the red blood that side b)'- side, and dying side by side—all differ flowed from human hearts. All over the world- ences forgotten. the battle has waged; away down in Egypt Not only is this true in the ranks of the where the Nile scatters her riches; upon the armies; but back home in countr}'- and village banks of the Tiber, which for centuries reflected and cit)'", we find the most courageous spirit of the majesty of Rome; upon the heights above sacrifice on the part of the mothers and the the castle-crowned Rhine; on the banks of children who are toiling and starving, with the peaceful Thames; and upon the prairies breaking hearts, doing their part for their that sweep back from the Father of Waters, common countrj'-. It is an awful price to pay, men have fought and died. but it is stirring the hearts of men all over the In the field and in the forest, by the sweet civilized world, and especially here in this nation running brook, and upon "the burning sands, of ours, to a realization of the great truth, that in the mountain pass and in the stony streets only in solid, united, patriotic unity of thought of the populace cit}''; within the chancel rail and purpose can an)'" nation live. of holy churches, and at the dark entrance to Oh how easy it,is for men to forget the the Bastile—în aU these places, and in a thou awûl responsibilities of government and the sand more, the hand of the oppressed has been dut)' which they owe to the Nation in Avhich lifted against the oppressor, the right- .that the}*- live. They become absorbed in business, God gave to man to be free, has struggled;with or in the social .duties or pleasures of life; they the power which nu'ght has given, and, alas, become- practicall}'" oblivious to public duty, • so often might has triumphed, and the slave;: the performance of which is_ absolutely essential sick at heart, has been scourged to his dungeon: to the nation's existence. They forget their On a thousand hillsides burning fagots have duties and obligations to the State until some consumed men who dared to dream of-freedom, great world tragedy causes them to pause and and in dark and slimy prisons cells, where God's to ponder, and to realize that nothing less sunlight seldom entered, men have rotted with' than, life itself, can sometimes pay the full clanking chains upon their limbs, because "they measure of patriotic duty.,- dared to ask for the rights of freemen. In the; 198 TBE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

olden- days force ruled the world, the king, the remedy which is necessar}' to attain to that crown, the scepter, the sword, were the insignia glorious destiny which was planned for us from of power. All about were the instruments of the beginning. * force, the cannon, the moated castle, the march We have the brain, and we have the brawn; ing armies of the king. we have the captains of industry, and we have And so it was until a^new nation Avas born, toilers to keep the wheels of industr}'- spinning. a nation founded by exiles who were fleeing We have the untold wealth of natural resources, from oppression, from unrestrained power; not equalled by any other nation in the world. exiles who dreamed of establishing a nation— We have the inventive genius and the commer exiles with the hearts and the hands with which cial instinct, and from present indications, we to build it—a nation where there Avould be no will soon be the manufacturing and the commer masters and no slaves; where the citizen Avould cial nation of the world, as we have been the rule, and not the soldier; where the home and granary of the world. school and not the castle, would stand as the But these things all relate to the material; citadel of the nation; where the steel. would let us look to the Nation's soul. The strength at last be molded into jDlowshares and not into of a republic does not rest in its standing army, swords; where instead of martial music, the nor in its ships of war, nor its brass-walled song of the plowboy and the hum of the spinning fortifications; nor does it lie in boundless wealth, whefel would greet the ear; where lust for power nor in its intellectual powers. No, the strength would be dethroned and brute force strangled; of a republic lies in the feeling on the part of where love would rule and not brutalit}''; every man, be he high or low, of a sense of where justice and not vengeance would be the .securit}'- springing from his absolute faith in end of judicial investigation; where the rights the law of the land—a sense of security in the of men to live and to enjoy the fruits of their feeling of legal right, a profound respect for labors would be recognized. This was the the law, a reliance upon the law, a recognition dream of the fathers of the Republic as they of the justice of the law, of the necessity of laid tiie foundation in the long ago. obedience to the law, and .a feeling of legal The fathers, however, recognized the great dut}'- to see that the laws are so just, and so truth that in every human government, power fair that it will be easy to obey them. must rest somewhere. In the old lands there Respect for the law, and obedience to the were kings or other monarchs with .absolute law, and humble submission to lawful authority, power, but by the Declaration of Independence are necessary to the very life of the Republic, and the Constitution of the United States, and when the American people fail in these kings and monarchs were forever banished from solemn obligations, the Republic will die.- American soil, and upon the dead ashes of In Marbur};- v. Madison, Chief Justice Icingl}^ power, was reared this great temple of Marshall said:— human liberty. It was the hope of the founders ' "The ver}'- essence of civil liberty certainly of the Republic that social order would be consists in the right of everv individual to claim maintained and human rights protected, not the protection of the laws whenever he receives through fear of the lash, but by respect for and an injury. One of the first duties of govern obedience to just laws which would spring ment is to afi"ord that protection. The Govern spontaneously from the conscience of a free, ment of the United States has been emphaticall}'^ libert)'- loving people. termed a Government of Laws and not of And now the years have passed with rapid men. It mil certainly cease to. deserve • this feet; from, a few Colonies, we have become a high appellation, if the laws furnish no remedy great, strong nation, proud in our history, proud for the "iaolation of a vested legal right."_ in our achievements, proud in our freedom. ' These words are the most significant and far- We are the first real great experiment in a reaching in' their effect upon human govern government "of the people, b}'- the people, and ment that were ever uttered by the lips of man. for the people." We haA'^e now reached an age "A Government' of Laws and not of men." where it is bur duty to stop and examine our. This expresses the fundamental difference be cot^cience. We are big_ enough,, and strong tween the government of this great American enough, to manfully face pur defects, .and we _ Republic and: all other, systems of government arej I'am sure, patriotic enough to apply any ever devised by man. THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 599

As the years have gone by, and the problems dled license of victorious political opponents of national life have been met and solved, it has "controlling legislative bodies; " nor does it become more and more apparent that the sleep except as a sword dedicated to a righteous final test of the Republic is going to be, whether cause sleeps in its scabbard." she can maintain her power by a reliance upon Plorace Binney says:— the loyalty of her citizens to the authority of "What were the States before the Union? the Constitution and law of the land. Will a The hope of their enemies, the fear of their continued respect for the law, and obedience friends, and arrested only by the Constitution to the law, and submission to legally consti from becoming the shame" of the world." tuted authorit)'-, enable the Republic to realize Sir Henry Maine remarks— the dream of her founders, or will contempt for " It isn't at all easy to bring home to the men' the law, defiance of the law, and repudiation of the present day how low the credit of the of obligation to lawful authority, send the Republic had sunk before the establishment Republic upon the rocks, to lie among the of the United States The Federal Con wreckage of previous experiments in popular stitution has survived the mockery of itself government. Thinking men cannot shut their in France and in Spanish America. Its success eyes to the daily manifestation of a spirit has been so great and striking, that men have of rebellion against law and against legal almost forgotten, that if the whole, or the known restraints. experiments of mankind in governments be The foundation of the greatness of this nation,, looked at together, there has been no form of the strength of this nation in her darkest hour, government so successful as the republican." and the hope of this nation for the centuries A prominent North Carolina Jurist tells us yet to come, when our children's children may that the Constitution permits: be facing the question of national existence, "No military commission in time of. peace is the Constitution of the United States. This to put its hand upon the citizen-; no State, or nation can never, survive unless it gives con the General Gox-ernment, to deprive one of his tinued recognition to that great Constitutional privileges or immunities, but by the law of principle announced b)'- Marshall, that in this the land; how our rights of propert)'- are held nation the law is supreme; not supreme alone as sacred under this Constitution, as was the with the citizen, but supreme with the nation humble cottage of the English peasant, in regard and the states that compose the nation; not to which the elder Pitt once said: 'the poorest supreme with the humble toiler, but supreme man in his cottage may bid defiance to all the with the richest and the strongest; not supreme force of the Crown; it may be frail, its roof in theor}'-, but supreme in truth and in fact. may shake, the wind may blow through it, And this great principle of the supremacy of the storm may enter, the rain may enter, but the law finds its origin in that immortal docu the King of England cannot enter; all his force ment—The Constitution. dare not cross the threshold of this. ruined Few there are in these modern days who tenement." fully appreciate the wonderful blessings of a Justice Michell of Penns3'lvania says: written Constitution which gives recognition • "A centur}'- and a decade have passed since to the fundamental natural rights of man", tlie Constitution of the United States was and which provides guarantees against the adopted. Dynasties have arisen and fallen, invasion of these rights. boundaries have extended and shrunken till Gladstone, the eminent Statesman, said:— continents seem almost the plajiihings of "The American Constitution is the most imagination and war; nationalities have been wonderful work ever struck off at a given time asserted and subdued; governments built by the brain and purpose of man." over only to be overthrown, and the kingdoms An eminent la\Ayer has said:-r"It has been of the earth from the pillars of Hercules to the the priceless adjunct of free government; the Yellow Sea have been shaken to their foundations. mighty.shield of the rights and.liberties of the Through all this change and obstruction, the citizen. It has been many times invoked to Republic,,shortest lived of all forms of govern save him from illegal punishment, and save his ment in the prior history of the world, sur\aving property from the greed of unscrupulous enemies the perils of foreign and domestic war, ha? and to save his political rights from the unbri endured and flourished." 6oo THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

And now to-da}' as we gaze across the great "I recollect myself a fcAA'- 3*ears ago, being expanse of wafers, and see the strongest, the in the atmosphere of a University, and feeling most intelligent, 3*ea, even the most Christian that there existed among the student body nations of Europe engaged in that awful conflict either a profound apathy, or a great misappre which is bringing death, and ruin, and wreck, hension as to our GoA'ernment, the diAnsion in the most bloody war the world has ever of powers AA^hich it. created, and the limitations seen; as we listen to the shock of empire; as AA^hich it embraced; and in mentioning this we hear the roar of the deadly guns; as Ave listen impression to one quite familiar AA'itli the euA'iron- to the moans of the d5-ing; as Ave hear the sobs ment, I AA^SLS surprised to hear him saj', 'Oh of the widoAA-s and the orphans; as the Aôice yes, 3'ôu are quite right, that is the impression of the starAang hordes cr}'- out for bread; as AAdiich here preA'âils; indeed I think it comes industries are prostrated and financial insti from the state of mind of the teaching bod3-.' " tutions are crumbling—AA^C pause and con What is the source of this AAddespread feeling? template our blessings of peace and prosperit)'- We liaA-e just been passing through a period and AAê ask ourseh-es the source of our cherished of readjustment in the political and social exemption from this AA'orld woe. Is it alone in the life of the nation. For 3êars the crj^stallized AA-isdom of the mên of the hour? Is it tliat our conscience of the people has been appealing for people are exempt from the passions and frail numerous reforms. The people have felt that ties of human nature? No, the source of our priAdlege was too strongl3'- entrenched in goAêrn- strength and our power and our peace, is in mental faAôr. A noble feeling of S3''mpath3'' for the spirit of the Constitution AA'hich proclaims the AA-eak and the unfortunate created a demand the equalit}- of all men before the laAA*, and which for social justice. A great political party AA'âs guarantees the most sacred rights from iuA'asion thrown out of pOAAêr. Out of all this have come by indiA-idual or b}- state or nation. .demands for legislation, most of it inspired b3^ And 3'et—and yet, it is true, "and pit}^ the highest motiA'es, but much of it impractical 'tis, 'tis true," tliat in these da5^s, there seems and visionary-, and some of it so framed that in to be a great lack of confidence, nay, eA^ên a proAdding a benefit for a certain class, the feeling of contempt existing in the minds and rights of some other class are forgotten and hearts of many men for this great charter of invaded. Often it has. become necessary'- to human liberty. Men bom to the blessings of recall the proAdsions of the Constitution, and freedom; men who do not stop to think sometimes it has been used as a bar against the about the cost of freedom; men AA'-ho do not enactment or enforcement of measures which realize tliat this nation is not the child of chance, Avere inspired onl3'- by the loftiest motiAJ-es. but that it is the outgroAvth of centuries of Under such circumstances it is only natural tears and blood and sacrifice in the- cause of that those •intensel3'- interested, seeing oni3'- human freedom—these men assume an attitude from one standpoint, not understanding perhaps of criticism, and would ^j from tlie "iUs ^yQ. the far-reaching effect of their faA'^brite measures, have," and open their arms to CAals "AVC knoAV should cry out at the limitations imposed b3'- not ôf." the Constitution. And this feeling—^this unrest—^this spirit Then again courts are sometimes compelled, of criticism, is iiot limited to the ignorant, nor under their sworn dut3'" to defend the Consti the loAvl)'-. Chief Justice "^Tiite, in an address tution, to hold that a legislative enactment is before the American Bar Association in 1914, unconstitutional, because it A'iolates some of tells us of a distinguished public man, AA^ho had the principles of that great document created, just been deliA'êring in one of our great UniA'êr- not b3'- courts, nor b3'- presidents, but b3'' the sities, a series of lectures on our Constitutional people themseh'-es, for their oAAm guidance and System of GoA''emnient. He said: "I Avas sur protection. prised to have one of m)'' listeners, a student But Chief Justice T\rhite giA^ês the strongest far adAranced in his UniA'-ersity life, say, ' It reason for , tliis feeling, of contempt for the gaATê me so much pleasure to hear your lectures, Constitution." He sa3''s,— (v; for the AA'êre the first kiridl}': words I have heard "There is great danger, it seems to me, to said about our GoAêrnment since the commence arise f rorn, the - constant habit Avhich preA'âils ment of in}^ UniAêrsity career.'" - where -an3'thing is opposed:: or objected to, Justice White further^ said,—• -of resorting'without rhyme or reason, to__the THE NOTRE DAiME SCHOLASTIC 601

Constitution as a means of preventing its Constitution; it is their right to amend • it. accomplishment, thus creating the general Yea, it is their duty to amend it, if upon due impression that the Constitution is but a barrier deliberation, the rights of the whole people to progress instead of being the broad highway can be better protected or enforced. through which alone true progress may be Complaint is sometimes made because of enjoyed." the delay involved in its amendment; but the- Not only is this true, but unfortunately provisions of the Constitution requiring de-. v it is also true that every base murderer who liberation were wisely inserted. It was intended begins to feel the rope tighten about his neck, that fundamental principles should not be can find some lawyer who can devise some changed under the inspiration of sudden passion. alleged constitutional reason why his client It contemplated mature deliberation. -The should not hang. The courts are constantly fathers of the Republic were mindful of the- engaged in defending the Constitution against storms Avhich at times in the history of the these base and unworthy attempts to, defeat world, had swept the people to destruction. justice. The plea that it is "unconstitutional," Shall we rebuke the people who seek reforms? is becoming as unpopular as the plea of "brain Shall we decrj^ progress or change? No, we storm," and the ever-present "alibi," and the should be the leaders in all just reforms. We unfortunate part of this common assertion should aid in guiding public sentiment along of these defenses and pleas, is that a grave channels safe and sound and constitutional. injustice is done to those for whom such pleas We should, give recognition to the appeals of ma}' be, and should be, justly made. This those who would lighten the burdens of our cheapening of legitimate pleas and defenses, brothers who may be hea"v^' laden. We should is a grave ^^Tong which should be stamped out. aid in convincing the people that the Consti • Chief Justice White further says that there tution is no restraint upon their aspirations is "a growing tendenc}'' to suppose that every for higher and better things. wrong that exists, despite the system, and Shall we condemn those who through lack which would be man)'- times worse if the system of knowledge do not appreciate the great did not exist, is to be attributed to it, and value of the Constitution? No, we should teach therefore that the Constitution should be them. We should lead them. We should inspire disregarded or overthrown." them with love and veneration for this great The foregoing are some, but not all of the bulwark of human freedom. causes which weaken the faith of the people We must in very^ truth become teachers of in the Constitiition. the people. We must carry to them the light And now recognizing that there is in this . of our knowledge. We must point out to them nation this feeling of lack of respect for the the rocks upon which other republics. have Constitution, and realizing something of the been wrecked. causes which underlie this feeling, and realizing We must teach them tliat in the Constitution that the Constitution is in ver}^ truth the we find absolute guarantee of protection for life, fortress and the glory of our Republic, what is for liberty, and for property rights; that it our duty? guards the sacred rights of religion and makes We who are blessed with the advantages of this the only nation in the world where a man higher education, we to whom much has been can truly be the captain of his own soul, free given, and from whom much is expected, we, to worship God according to the dictates ol must be the defenders of the Constitution. his own conscience. That there is no man- so- • This duty is as binding, upon us as is our duty lowly tlaat he cannot point to .the Consti to defend the flag with our lives, if necessar}^, tution as his shield from the acts of the t^nrant; against assault from ever}^ foe. that there is no home so humble that it cannot But how shall Ave defend it? Shall we oppose draw about it the sacred circle of the Consti all amendments of the Constitution? No, by tution, and defy all the force of the- world. its very terms it is subject to amendment; We must teach them that it guarantees the- but in contemplating its amendment, we should inviolability of contracts;-that it prevents even approach this sacred document in the same a great state from taking the life or properfcy reverent spirit we.Avould have if we were enter of its humblest citizen without a trial under ing upon some hoty shrine. It is the people's due process of law; that -trial by jiuy is preserved 602 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

and that no man can be convicted of a crime impress upon them that the same constitutional without the privilege of being represented by provision which protects- the railwa3'^ compan3'' counsel, and that when life or libert}^ is at stake in its rights, ma3' be invoked.in defense of the no man can be compelled to be a witness against little homestead, the sole possession of some himself. humble toiler in the ranks. We must recall to them the awful tragedies If some desperado should be acquitted because enacted in the days of old, where under Star he invoked the constitutional requirement that Chamber and other secret proceedings, men were he upon his trial must be confronted b3'^ the deprived of their propert}* and their lives upon witnesses against him, remind those who criticise baseless charges of treason; and then we must that this same proVision is made for their sons point out to them the burning words of the Con who ma3'' be unjustty cliarged with a crime; stitution, which provides that no man can be impress upon them that it is impossible to have found guilty of treason without at least two one law for the guilt3'- and another for the witnesses to the overt act. innocent, and that under our wise policy of We must picture for them the horrors of jurisprudence, ever3'' man is presumed to- be war, andthen we must impress upon them that innocent until proven to be guilt3'-. under the Constitution of the United States, Then impress upon the people something of no king, no prince, no president, and no the Avonderful gro\Ai:h of the nation, and the cabinet, can ever call the citizenship of the development of the nation, and the progress United States from their peaceful homes to the of the nation, and the wonderful advancement trenches; that war can be declared onty after of civilization in this nation—ail under the the representatives of the people in Congress wise protection of the Constitution. To those assembled, have spoken. who ma3'' be discouraged in the battle of life, We must impress upon them the great truth, and who ma3'' attribute .their failure to the that there is not now, and never has been, a injustice of social conditions, point out what S3'stem of government which can abolish sorrow, other men have done under the same conditions or sickness, or sta}'- the hand of death. That no with no better opportunit3'-, and ask them to government can help men who will not help ponder the question as to whether their failure themselves; that there is no way in Avhich any is not to be attributed largely to their own lack government can bring riches to the indolent of energ3'- and determination. nor bread to those who will not toil. We must And if the3'^ point out abuses which do exist, combat the false philosophy which assumes that ask them to. aid in eliminating these abuses. all men are equal in all things; because men are If half the energ3'' which is expended by earnest, not equal, except as under the constitution, but misguided people in efforts to tear down they are equal before the law. our form of government, were honestl3^ "applied No S3'-stem of legislation, and no method of in an effort to remedy existing evils in a con government can equalize the strong with the stitutional wa3'", these people would show that I weak, the wise with the simple, the good the3'' .were patriots, and at the same time A\dth the bad. WTiile God gives to some men accomplish something for their country'- and wisdom- and shrewdness which others do not their fellow-men. possess, while some are broad-shouldered Avith Lack of respect for the Constitution breeds muscles of steel, and others are frail and tremble contempt for all law, and contempt for the law as they walk, there will alwa3'^s be riches, there leads to the mob—^to ana^ch3^ will alwa3'-s be povert3'', and an3'" scheme for' You need not go be3''ond the headlines of equalizing. the possessions of men, is but an our daity papers to see how far we have drifted idle dream which never-can be realized until from the high ideals of the supreinac3'^ of the law. men are made over into beings without passion DoAvn there is the mob of passionate men, or pride or ambition or selfisliness. their e3'^es blazing, their briital instincts aroused, Do not let them feel that its provisions are ^battering in the door of the prison, dragging intended to.- protect onl3'^ the rich and powerful. forth some human being, Avho, brute though he If the right of a railway corporation to certain may be, has the guarantee of the Constitution lands is sustained under some constitutional that he shall onl3'^ be condemned after a fair pfovisioUj do not allow the people to assume that trial,^dragging him out to be shot- of hanged this pro^nision exists only for corporations, but or burned alive. THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 60

A grave crime has been committed; some one poisoned by the attractive garb which crime is has been apprehended, charged with the offense, made to wear. men cannot a^vait the orderly administration And so many of the crimes go unpunished. of justice—they defy authority, trample upon The general attitude of opposition to the law the law, spit upon the Constitution, and in is often reflected in the verdicts of good rtien in defiance of all the nation stands for, they resort the jury box, who too often allow maudlin to the brutal methods of our savage ancestors,, sympathy to blind them to their stern duty and hurl the soul of a fellow-man into eternity, to enforce the law. often without an}'- certain proof that he is I would not criticise the jury system. This « guilt}^ of any offense. is a government of tlie people, and so sacred The victim may be guilty, he may deserve under the Constitution are life and liberty, punishment, but .this is no reason wh}'- civilized, that no court is big enough or powerful enough educated men, should forget the high duty to deprive the humblest man of either in a trial which they owe to the nation and to the God for any grave offense except upon a finding of of nations. guilty by a jury of his neighbors—^his peers,. Nor is there any justification in the excuse But jurors too often manifest a lack of sometimes urged, that the courts are too slow appreciation of their awful responsibilities. j in administering justice. The courts will do Their souls need quickening. The spirit of business as the law directs, and the men in the respect for the law must be aroused,, and the mob and their neighbors, are the men who importance of punishment for crime must .i make the law and who elect the judges who be realized. A lack of respect for the Consti , administer the law and if punishment of the tution and contempt of the law, has developed guilt}'' is not speed}* and certain they themselves a spirit of antagonism to the courts. Some J are to blame. judge errs, and the entire judiciary is con . Here is a riot; laborers are out upon a strike, demned. People do not draw the distinction, which, when properly and legall}'' conducted, between the individual judge and the insti is often a proper measure, of protest and resist tution—the Judicial Department of our ance against unjust greed; but passions are Government. stirred, and some men, heedless of legal restraint, Some jury acquits a man who shoxild have _ destroy property and sometimes even take been convicted. The Judiciary is condemned human life. In their mad fur}'-, they forget every instead of placing the responsibility where it legal and moral restraint, and boldly and belongs, with the. people themselves. Do defiantly trample upon the most sacred rights those who criticise the court ever stop to recall of life and property.. Sometimes, however, the}^ the fact that the court is the last reiuge the seek to justify their defiance of lawful authority only refuge, of the man whose rights have been b}'- the example set by men in high places who, invaded. We have abolished the battle-axe not under stress of excitement, but actuated by and physical contest. We have substituted greed or inordinate ambition, spurn legal a peaceful tribunal. We have made it fairly restraint and by subterfuge and artifice, seek representative of the people, and the Constitu to evade the law solemnly enacted by the tion and law of the land require that all men;, people. high and low, shall subdue their passions which, The great daily papers are catalogs of crime— would lead them to resort to brute force, ,and murders, robberies, thefts—crimes against the submit their differences to this tribunal for home—against women and children. Men in peaceful adjudication. high places are false to "their trust. Men elected The confidence of our people* in the courts to oflSce stain their honor and their souls by •nmst be restored, because the institution must accepting biibes. Men use tlieir God-given live while the nation lives. "Judges come, and gifts of intelligence and their superior learning judges go, but the court lives on." It is the to fleece their trusting fellow-men. last refuge of. men whose rights have been We have in the daily press, not only a catalog invaded. Power must rest •somewhere,^-and=if- of crimes, but we have a school of crime; we men will not resort to this peaceful -tribunal have the seed of future crimes planted in the for redress of their wrongs, then they must,. minds of our innocent youth whose minds are turn back and grasp the bltrdgeon. and the 6o4 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

battle-axe with which our ancestors settled their he that humbleth himself shall be exalted." strife with their fellow-men. We must teach the 3'^outh of this land respect If people sa}'- the court is sometimes in error, for authority—the authorit}'- of parents,— admit it. Judges are human. No system has teacher, city. State, of the Nation, and of been devised, and no S3'^stem can ever be God. We must teach them respect for law and devised, by which infallibility can be installed for lawful authority, and we must develop in all upon the Bench. If individual judges do not our .people a solemn conception of the great attain the high standard which is desired, the truth, that law is the life of the nation, and that people are to blame. only by obedience to law, can the nation live. But is this not a good time to look back over The people must also understand that only the histor}^ of our countr}^, and scan the lives b}'^ constant vigilance and faithful performance and public service of the thousands of men who of civic duty, can we hope to have just laws. have occupied judicial positions, and to observe If ever}?- man would perform his duty solemnly with satisfaction and pleasure- how few, how and seriously, the law of this land would repre very few judges. State and Federal, in this sent the eternal principles of justice springing more than a centur}^ of our national life spontaneously from the hearts and conscience have ever even in the slightest wa}'^ stained the of the whole people. judicial ermine. In some individual case it may Fortunate indeed are you who have had the appear that justice has miscarried, but think privilege of laying the foundation for future of the hundreds and thousands of cases in the manhood within these honored walls. Here hundreds of courts, State and Federal, through you have learn'ed respect for' authority, and out the land, which are tried and disposed of reverence for . sacred things. Here you have ever}'^ day in the 3'^ear, which the public, acquired that superior. knowledge which in outside of the immediate. communit)'-, never future life' will enable you to render "to hears of, in which substantial justice is done Caesar the things that- are Caesar's, and to and as to which no word of criticism is uttered. God the things that are God's." These are all things the people do not under This institution holds an honored place in stand, and we must be their teachers. The great the history of this countr}'- as a fountain of mass of American people are fair and just. patriotic Americanism. When the flag was What they need is. knowledge _ upon these fired upon at Sumpter, this Institution gave up vital questions—vital to them, and vital to her noblest and best in order that the nation the nation's life. Is.there any remedy which might- live. You have not been merely taught— may be suggested? If we study carefully you have been molded. Your passions have been conditions, and causes for these conditions, we curbed, and 3''ou have been inspired with a find that we are allowing a spirit of antagonism lofty ambition.to attain the highest and best to authority to develop in childhood. The in human life. children of the present da}' do not possess the Yoii are going forth, knowing youi: duty as reverence and respect for authorit}'" which their patriotic American citizens, fully determined, _ grandfathers-had as children in the long ago. I trust, to maintain the fullest loyalty to your It is nothing unusual to read of a riot or a strike - country, to . the Constitution of > your country, of pupils in a school. Parents and teachers do to the law of the land, and to the Nation's not seem to inspire the respect and. confidence Flag. \ which they should. ., - The pohce force of the city, which, as the ' At Sea representative of law and order, sTiould have our respect, are.jeered at and scoffed at by A dim gray'mist enshrouds the deep children on .their -.way to "school.. We are Where summer's sun lies dead. developing a-:spirit of contempt for authority Across the sands :.the shadows creep Avhich;must .^be: curbed. :>We are deyelopingLa: . ' The golden flobii has iSed. false pride; which: scoffs -:at appeals .for .humilit5^ A fisher's'Boat glides up the bay What the people of -.this. iiation need to-day, ". The gilded sails are "dull, . is a fuUer ,de\';elopmeht of • the great" virtue of LGorie is'the giar-eof-the full midday hiimilitj'";: iThey must .learn that-'• every one , -K'Browh is-tHe-golden hull. - - that exaltethihifnself shall be humbledjS and that' J. F. THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 605

Journalism—Its History, Powers and and attacks, has frequently become the arm- Responsibilities. and instrument of abuse, working in many cases irreparable injustice. ' . BY MAX PAM, LL. D. The history of journalism has demonstrated one fact beyond all others: honestly and fear pl-^^HE struggle for liberty of conscience lessly exerted, it is the medium, after the paid the greatest toll in all history. Church, through which the greatest good-.to Centuries of warfare with its incalcu mankind can be accomplished. lable sacrifices testify to the heroism of the strife. To win freedom of worship, EARLY HISTORY. races were decimated and civilization almost . It is always interesting in dealing with any destroyed, but in the overthrow of paganism', subject to note its early history. And so I will there was established forever that which had refer in a brief way to some of the interesting been prized and cherished more than life historical facts relating to journalism.. In itself. doing so, however, I will exclude any special It is a regrettable fact that this most precious reference to, or treatment of, the subject from jewel in the diadem of human freedom should the viewpoint of periodicals, and confine myself have lost its lustre by lack of appreciation of largely to journalism as it finds its expression: its surcease and salvation. It is hoped that the in the public press. unsurpassed cataclysm that is now weU-nigh The origin of journalism, in point of time and destroying Europe and its peoples, and threat locality, is in dispute. China claims the dis ening its civilization, will, on the rebound, tinction of having invented printing and of restore the people's faith, revive their religious having published the first printed newspaper- ness and re-establish upon a firmer foundation She claims that in her Empire an official gazette the church of their respective afi"ections. The called The Pekin Gazette, was published many holocaust of the last two years must find centuries before the building of Rome, and long justification in the future. The immeasurable before the first Roman publication, known as sacrifices must find vindication in the service the Acta Dmrna. and achievement for civilization and mankind, It is claimed by James Grant in his "The~ else the seal of eternal condemnation will rest Newspaper Press," that much credit would not upon the brow of those responsible for this have been given to the claims of the Chinese tremendous world upheaval. in this "regard, but for the fact that Roman The struggle for the liberty of. the Press historians gave support to it. Nowhere, however, stands next- to the struggle for liberty of con is there offered any substantial proof to sustain v science in its exactions and sacrifices, but the the Chinese claim? - cost is not to be compared with that entailed When the Romans were desirous of commimi- in the victor}'-^ of spirituality over sensuality. cating with their generals in command of the To win the right of freedom of speech, whether various pro\'inces under their nde, they, pub exerted on the rostrum or through the Press, lished "news notes," -by which the news-of the men have Sacrificed property and forfeited life. progress of the Imperial Arms was transmitted. It took centuries to conquer for that which is These news notes took form in a publication an inalienable right, and which kings and called the "Acta Diurna." These, it is claimed, potentates have striven unceasingly to subvert. can hardly be said to have been new.spapers, It is regrettable, too, that nothwithstanding but rather, as stated, "news notes." " the tremendous sacrifice offered in the interest It is to Guttenherg; in Germany, that history of freedom of speech, and the privations and" credits the first publication of- a newspaper.' punishments suffered in the establishment of This took place in 1441. Though-some dispute the right to liberty, of the Press—whether has arisen as to this, the statement has not attributable to the, forgetfulness of the sacrifices successfully been contradicted. However, it made or the assuagement of the sufferings has been stoutly claimed that Venice is entitled' endured to win this heritage-r-this most,poten to the credit of having first published a. formal tial factor for securing the liberties of manki^d, newspaper, under the name of "Xhe.Gazzetta." which should stand aloft-as the: protector, of This name having its derivation either from people and institutions against improper assaults the Italian word "gazza," meaning gossip -or 6o6 TBE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

tattler, or from the term "gazetta," the name riers. Railroads could have equalled their of a coin generall}'' used in pa^^ment. speed, iDut there were none to do it in those It would be m}^ opinion, based upon such da3'^s. The carrier pigeon was a swift flyer information as I" have been able to glean from and would go long distances without stopping. writers on the subject, that newspapers, in It is said they have been known to fly, in a few sustained or substantial form, disregarding instances, at the rate of 100 miles an hour, now the Chinese or Roman "bulletins," Avere and that nothing apart from the telegraph can first produced and published in Germany in the exceed their velocity. It is also said that cannon fifteenth century. balls move at the rate of 1200 miles an hour; The first dail}'^ English newspaper appeared that eagles fly at the rate of 145 miles an hour, during the reign of Queen Anne. It was known and swallows at 185. miles an hour, but none of as the Daily C our ant and was issued in March, these have endured. It is also said, however, 1702. This paper was published by a woman, that pigeons can not be relied upon for distances Elizabeth jSIallet. In France it was the Journal exceeding 400 or 500 miles. de Paris ou Paste au Soir, published in Paris At this point let me narrate an interesting in January, 1777. In Russia it was the St. incident: On one occasion during the siege of Petersburg Gazette, and appeared in 1703. the French Capital by German}'- in 1870, a That in Sweden appeared in 1644, and in Spain pigeon carried into that cit^r a newspaper four the Gazzeta de Madrid, which was published and three-quarter inches square, with 226 in 1704. The first newspaper published in the dispatches microscopically photographed upon United States was the American Daily Adver . it, embracing the news of the da}^ from all parts tiser, and it appeared in Philadelphia, in 1784, of the world., This paper had to be read by the though before there was what was known as a aid of a powerful microscope and a magic News Letter, published by Benjamin Harris, lantern. at the London Coffee House, in Boston, begin Another incident, but amusing more than ning September 25, 1690. The first penny paper interesting, occurred in 1846. It is narrated by was the Orange Postman, published in England, Frederick Hudson in his "Journalism in the in 1706. It sold for half a penn}?-, and therefore United States." was the first one cent paper. The first religious An Antwerp journalist dispatched a reporter paper published in this countr}'- was by with two carrier pigeons to Brussels, to await Nathaniel Willis. Its name was The Record. It the king's speech and send it to Antwerp by was published in the interest of Protestantism these birds. On his arrival at Brussels, the and first appeared in Boston, July 3, 1816. The reporter gave the pigeons in charge of a waiter first Catholic paper published in this country at the hotel and -^then ordered breakfast for was The Shamrock. Archbishop „ Hughes of himself. He was kept waiting for some time, New York, however, said the first really Catho but a delicious fricassee atoned for the delay. lic paper published was the Catholic Miscellany, After breakfast he paid his bill and called which was founded in Charlestown, South for his pigeons. "Pigeons!" ejaculated the Carolina, by Bishop England. waiter; "why, you have eaten them!" Until late in the- Eighteenth Century, no You have aH heard the expression of one being publication could be made in Great Britain called upon to "eat his own words." Singularly of any matter of State without the consent enough, this is mentioned by Hudson in an of the. king. In this country government interesting proceeding for the punishment of .a organs began with the administration of Thomas person convicted of libel in Russia. A traveller Jefferson and ended with the administration who witnessed the scene graphically described of President Buchanan. • Since then the Press it as follows: of the United States has been independent. - "While I was at Moscow a quarto volume was published in vindication of the liberties " METHODS BEFORE TELEGRAPHY. of the. subject. , In this work the Czar was Before the age of telegraphy, news and news severely scrutinized and freely blamed; the items swere transmitted largely by messengers, : iniquit)'-, and-yehality of. the administration of first, • - -t)y .hurtian service,, . and later : through law described in strong language. the service' of;-the,;_carrier pigeon. These -"Such, a book-in such a country naturally . pigeons J were the, fleetest,, of - all news car attracted^ genjeraliioticie, and the offender was . THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC .. 607

taken into custody. After being tried in a sued), to inflict upon all convicted publishers summary Avay, his production Avas determined the most brutal forms of punishment, to be a libel, and the AA^riter condemned "to eat In this country' only after the most Anolent his OAA'^n AATords." contests in the Colonial times Avas it possible "I AA'as induced to see this singular sentence for a publisher to print and issue, Avithout great put into execution. A scaffold AA-as erected in one peril, any matter relating to the authorities, of the most public, streets of the city; "the audit AA'âs onty throiigh the efforts of Alexander imperial proA'-ost, the magistrate, the physician Hamilton and his contemporaries that the and surgeon of the Czar attended; the book laAA^s' AAêre finally changed, through Avhich AA-as separated from its binding,- the margin ultimate freedom of the Press was secured, cut off, and CA'-ery leaf rolled up into the form of The tAA'-o great cases which more than any a lottery ticket AA'hen taken out of the Avheel other caused the change in the laws in this at Guildhall. regard, arose out of political contests and were "The author AA'âs then served Avith them, Avide apart in time. The first was the prosecu- leaf by leaf, by the provost, AA^ho put them into . tion of John Peter Zenger in 1734, and the other his mouth, to the no small diA'-ersion of the of one CrosAAêll, in 1S03, both resulting in spectators, and AA'-as obliged to SAA'-alloAv this imprisonment. unpalatable food on pain of the, knout, a Journalism has. thriA'ed against the 'most punishment more dreaded than death. dcA-astating opposition. It has virtually lived "When the medical gentlemen AA-ere of through a baptism of fire. Editors and jour- opinion that.he had receiA'-ed enough into his nalists in great number forfeited their property stomach, as much as Avas-at one time consistent and sacrificed their liA-es to the cause of jour- AA'ith safety, the transgressor Avas sent back to nalism, and noAV liberty of the Press and freedom prison, and the business resumed the tAVO fOIIOAA*- of speech are guaranteed in" practically CA'-ery ingdays. After threev-ery hearty but unpleasant civilized land. • meals, I am conAdnced, by ocular proof, that This attained, AA-C look back through the CAJ-ery leaf of the book AAâs actually swalloAved." years and centuries of struggle and strife and sacrifice, and find journalism the most potent STRUGGLES OF JOURNALISM. ^^^^^^ -^ ^^^^^^^ j-^^ There are'many epochs in journaUsm to Avhich reference might be made, but the periods AA^hich - IHE PRESS. stand out more distinctiA'-ely than, others are While not confined to the neAA'-spaper Press, during the reign of Charles I and George III journalism has its strongest expression and its of England, and the period of the Colonial, greatest influence in the daily issues. It'is true the Revolutionary, the Political Party and the that periodicals and magazines dealing with Independent Press of the United States. ever}^ possible subject in AA^hich mankind is Until the establishment of the hide-pen- interested, Avield a wide influence upon the dent Press, each epoch produced scAJ-ere and thought of the people, ne\''ertheless, not only disastrous conflicts betAA'êen the journalists in this councry, but in the whole world, the on one hand and the government or ruling power neAVspaper has become the library of the people, on the other. The history of journalism in often, alas, to the exclusion of other form;of this regard is replete AAith instances of conflicts literatiure. Indeed, you rarely, except amongst and contests entailing the most Aacious and students, find a ^reader of standard literature- brutal abuses and punishments. No epoch, The libraries containing A'ôlumes of biography, hoAA^cA'êr, in interest, compares AAdth the present, geography, history, and even sociology, find Journalism has had its SAAang of the.pendulum, the books unthumbed, and CAên the old aiid. as haA''e all other great, palpitating institutions, most fascinating volumes of romance- and prose Until 1758 there practically Avas no freedom of and poetry more and more neglected, the Press. Any person undertaking to print or This being so, jomnalism, as syinbolized publish any matter relating to government or in the ncAvspaper, finds itself in'^'the present day king, Avithout permission first obtained, for- at its highest point of importance and influence feited his life at,the pleasure of the ruler. , , and potentiality, and consequently is charged .^ The courts of Great Britain were under with an equally high order of responsibility.': instructions (and these instructions were pur- An idea of the importance'of the Press can _ 6o8 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

be gleaned from the fact that in 1S71, according tinguished quotations just made, I desire to to Eiigene Hutin, author of the Histor}'" of recall what I said on this subject-several years French Journalism, the number of newspaper ago at this University: pages daih' issued was 12,500,000 which number "The modern neA\'spaper enjoys a unique priAnlege has increased until to-day; as I understand, that, outside the influence and teaching of the parents, the pages of the daily press disseminated among is one of the A'ery fcAV educational agencies that come the people of the world aggregate more than directly .into the home. It is an eA'erj'-day A'isitor, twenty times the number of pages issued in a AA'elcome guest, a guide, friend and teacher. The relationship that the ncAA'spaper bears to the home 1S71- affects the very source and fountainhead of national Carlyle said: "Great is journalism! Is not Avell-being, because cAêrj' test of national Autality ever}'' editor a ruler of the Avorld, being a and national A'irtue must begin and end there, for it is there the man and Avoman of the future are trained." persuader of it?" Burke and -Sheridan each said, in effect, The function of journalism, AA^hether in the that if he had onty the sole control of the daily press or in the periodical publication, is newspaper press for one year, he would under to serve both as guide and teacher. As societ}^ take to effect the greatest political and social becomes more complex, journalism becomes changes which could be conceived. more difficult. The currents and cross-currents Bulver said: animating humanity require Avide knoAAêdge and concrete treatment. The racial and religious "The newspaper is the chronicle of civilization, the conflicts bring into collision all the elemental common reservoir to which everj"^ stream pours its living waters, and at which every man may come and and scientific forces of the time. drink; it is the-newspaper Avhich gives to liberty true^ The struggle for individual and national life, its perpetual vigilance, its unrelaxing activities. supremacy calls forth the fullest of human The newspaper is a daily and sleepless watchman that resources. The fight for existence, both of man reports to you everj' danger Avhich menaces the insti tution of your countrA"^ and its interests, at home and and of state, challenges the ingenuity of man abroad. The ncAvspaper informs legislation of the kind. To meet all these, conditions there must public opinion, and it informs people of the act of be found a solution Avhich squares Avith justice, legislation; thus keeping up that constant sj'mpathy, and that justice founded on Truth. that good understanding betAA-êen people and legis There is no longer segregation of peoples and lators Avhich conduces to the maintenance of order and prcA'ênts the stern necessity for reflection. -The . nations. There is no longer impenetrable newspaper is a laAv book for the indolent, a sermon foi* distance, forswearing. knoAvledge and informa the thoughtless, a librarj"^ for the poor." tion. There is no longer an impassable chasm between the - thoughts and emotions of the Henr}'' Ward Beecher, in speaking ot a different peoples of the earth. There, is no. jotirnalist said: longer a state independent of or indifferent to : "His Avas.the career of the journalist,.and.he spoke other states. Indeed, the peoples of the earth ' from a pulpit Avhence his.Avords Avere echoed and re echoed throughout the Avorld. The, lawyer speaks are practically - one.' Through the force of witMn the narroAv sphere of the courtroom; the electricity, mind reaches mind,-and thought senator and representatiA'ê AA'ithin the.legislatiA'ê AAâlls; provokes thought, in air parts of the inhabited the minister preaches from the pulpit, and his Avords globe as in a flash, and.the journalism of the are confined AA'ithin the AA-alls of his church, and he day in its matchless reach-around the Avorld rarely speaks beyond it; but he spoke from a pulpit that has no limit—the Press. Thence comes forth a brings to each reader the activities of even the louder A'ôice than that of all the others—the A'oice of most distant part of the globe, and chronicles one AA'ho speaks, AA'hb cries.in the wilderness; for all daily the current history of the world. -âcross this populous land,, across the territory from That the reader may think aright, he should V the. Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, and the Daily Press speaks .to-all the people. This is the great, the all- be .correctly informed. That he may act right, important civilizer. There is ho poAvier for good that he should be truthfully advised. To give the can compare Avith the Daily Press; no. pulpit like it reader the benefit of correct information, the for; disseihinating knoAvledge among men." journalist must seek the. facts, assemble them. in intelligent form, and irripart.them in a manner free and unprejudiced. Journalism has a tre I .regard iournalism as .one of the most mendous responsibility, but I sometimes wonder important agencies < for; good or evil in : the if the journalist has a proper'appreciation of" World^^tb-dayJ.I# all;'humility,; after- the dis this high responsibility. THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 609

JOURNALISM AS A LEADER. unprecedented world conditions, but because One of the danger posts in the march of free of tendencies in that direction which have and independent journalism is its assumption developed gradually and continued persistently, of leadership. Does not journalism, consciously until they have apparently become an integral or unconsciously, transcend the function of the part of. metropolitan journalism, causing the collector and the disseminator of facts, and people to doubt, the truth of newspaper state make itself the leader of the people? Leadership, ments, to discredit the reliability of news as I understand it, is personal, not impersonal, published, and to voice a general disbelief in the and involves personal responsibilities and con integrity and dependability of the press. This sequences. Leadership, as I conceive it, should development and this - condition is ' a. great not, and cannot safely, lodge with the publicist menace*to mankind, and is a great injury to and the journalist. Leadership, as I believe, the cause of journalism and to its usefulness and must come from the people and remain with.the efficacy. If continued, the function of journalism people. The power of the Press is too. great, as a teacher-is prostituted, and its office as its influence too far-reaching, and its power of guide is destroyed. dissemination too considerable to permit the UNIQUE. PRIVILEGE OF JOURNALISM. transfer of leadership from the people to journalism. -Journalism is the only agency which passes It is the "function of journalism to apprise the threshold and invades the sanctity of home and educate. Through the channels of knowl without question and. without hindrance. Tt edge properly collected and honestly and fairly is received as a friend. It is accepted as a guide- dissemina ted, journalism may and should guide' It intends the reader, young and old, rich and the reading public • toward a just . and true poor, thoughtful and thoughtless,, to believe public opinion. This it cannot do if it assumes its statements. It represents itself as an honest the character and functions of leadership. gatherer of facts and a truthful imparter of Leadership presupposes interest, direct or the news. of events. It assumes the responsi . remote. Interest of -journalism in a thing, a bility of creating in the rnind of the reader person or a cause espoused neutralizes and even an opinion upon subjects based upon the facts destroys the true function of ' journalism. published. It expects the public opinion thus Journalism must be . impartial; it must be established to express itself in thought 'and unprejudiced. It may and it should through action. • . ^ its -editor voice its individual views upon any In the enjoyment of the. benign privileges topic or thought, and in its editorial columns of Constitutional guarantees, journalism is give expression to opinions which the reader bound and obligated to bring to the reader of may and should consider in forming his own every station in life an honest, truthful and opinion upon the subject, together with the impartial narrative of what it undertakes to facts and material otherwise published in its present. It has another duty just as high, and news columns, but it is no part of its duty or in my judgment, even moredmportant: it is to its privilege to dictate or decide. . give, publicity to things and events which will make for : morality and character, instead - of SENSATIONALISM IN JOURNALISM. immorality and lack of character. It should In. the last few years, and, indeed, in the be the.function of journalism to bring to every immediate present,. there has developed a form person and every,place as' much ' sweetness of journalism, staggering and astounding. The and as much beauty as is possible (and there is, columns of the -daily press are replete with much of it in the world to impart), and yet we sensational statements of events, internal and find the journalism of the day going out of its external, national and international, that way to emphasize and exaggerate and exploit challenge the credulity of the public. Assertion depiraved - and disreputable occurrences and and denial, - declaration and contradiction, happenings. It chronicles.in big and alluring crimination and recrimination, in -exaggerated type the debauchery and the debasement of and sensationalform, daily fill the columns of unfortimate beings. It attracts the eye with the press. Inaccuracy in statement and flaring headlines" of crimes and misdemeanors exaggeration in narrative exist at this time in in the community.. We find no reference to the most extreme form, not only by reason of the achievements of virtue in glowing and 6io THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

commanding forni and size. Such are taken as a Louis. Two Murders in Nashville. A Forger matter of course, and receive no special Arrested,in Washington. Desperate Attempt of treatment. These make for character. They a Convicted Murderer to Escape. Man Mur- make for moralit}-, but they do not make for dered in Richmond. Iijnch. Law in Minnesota, circulation. If journahsm. will persist for its A Man Cuts His Wife's Throat. A Coroner own purposes to saturate the public thought Shot. Murdered by a Negress, and attention with the wickedness of the world Is there any justification for this type of and give it emphasis in exaggerated form, then journalism ? . Such publications take on the it owes a duty at the same time to counteract character of the devifs workshop and neu- the evil efl'ects of such abnormal and ugly tralize or mayhap destroy the teachings of intelligence b}- something that savors of hope- faith and gospel of church and home, fulness and salvation. At this point let me quote from Horace Journalism finds its way to the thought and Greelej'-'s announcement launching the Neiv attention of the Aveak and the young. Accounts York Tribune: of evil excite morbid curiosit}"-, and when tri- "The Tribune, as its name imports, will labor to umphant, frequently its influence is lodged advance the interests of the Pe'ople, and to promote in the perverted imagination of the weakling. their Moral, Social and Political well-being. The immoral and degrading Police Reports, Advertise I hold it is the 6.ntj of journalism to avoid, ments, and other matter which have been allowed to except as it is necessar}'', publicit}'- of depraved disgrace the columns of oiir leading Pennj' Papers, conditions in life. It is no answer to sa)'- that will be carefully excluded from this, and no exertion publicit}- engenders fear and makes for cor spared . to render it worthy of. the hearty approval rection in habit and conduct; that b)- the use of the virtuous and refined, and a welcome visitant at the famil}'^ fireside." of the searchlight upon public or private wrong, virtue is reclaimed. Here and there the fear Journalism, speaking through Horace Greeley, of publicit)- ma)'- deter, but the greatest deter-' had a keen appreciation of its high office and rent and the surest preventive is to persistentl}'- the great responsibility that rested upon it. day b)' da}^, bring "to the mind and the imagi Would it not be well for another Horace Greeley nation of the reader the acts and the achieve to appear upon the horizon of journalism? ments of virtue and of the things worth while RESTRAINT. and extol the reward reaped therefrom; and No institution or pursuit exists possessing in with the , same • persistency so surround evil such great measure the protection of our laws as and its chronicles, with good and its publicity, journalism. Indeed, so great and generous is that from necessity and b}'' force of habit, the immunit}'^ enjo3''ed that its privileges are the good will- ultimatel)'' crowd out the evil, open to continual and reckless abuse! A just because evil cannot thrive in the presence of conception of its rare prerogative demands virtue. With virtue tmceasingl)'' present, vice that journalism impose upon itself wise and must succumb. I fear unless journalism, proper restraint and refrain from doing violence rising to its sense of responsibilit)'', changes to the great trust with which it is charged. its attitude and its practice in these respects, Listen to what William Wirt said in speaking the libert}'' of the "palladium of the people" of the Liberty of the Press: may become seriousl)'' impaired. ""V\^hat is the liberty of the Press and in what does In . this regard, let me call 3'^our attention it consist? Does it con.sist. in a right to villifj- the to. what Grant points out as appearing in tribunals of the country and to bring them into one issue of a metropolitan American journal contempt, by gross and wanton misrepresentations of in the wa)'- of headlines: A Family Poisoned. their proceedings? Does it consist in a right to An Alleged. Murdei-ef Arrested. A Brother obstruct and corrupt-the streams of justice by poison ing the public ruind with .regard to causes in these Shoots a. Sister. A Philadelphian's Pocket. tribunals before they are heard? Is this a correct idea Picked of $8,000. ASwindler Arrested. Wanton of .the liberty of the Press? If so, the defamer has a Murder of a -Young ;Man in Philadelphia. A charter as free as the winds, provided, he resort to the Bostoriian^-Beats His' Mother's Brains Out. Press for the'propagation of his slander; and, under A ^Policeman Fatally Shot by Bui^glars in the .prostituted:sanction of the liberty bf the Press, hoary" age and virgin innocence lie at his mercy. This Washington. - Sentence: on a - Wife-Killer. A is not the idea of the liberty of the Press which prevails Uiuted States Soldier Shot/ A Pack Proprietor in courts of ^justice, oi: which exists in- any sober or Shot at a-Race.. Gounterfeiters Nabbed in St; well-regulated mind,. The lib'ei-ty of the Press is among 'HE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 6ii

the greatest of blessings, civil and political, so long The most potent factor in- the formation of as it is directed to its proper object—that of dissemi public opinion is the Press. This is a matter nating correct and useful information among the people. But this greatest of blessings may become concerning which there is no room for dispute. the greatest of curses if it shall be permitted -to burst A Press that is prejudiced or unreliable or that its proper barriers. The liberty of the Press has alwaj'^s has a personal or selfish interest to serve, cannot . been the favorite-watchword of those who live by its produce the right kind of public opinion on licentiousness. It has been from time immemorial, any subject. To get the right kind of journalism, is still, and ever will be, the perpetual decantatum of all libelers To be useful, the liberty of the Press we must have the right kind of journalists, must be restrained. The principle of restraint was namely, men of conscience and character, imposed upon every part of creation. By restraint animated by high ideals and a high sense of the the planets were kept in their orbits. The earth responsibilities attached to their profession. performed its regular evolutions bj'- the restiaint of Legislative penalties and criminal statutes are the centrifugal force operating upon it. The vine would shoot into rank luxuriance if not under the restraint not sufficient safeguards. We need conscience of the laws of nature, by which everything was pre and the elements that make for conscience, served within its proper bounds. Was not everything and the old-fashioned ideas of right and wrong, on earth impressed with this principle? And was not the high regard for truth and justice, and the the liberty of the Press to be restrained to the perform ance of its rightful functions of propagating truth abhorrence of untruth and injustice which are for just ends?" instilled in the religious atmosphere of this and similar institutions. PUBLIC OPINION. We are a newspaper reading people, and it "who steals my purse steals trash; has been asserted more than once that we 'Tis something, nothing; are less affected by what is said in the pulpit' 'Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands; on the lecture platform and in the schools, But he that filches from me my good name, Robs me of that which not enriches him, than we are by what is said in the Press. Such And makes me poor indeed." being the case, it is important • yes, vital, that On a former occasion I wrote: serious attention should be paid to the forma tion and training of journalists, to the end that As civilization advances, it becomes more and more apparent that the controlling force and the irresistible the man who makes public opinion should by power wielded in all forms of government is what is education, by conviction and by habit in all known as public opinion. Its influence is felt in every he does, be led by conscience and by truth, walk of life. The best thought of the press and of and by the courage and the honesty that is current literature is merely the reflex of that opinion. born of conscience. The danger to reputation,, It influences legislation, affects courts and admonishes executives. Before the power of public opinion all to property, to life, to happiness, to even'the resistance is swept awaj"". It is the real court of last very foundation of government, flowing from resort, Avhose dictufn for the time being is final and lack of conscience in journalism, is so great a irrevocable. It must not be assumed that public peril that there should be established a distinct • opinion is entirely beyond the pale of control. On the department of journalism in every institution contrary, I firmly, believe that whenever a subject vital to the well-being of a nation is in the balance, of learning which keeps religion in the fore- ; honestly directed efforts through the proper channels ground (regardless of denomination), the spirit will biing about the correct solution; but it remains of which, if followed, I believe, will so ennoble for those who haye the ear of the Nation to exert the profession that public opinion wfll express every possible influence to that end. At the same the concepts of justice and righteousness. • time we must not fo'rget that public opinion may be inflamed by passidn and may be unrighteous and un Buttressed and fortified-by the champion-; just, and yet have its sway. It is imperative that such ship of crusaders, who are inspired by religion - public opinion should alwaj's voice the human con and endowed with faith, battling for truth and science. It is important that it should express the for integrity in journalism, there is assured to " 1 latent spirituality of the nation; that it should rest upon the ancient ideals and concepts of righteous the Fourth Estate in the four corners of .the. ness. There is no statutory law to regulate this public earth a liberty of the Press that will endure,.:, • opinion. There is no review which can undo or regulate a freedom of speech unending, and. a. great its judgment. While its benefits are appreciated, the , achievement for the good and happiness'of,.,' possibility, if not the probability, o'f great injury being mankind. . . . ^ „... done must never be lost sight of. Public opinion, therefore, should at all times be the crystallized CONCLUSION. ", ., _ ^ •., .; ^ thought of men and. should be the manifestation of And now, my young, friends, especially \ all that is best in the,manhood of the nation." you graduates of the, SchooL of ^.Journalism, .> 6l2 TEE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

as you go out to face the problems of life, and I.—The Newspaper and Education. struggle for progress and success which is part of the dut}'^ of ever}'^ profession, keep ever BY-LOUIS PATRICK .HARL, PH. B. in mind the spirit of faith inculcated into your hearts in this great institution of learning. 'E the" citizens , of America, are Let the knowledge here gained and the spirit partners in the .gravest experiment here imbibed and the spiritualit}'" witli which ever attempted b3'- a people in the 3-0U have here been endowed, constantl}'" abide histor3'- of the world,—the experi with 3'ôu in the performance of 3'ôur professional ment of self-government, of modern democrac3^ duties, to make each of 3'ôu an agenc3'' for the W^'hen, a century and a quarter ago, our Fathers, highest and best in 3-our profession. And 3'ôu fresh from their victor3'^ over oppression, pro of the School of Journalism, let not 3''our pencil claimed the strange new principle that the record or publish that which 3''our conscience people are capable ,of governing themselves, can not justif3'^, that which the truth the3'' little knew, and the world little knew, does not substantiate, or that which ma3^ what a grave pronouncement they were making. shock a sefnse of decenc3'^ and moralit3'- in the They conceived of a grand idea; for this the3'^ people. Let not 3''our efforts carrj'- to the home are great; the3'' had the initiative and courage that which ma3'' bring the tingle of shame to to put it into execution, for this they are famous. the cheeks of sweet womanhood, or cause the To us, their descendants, it is given to love, saintl3'- motlier to bow her head in sorrow, or cherish, and preserve, these glorious principles the father to hesitate in explanation or discus of libert3'-, equality, and self-government. Ours is sion. Remember, that no matter how unseeml3^ a task equalty high and noble and immensel3^ ma3'' be the subject 3'ôu deal .with, there is never more difficult,—^much more difficult—because one so bad but that it can be expressed with with all our marvellous progress our problems cleanness and respectabilit3*.. Remember, too, have steadity multiplied. Indeed the3'- have that, no matter how" serious ma3'^ be the errors come upon us with such bewildering rapidity of the weak, there is alwa3'^s the hope of tlie- that we behold to-da3'' the strange spectacle future, and so do. not lightl3'- destro3'- that for of this great nation of ours being pointed which salvation may hold happiness and comfort. to, oil the one hand, as the undeniable triumph And above all, hold to Truth. Let that alwa3''S of democrac3'', and on the other, as the hugest shine as the beacon light of rectitude in. 3ôur example of its failure.' every' thought and action, and ever stand as Whether our democfac3'' has proved itself or the torch which points the wa3'' for justice, . not, it is certainty a tremendous enterprise, for righteousness and for civilization. the most tremendous-human enterprise, indeed, in tlie histor)'" of civilization. Here we have Twilight. scattered over a stretch of territory': almost as large as the whole of Europe, a hundred million The dusk o'erbrims her boundaries, people of every race, creed, and temperament, Apple-green west with orange bar. of every, social, economic and intellectual While up along the Milky Way condition under the sun, joining upon ah equal The blinking eye of one lone star. footing to govern themselves.' The trees wear tips like, pallid flame, ...If this experiment is to be an3'-thing more , In ancient Avood;with carpet sod. than an ,experiirient, if it is tp become an A robin had its nest up where- enduring success, na3'" more, if it. is not to be ,. Pine trees go climbing straight to God. . the. biggest Tailure pf^ histoiy, we. must face the stern fact that it can succeed onty among -I hear the river halt and swerve - a -people capable of making it succeed, an : Around rhe in its. silver sweep enlightened people and a people,versed in all And listen to its broken laugh - l'- those principles of;right conduct'which go to , Down where it takes its sudden leap, make , good .men.; and;, good 'citizens. .And, in I watch the, stars and they are pale, no way can that enlightenment, morality and :, Blinking crystal across the blue, > solid citizenship, so essential to self-government, -As.'iffiey'd.^shut their, eyes a.w^ . , be" secured; except 'through education,—sound, V.fA:ndsleepUy'fell to;napping too.,' \T. J. T. prdperly directed education. ... . " THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 613

Anyone who knows the details of that long is that of a public teacher. It is safe to say that struggle which our forefathers made for civil of the'three great agents of education in this and political rights must realize the importance country to-day—the schools, the church and the they attached to a free and powerful press and newspaper,—^the paper is the most potent. It the heroic part that press when once secured may be a regrettable fact that the newspaper is played in bringing their struggle to a successful so potent; it would certainly be a calamity if issue. So, too, must anyone acquainted with at anj'-time we should have to/'depend upon the present-day affairs realize the far graver part press alone for our enlightenment and our the newspaper plays in this country to-day. guidance; and yet nothing is to be gained by Speaking of the importance of the newspaper denying to the newspaper the right to teach, in this country a generation ago, Wendell since it is by its very nature a teacher. Phillips said: "It is a momentous, yes, a fearful The newspaper educates in two ways: first truth, that millions have no literature, no schools, by spreading information, and second, by almost no pulpit but the press." This is truer acting in its editorial capacity, or otherwise to-day than it Avas then: there are at present directly as a teacher. The paper exists primarily in the United States nearly twenty-five thousand as a medium of information, for what is news newspapers with a total annual output of nearly but that very important information the account six billion copies. If we have the welfare of our of the world's daily progress? By merely print country at heart, we must concern ourselves ing the news of the day the newspaper may about the character and influence of these help greatly to do away with the ignorance, newspapers. poverty, vice, and the class and race prejudice What then is the newspaper an'd what is its that prevails throughout the world; it may office in the republic? The newspaper has been promote education, the "arts and sciences, called many things, of late years mostly un general culture, and high moral ideals; it may pleasant. It has been called "a shadow on the bring men closer together and make the world wall," "a mirror; reflecting the public," "the smaller by increasing inter-communication chorus in the drama of passing events," "the and good feeling among communities, sections second hand on the clock of history," and "the and nations. _ voice of the people." It is all these and more. But the newspaper may educate "down" It plays not only the passive part of the "chorus as well as "up" through its news columns. in the drama of passing events, but the active By carelessness, inaccuracy, the over emphasis part of a major character-^—frequently .the of trifles, the use of bad English, and a general leading role. In our democracy it takes the mediocrity of matter and manner as well as by place not only of the public square of Athens outright faking, sensationalizing, coloring and but of the crowd as well. It is the rostrum, but distorting the news, the newspaper may have a it is also the speaker, and it speaks each day decidedly demoralizing effect. to an audience larger than all the audiences Whilethenewspaper educates chiefly through that ever assembled in Athens or Rome. its news columns, the editorial is important It addresses the rich and the poor, the strong , because it is here that' the paper becomes and the weak, the young and the old; talking directly a teacher. If the rest of the paper aims of everything, of the arts and sciences, of the at truth and the public service, the editorial^ crimes of men and their virtues, of religion and is likely to enforce that purpose; if the rest of baseball, of politics and of business, of the of the paper is given over to sentimentality, weather and the crops, of the most ancient event muck-raking,- lying, hypocrisy, and the like, of history and the latest event of to-day. There the editorial page will generally follow up with is nothing with which it is not concerned. It a mixture of erroneous . doctrines, unsound, gossips and it argues, it relates and it explains, principles, reckless assertions and crude generali it attacks and, it defends, all at once. Some zations in an efi^ort to make a bad'cause plausiblei people it merely informs, but the vast majority Most of the faults of the American newspaper it instructs in matters of more or less impor arise from two sources, the-inefiiciency of the tance, and, alas, for too many it is the only press, and the commercialization of the press. instructor. The inefficiency of the newspaper is rapidly The newspaper is first of all a public servant,' being reduced to a minimum, by better business and the most important public service it renders organization and by better traiiiing of news- 6i4 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

paper men. The evils that result from a press misery and oppression "little better than subsidized to commercialism, however, are of slavery itself"; when political intrigue, corrup Adtal concern. Whether the newspaper is tion, popular distrust and the incapacity of subsidized to the big business interests through officials, have so weakened the power of law direct ownership or advertising, or to the people and government .to restrain the multitude; themselves through the desire for larger circu when universal suffrage, general education, lations and more profits, makes little difference. and the self-reliance born of the exercise of If the newspaper editor is to serve the people citizenship has given the people over-confidence trul}'' in the capacit}'' of teacher, it is imperative in their ability to rule; wheii there is spreading that he give the people what they should have throughout the land a false conception of democ- and refuse them what they should not have. rac)', which makes the state incapable of wrong He may neither suppress the news to satisf)'- big and places in the people rather than in the business nor sensationalize it to please the mob. justice of God the supreme power of sovereignty, In either case he is failing in his duty as a public —it would be a fearful thing, I say, if when so servant; in either case he is compromising the many problems confront us and so many dangers true freedom of the press. threaten us, we had no press which could Slo-i^4y but surely the trend of the American influence the popular will and direct it aright, press seems to be toward better things. An free from the slaver)'- of socialism and from the ideal press can exist onl}'' among an ideal slavery of privilege, evermindful, ever watchful, people, but a powerful and moral press may be a of thepublic interest with that eternal vigilance great factor in elevating a people, just as a sturdy which is the price of true liberty. and honest public can force higher ideals upon the press. Influence from both sources is being His Return. brought to bear upon the press; the people are tiring of 3'^ellow joirrhalism and its methods, Now dov/n the crooked village street and are demanding of their paper truthfulness, Where netted sunbeams often fell, honest}'^, and decency. At the same time there The' big town clock has slowly tolled is among editors a growing sense of public The soft surge of the evening bell. duty and responsibilit}'' which together with better training and more efficient business Westward raising its flowered head management is working wonders with the tone A mountain stands around the town. and quality of the newspaper. Finall}'- editors Wearing against the reddening sky and publishers are coming more and more to Its sombre immemorial frown. see that the success of their paper depends first of all upon the people's confidence in it. Not In the graveyard among the lilacs onl}'" are they growing more cautious about AVhose sweetness now is all too faint. jeopardizing its standing in the community for An old man stands by a green grave; some small immediate advantage, but they are Head bare, murmuring his complaint: beginning to realize that the greatest ultimate profit lies in rendering real, honest public 'Just forty years onward have rolled- service, ser\dce that will.be of-permanent good Since the same evening bell sang sweet to me to the community and to the nation. When she dwelt- by the path of dream, It is high time that-this were so, for never was As life's grey days slipt fro'm the lea, there a more cr}dng need for honest leadership than at present. International and internal I see her yet clasping the cross conditions have combined to bring us with . That quaintly lay on her quiet breast unexpected, suddenness to what seems to be The candles gleamed by her dead face; the beginning of/another critical period of our The priest prayed long for her rest. history. I What the end of, this, period holds for us n9inan knows; it ma)'-bring the triumph or NoAv she has left me suddenly -it may bring, the failure of democracy. It would Journeying past iny farthest hill; be a fearful thing in this da)'- of revolutionary I cannot call her back to me - change, and social, unrest, when the masses - Again; I am so earth-bound still.',' :are Vmunnuring so audibly under a yoke of -' -' -i .. • -^ - ;. - • T. J. t. THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 6i=j

II.—^The Newspaper and Morality. the better should be their command of political and ethical principles; that the higher we set BY JOSEPH HARRY SYLVESTRE, PH. B. our ideals of democracy, the higher must be the plane of morality among the people. ^N the old New England town of Plymouth, A few score years ago our forefathers, the a majestic queen-like figure is pedestaled earth's reddest blood, crossed the ocean to a on the humaniform statues of Law, Edu land of unlimited resoin-ces and boundless cation, Religion and Morality. With up possibilities. They brought with them" the" lifted hand this Princess of Democrac}'' invokes. invaluable endowments of their race—^faith'in the world to witness the great truth that only God, in the worth and destiny of man; faith in by Education, Religion and Moralit}'- is she equal rights, in liberty and justice. They supported, and that if these be destroyed she cherished the vision of a great democracy must fall. With a voice of imposing silence founded on the basis of equality. In the boldness she admonishes the American people that their of their dream they outstripped the imagination, nation can_ endure only so long as the eternal of the poet, in the realization of it they have principles of right are enshrined in their hearts. achieved more in a few decades than others She bids us read the past,the history that have accomplished in a thousand years. While records the degeneracy and the downfall of the centuried nations of the Qld World were the peoples who have given themselves up to engaged in strife for supremacy, this little vice and immorality, the decay and ultimate nation, founded on the principles of democracy, destruction of nations blighted and blasted peacefully grew from the sea coast to cover a by the force of their own corruption. And then continent. In commerce, industry, and,power she bids us consider the glorious attainments it has risen from its humble beginning to a of devoted people in art, literature, and science;, position among the foremost nations of the the wonderful progress of • healthy nations in world. commerce and industry. What she would impress May we cherish the hope that this success upon us is, that national prosperity and national is to be lasting? Our nation is little more than greatness are but a manifestation of the moral a century old; we are only a few generations strength of an upright people. from the founders of our popular government. There is a special reason why we of America, We have been borne through otrr swift develop experimenters in popular government, should ment by the force of their greatness,—^by the heed'the warning of this sculptured prophetess. very power of their ideas. But we are now at a If history has taught anything it is that public crisis. Our ancestral energy is being exhausted, morality is essential to any national life, but and our future is coming each day to depend far more essential is this moralit}'- to" democratic more and more upon our own moral strength. life. For good, government it is fundamental The present, therefore, is the test of our democ- that there be sound laAvs, fundamental that rac}'-. And at this critical moment we are doing these laws be obeyed. JSTOW the vicious are not more than has ever been done since the founda likely to be law-abiding, therefore, the mere tion of the republic to place the reins of goygm- obedience to law requires some virtue. But ment in the hands of the people. This we are greater ability and greater integrit}'- are required doing at the very time when we are least certain of those who make laws, since not only must of our moral strength, Avhen the morals of the they follow, but they must determine right and rising generation seem none too promising. expedient principles. In a monarchical state, If we still possess the virtue of our fathers,^— law making is in the hands of a select few, while their temperance, purity, honesty, honor; their ..in a popular government the duty to rule wisely sterling sense of justice, their regard for the and justly devolves upon the people themselves. everlasting principles of right living,—then our It is they that determine the destiny of their extensions in popular government need cause nation; they are the law makers. Thus, in a no alarm. But if we have lost that inward democracy the average person, having the rectitude, that regard for the rights of fellow- same duties as the leaders in the undemocratic men, that reVerence for God's laws, then our state, should therefore have the same^ quali great experiment will fail. It niust fail. . fications. Closely it follows, then, that the more But it heed not fail. It is still within our directly the people have a voice in government, power to. perpetuate the success of popular 6i6 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

government b}' preserving the spiritual heri- you can recall how a president of the United tages received from our sturdy ^ ancestors, by States met death at the hands of an assassin preser\dng that legac}"^ of principles upon which ' incited to his act b}'- the vicious utterances of a our nation has been built. And in that great yellow journal. task what a splendid work can be done by that Whatever demoralizes the citizens of a state influential institution, the newspaper. You demoralizes the state itself to the same degree, have seenjthat the newspaper is a very potent It is estimated that bur metropolitan papers educator. Now it is as an agent of moral edu- devote five-eights of their first pages to the cation that its power is of most consequence, details of the latest scandals, to sensational Great is the moral influence of the press and this suicides, to racy divorce proceedings, ghastly influence may be good or bad. Its sheets are • murders, daring robberies, and other social sent .daity to almost every home in the land, atrocities. The evil effect produced b}'" such and in them the average American seeks' his reading can hardty be over-estimated. People politics and his morals. Ver}'- many people are led to believe that Adrtue is abnormal, read nothing but the newspapers. Mam' of that vice is normal, that their own misdeeds them swear by it, and a law of pS3''cholog)'' makes are therefore justified. News, made sensational them live much as the newspapers have made and often falsified, panders to the animal pas- them think. Thus, it is perhaps no exaggeration sions of the mob; it appeals strongly to the to say that our modern life mirrors the journals lively imagination of the 3''oung, and whatever more effectively than the news columns reflect demoralizes the young, demoralizes to that life. extent the future nation. In this unprincipled We are. astonished when . we consider the sensationalism, the sanctity of the home, the tremendous influence wielded by the newspaper privacy of family life,-the right to a reputation, and Ave are appalled when Ave consider its power are of course disregarded. for harm. In a Aêr}!- direct manner the stability We find examples of this fault in nearl}'^ every and the existence of our demôcracy may be daih^paper.that Avepick up. At the present time tlireatened by the press. An inquiry into the we are being treated morning and CA'êning to metliods of modern politics Avill disclose columns of detail concerning the obscene motive numerous instances, AAJ^here corrupt and selfish Avhich may liaA'ê led to the murder or suicide factions b}' controlling the papers and thereb}'- of a young girl. Not long ago the demoralizing shaping public opinion haA'ê been able to place principles of a medical doctor Avere adA'-ertised unfit men in office and to Avrite unreasonable and defended by editorials of praise merel}'" and unjust laws upon the pages of our statute because immoral practices seemed right to his books,.. Worthj'^ men seeing the great poAvers erroneous conscience. More recently still AA'^C at the disposal of these interests and fearing haA'ê had suicide glorified AAdth all the dcAdces the libelous:atta,cks of their papers, haA'-e not and art of the rhetorician. We have had all this, cared to seek public office. With much truth and more, until we are almost forced to accept it is said that the unscrupulous methods of the the pessimistic conclusion of the noted publicist, press parti}?" explain wfiiy our governmental W. S. Lilly, that ''the newspaper press during officials are so unsatisfactory and so inferior the last quarter of-a centur}'-, has done more to those of other-.countries. ~ than anything else to de-ethicise public life. Harmful as the . newspaper ' is Avhen it to lay the axe to-the root of duty, self-dcA'ôtion, encourages bad government,- 4t is more detri- self-sacrificey the elements of the moral greatness- mental to; dempcrac}'^ Avhen it promotes the of a nation Avhich is its true greatness." -spirit of. no-goA-ernment. Incendiar}'^ editorials Happily, hoAveA'êr, the .waning pOAver of the and cartoons haA'-e: created a feeling of unrest;'' yelloAv journal permits a gleam of hope. We are the}''- have .aggravated ;^ the conflict . betAveen aAvare,-^ also that in the past, the press, with all capitalandrlaborAvhichis at present so menacing: its.evil,,has done much good. The conservatiA'"e In unwarranted and caustic criticism they-have .journal has helped much in alleAaating the attacked-the .judiciary Avhich.is the bed-rock _ conditions of the poor, and, in some degree, it of ,.ali organized society. Laws ;and authority . "has- forced 'the.recognition'of the Avorkmanis. are discredited in• the mind of: the public and ,, right-to-a living wage.-.We may call to mind a too'often • there :.;is;:vfostefed-'a r disrespect ^f^ the cause of a public .offidals:and.,for.;ii^ offices. ;- Most of .persecuted race/and of a; doAvntrodden class. THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 617

Sjplendid cartoons and powerful editorials have Valedictory. exhorted the people to thrift and- temperance. Denunciatory columns have exposed quacks BY TIMOTHY P. GALVIN, PH. B. and imposters, and fmalty, in the last few years the press has conferred no inconsiderable benefit ,HE members of the class of 19 r6 have on- democracy b}^ opposing demagogism and gathered here to-night to receive the, corrupt politics. "^ reward of their years of toil at Notre For this good which the newspaper has done Dame and to say a last farewell. This we return thanks. But we would have it do, as • is our night; we claim it with mixed emotions.; it can do if it "will, much greater good and much We rejoice that we have been able to meet the less harm. We would remind the journalists requirements for graduation; we rejoice the that their office is a public trust rather than a more because we know how much pleasure this commercial enterprise; that they may not occasion affords our parents and our friends; accommodate their ethics to their financial > we appreciate the honors that are conferred interests; that they have a great moral mission upon us. in society in the fulfillment of which they must But the feelings of gladness and of pride adopt and practice a sound moral policy. We are not uppermost in our minds; our sense of would remind them that they can sin as much by joy is overshadowed by a deeper sense of omission as by commission; that their duty to sorrow. For we who have worked and played man and'state requires that their influence-be together for four short, happy years wiU never moral. be assembled again under the same roof on this With all their power let them stigmatize side of eternity. There is a sorrow in the parting the perjurer in order that our courts of justice that must take place here to-night that meii are may still support the framework of our nation; seldom called upon to experience, for in it with all their power let them deprecate the there is something of the finality of death- spreading evil of divorce, that the stable family Once we pass from out these walls to-night the may remain the cornerstone of the social edifice, class of 1916 will have gone from Notre Dame and that the end of the state may be fulfilled; forever. It is the reaUzation of this fact that let them denounce to their utmost those societies has meUowed our last few weeks at this old and those principles which would destroy the school with a sadness that can be understood sacred right to'life. In short we ask for editors, only by those who know the strength of the; strong upright men, whose every utterance is bonds that unite the men of Notre Dame. -- the coin of a moral mind, leaders of thought who But great as is our sorrow; it must be borne; will inculcate into the public heart sound moral for the enjoyment of the years that we have ideas, a true respect for man's rights, and a real spent here-.has been merely incidental to-the reverence for God's laws. real purpose of our coming. From every part- of the world Notre Dame has gathered us herei If the journalists will answer this demand, if into one large family that she might teach us the American newspaper can be made morally the fundamental lessons of life. She has done what reason and the natural law require that this because she has realized that the one great it should be, then may we entertain much need of the world to-day is men who are both greater hope that the democracy of which we true and strong; and Notre Dame is striving are so proud may prove a genuine and lasting to supply that need. She has opened her arms success, and that the labors of our forefathers •to the children of every race and of every creed in establishing our government, and in striding that she might rnould them aHinto clean, straight to safeguard |it from the ravages of time, have forward men. She has striven, to inculcate not been in vain. into the minds of every one of us the words of eternal truth and the lessons of'eternal justice Moods. that we may go forth with the ability to know. and to see the right. . One.looked into the night and sa-w a star / But Notre. Dame has not been satisfied Cleave heaven's canopy like" a white spear. simply to show us what is bright; she has tried Another searched, the firmament afar - to.develop in us the strength to do the right. And found the silver of a" fallen-tear. The life we have lived here has been a busy one; 6i8 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

each man has tried to advance himself; all have joined hands to advance the school; THE NOTRE IDAMEjSCjHOLASTlC bur spirit has been a spirit of aggression. Such Entered as Second-Class Mail Matter. a life develops independence and courage. Published every Saturday during the School Term at The result is the absence of any pun}' compla- THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME cenc}'^ and the presence of real self-reliance in Terms: $1:50 per Annum. Postpaid the men who go forth from this school. The Address: THE EDITOR, NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC Notre Dame, Indiana true Notre Dame man is a fighter. If there XLIX. JUNE 24, 1916 No. 37. be one in this class to-night who will allow the principles for which Notre Dame stands to be The Seventy-Second Commencement. insulted in his presence without protesting with all his might that man is not worthy of the The Sevent3''-second Annual Commencement training he has received. If there be one in this of the University was opened on Saturday class Avho will not have the strength to resist evening, June tenth. The members of the Senior the pressure of evil forces in business or in class and a large number of the Alumni, together politics or in any other place, if there be one with the parents and friends of the graduates, who will not have the stamina to stand and to gathered in Washington Hall to be present at fight for the right imder all circumstances, that the, first exercise of the Commencement. The man will be a traitor to Notre Dame. Glee Club came forth for their last appearance of the year, and their singing of the "Laudate And now, my classmates, Notre Dame has Dominum" crowned with still greater suc finished her task with-us; she is sending us cess their already brilliant season. Then out to do our share of the world's work. She President Cavanaugh introduced the Hon. • does not ask nor does she expect that all of us Martin J. Wade, Judge of the United States or even many of us shall become either famous District Court of Iowa, with fitting tribute to or wealthy, but she does ask and she does that great jurist whose exemplary life, both as expect that all of us, no matter what our various a member of the bench and as a model Catholic fields of endeavor _iaa.j be, shall live honorable, layman, merits the emulation of the Catholic upright lives, faithful to our school, to our college graduate. In the address which followed. country, and to our God. If our protestations Judge Wade eloquently brought before ' the of love for Notre Dame are sincere, and I am mind of his audience the fact that a nation has a spiritual as w^ell as a material welfare; and confident that they are, then we shall not fail it is, to the task of purifying and strengthening to live up to the wishes and expectations of our the spiritual life of the countr}''- that college Alma Mater. graduates, -and especially Catholic college With the ideals of our education clear and graduates, should look. The words of the fresh in our minds and the determination to Judge, were well-weighed, and the considerations live up to those ideals strong in our hearts we he put forth, coming as they did from one who part. There is a sadness in our parting, only is so prominently identified with the judiciary, because it was good for us to be here. God were received with appropriate gratitude and has been good to us in giving us the privilege interest. His address is printed in full else of coming here; ovu parents have been good where in this issue of the SCHOI^ASTIC. to us in making the man)'- sacrifices that our coming has necessitated; our friends have been- SOLEMN PONTIFICAL'MASS. good to us in making our da5'^s so fresh and The fine weather on Baccalaiureate Sunda}'^ joyous; our. teachers-have been good to us in belied the predictions of those who prophesied making, pur dives so.;„bright and fruitful. We a rainy Commencement. It was indeed a happy are sad tOrnigHt, not because the future seems coincidence that the day for these august dark, Taut because the,past seems so bright.. ceremonies .occiured upon the Feast of Pente Oh, the stars have ever shpne brightly upon, cost. At 8:15.the clergy in surplice and biretta, us liere. ,i,et ouir/parting prayer be that they " the faculty in their academic robes and grad may ever shine as brightly upon each one of us uates in cap and gown, formed in procession in and upon the schpoi that we now leave behind. - the corridor of -the:Main,Building-,. and escorted THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 619

the Right Rev. Peter James Muldoon, Bishop whom Notre Dame felt proud to bestow her of Rockford, Illinois, to the University Church N. D. upon, acted as toastmaster. Among of the - Sacred Heart where he celebrated a those, who responded to requests for speeches Solemn Pontifical Mass. It was an impressive were President Cavanaugh, Coach Harper, scene in the central aisle of the church as the Hugh O'Donnell, Byron Kanaley, Francis Earle long procession halted and the celebrant in Hering, and others. A constitution was adopted" his episcopal purple, attended by Ministers of by the society, and a monogram pin was the Mass, cross-bearer, acol}'tes and servers, definitely decided upon. New officers were moved slowly down the nave toward the high elected as follows: president, Hugh O'Donnell; altar. Following the vesting of the - Bishop, vice-president, Harry Baujan; treasurer and Mass was sung,,_ Rev. John Cavanaugh being secretary. Rev. Michael A. Ouinlan. present as assistant priest. Rev. Matthew- Walsh as deacon and Reverend Matthew THE LAYING OF THE CORNERSTONE. Schumacher as subdeacon. Reverend William The Library has always been arid always Connor was Master of Ceremonies, being assisted will be the center of the intellectual life of the by Mr. Frank Monaghan. Following the Gospel, University. It was indeed fitting that the the Baccalaureate Sermon was read by Rev. 'construction of the new building should be Charles P. Raffo, of Louisville, Kentucky. solemnly begun by the blessing and laying of Father Raffo's sermon had the real merit of the cornerstone. At a quarter to four a regular dealing with great and fundamental truths in academic procession formed in the sacristy, a simple and beautiful manner. The preacher's as at the Mass in the morning, and headed by clear and easy reading contributed not a little the University Band moved west to the Library. to the enjoyment of this excellent discourse, When all were arrived at the platform specially which is published in full in this number of prepared for the occasion. Rev. John Cava the SCHOLASTIC. ' .' . naugh, President of the University, explained After the Mass occurred a short but impres the significance of the ceremony to the great sive ceremony, that, as the years have gone by, crowd present. Then the Right Reverend has come to mean more and more to the heart Bishop solemnly blessed the stone, and it was of the University. The flag presented to the hoisted into position. Among the articles Universit)'- b}^ the Senior Class on February placed in the cornerstone were medals and 22nd was brought forward by the class officers. coins of various kinds, and copies of The Ave There in the sanctuary, close to the altar and Maria, THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC, The the cross its folds were spread out, and it was Annals o] OtrrLady ofLoiirdes, and The American solemnly blessed. Then it was taken up and Midland NaUiralist; also an official document borne in solemn procession to the flagstaff, was placed there which contained the names of the Right Reverend Bishop, clergy, lay faculty, the reigning Pope, and of the chief executives graduates and entire congregation following. of the nation. Following the ceremony. Bishop Amid the strains of "Star Spangled Banner" Muldoon spoke briefly, referring to this occasion the flag was raised, where to-day it greets as another grand triumph of Catholic ideals, every morn and close of day, a glorious proof another refutation of the old charge that one of of the true patriotism with which Notre Dame the first cares of the Church had never been has always been filled. education. Then the procession formed again and all proceeded, to the church where Solemn BANQUET OF THE MONOGRAM CLUB. Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament was Sunday noon the Monogram Club met in given by the Reverend Bishop. the Carroll Refector)'- for their first annual banquet and smoker; more than a hundred / MEETING OF,THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION. monogram wearers being present. The general The ninth regular meeting of the Alumni good-fellowship spirit quickly made old and new Association of the University of Notre Dame was monogram men a single gathering, speeches held in Brownson study hall, Sunday afternoon, were made in which the love of Notre Dame June eleven, nineteen hundred and sixteen, at rang-true, alnd the yoimg organization so happily half-past five o'clock. Angus D. McDonald, formed seems to have before it long years and the president of the association,. called the great success. Knute Rockne, himself a man meeting to order. The minutes of the previous 620 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

meeting were adopted. Announcement came to serve further in the office unless this was from the president of the University that the done. A motion was passed approving of the Class of 1916 had- passed their examinations acts of the treasurer in the past and providing and would receive their diplomas the next for the arrangement of a bond to be approved evening. On motion they were admitted to by the board of trustees and providing further membership, and a committee composed of for the audit of his accoimts b}'- Charles N. Messrs. _ Byron V. Kanaley, Frank O'Shaugh- Girsch of Chicago, an old student of the Uni nessy and Frank E. Hering was appointed to versity and,an expert accountant. It W9,s like conduct them to the meeting. The oath of wise decided that all checks in excess of $150.00 alle^ance to the principles of the Constitution be countersigned by the president of the asso of the United States and the Alumni Association ciation. The chairman of the Building Commit was administered by Frank E. Hering.^The tee of Old Students' Hall then made report secretar)'' then read the roll of the following on the activities' of the committee, saying that members who had died since the last meeting: three letters asking for funds had been sent Lucius Hubbard, LL. D., '93, died August' 10, out at different intervals; two in the name of 1915, South Bend, Indiana; Harry Lewis the entire committee, to graduates and all Pritchard, B. S., '90, died October 16, Baltimore, old students who could be readied, and one by Maryland; Edward Lee Greene, LL. D., '95, the secretary of the association in his own name died November 10, Washington, D. C; Julius to graduates only. Between five and six thou Caesar Burrows, LL. D., '13, died November sand letters were mailed in the initial appeal 16, Kalamazoo, Michigan; Rev. John Lecroq, and thirty-five hundred in the second; but C. S. C, A. B., '06, died'November 26, Rome, responses have been slow.. The treasurer of Itaty; Francis' Xavier Claffe}'-, LL. B., '86, the committee reported that $24,750.10 had died, January 14, 1916, Rockford, Washington; ' been subscribed. Of this amount, $6167.10 Henr}'- Albert Steis, LL. B., '85, died February had been actuall}* contributed and was on 13, 1916, South Bend, Indiana; John Kroll, deposit in bank. The remainder: $18,590.00 A- B., '15, died March 9, South Bend, Indiana. was subject to call, some of it in installments. A committee composed of James J. Conway, After. discussion it was decided that the work Dr. Elmer Scherrer, and Henry Wurzer was of the Association in the campaign for funds"" appointed to draft resolutions ot condolence. for new buildings for tlie University, and tlie They reported the following: representation of the needs of Notre Dame, not only to graduates but to all old students, "Whereas it has pleased Almighty God, our all Awse Father, to call from earth our brothers of the could not be carried out rapidly and success Alumni Association, Lucius Hubbard, LL. D., '93, fully unless a member of tlie facult}'- be appointed Harry Lewis Pritchard, B. S. '90, Edward Lee Greene, to look after this w^ork. A decision v/as reached LL. D., '95, Julius Caesar Burrows, LL. D., '13, on motion that the Communit}' of Holy Cross Rev. John Lecroq, C. S. C., A. B., '06, Francis Xavier be respectfully requested to appoint the Rev. Claffey, LL: B., '86, Henry Albert Steis, LL. B., '85, John Ej-oU, A. B., '15. William A. Moloney, C. S. C, to devote his THERBFORE, Be it resolved that the Association entire time to the duties of secretar}' of the extend to the bereaved relatives heartfelt sympathy Alumni Association onl}'', the resolution to be with the assurance that the prayers of the members framed and presented to the Community authori will be offered that God in His mercy and goodness ties b}'^ the Building Committee of Old Students' may take them to the eternal home of those who have served Him faithfully." Hall. Subscription cards were then distributed • and $7250.00 additional Xvas promised at the ^The • treasurer's report showed receipts for meeting for Old Students' Hall ./The following dues amounting, to $715.00; disbursements for names, of old- students not graduates were stationery^ and printing in the offices of the presented for' membership: R. A. O'Hara, president; secretary: and treasurer, $141.65; Hamilton, Montana; Otto, Eigholz-, Ra3anond postage $20.00. The ftmds of the Association J:-Kell}'- and Leo Mclnerny, Detroit, Michigan; are invested, as follows:. Deposits in Bank, ,Michael Fansler, Logansport, Indiana; Alex. $2461^51; Real - Estate "-Mortgages - $2405.00; A. McDonnell,- Charles T. Brady, Saint Paul, Postage .and Supplies'^ $7.20. The :treasurer Minnesota;xl'Claude Sdrg, Middletown, Ohio; repeating; requests .he has !made ever since he Charles: Cullinah, Daniel:- CuUinan, Chicago; entered office, asked agaiii that he be put under. G;i A..: Fendrich, Eyahsville, - Indiana. Dis- bond and that his accounts be audited, declining ' THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC^ 621-

cussion arose on the time to • be used by the Rev. Manuel '15, Finegan, Rev. Edward J.. '06, committee on membership in investigating the Foik, Rev. P. J. '07, Fortin, Albert C. '01, Fansler, . qualifications of non-graduate members, to Michael '04, French, Rev. James J. '90, Graczol, John '14, Gushurst, Albert F. '09, Gushurs't, Edward 'r5._ admission. The names of those proposed Avere Hagerty, Rev.^ C. '06, Hayes, Frank '14, Healy, M. F. submitted to the standing' committee on mem '82, Healy, Kerndt '15, Hebert, Rev. Peter E. '10, bership, composed of the Rev. M. A. Quinlan, Hering, Frank E- '98, Hoban, Thomas M. '99,-Houli Francis O'Shaughness}^ and Joseph J. Sullivan. han, Patrick J. '92, Howard, Timothy E- '62, Hoynes, On motion the coftimittee was requested to William '77, Hughes, Arthur J. '11, Hayes, Arthur'15, Hurley, Ira W. '14, Hines, James F. '09, Irving, Rev. report back at this meeting on the names of Thomas '04, Jamieson, William D. '05, Johnston,- those present and reserve decision on absentees Fabian '12, Jones, Vitus G. 'oz, Kaczmarek, R. M.''i3, until the next meeting. The committee recom Kelly, Raymond G. '15, Kanaley, Byron V. '04, mended for membership Messrs. R. A. O'Hara, Kanaley, John B. '09, Keach, Leroy '08, Lajoie, Otto Eigholz, Alex. McDonnell, Claude Sorg, Ernest P. '15, Lauth, John P. '68, Lenihan, Emmett '15, Lennartz, Rev. William P. 'oS, Madden, R. C. '06, Michael Fansler and Raymond J. Kelly. On Maguire, Rev. Joseph '96, Maguire, Rev. Thomas O. motion they were admitted. It was decided '09, Martin, Paid R. 13, Maurus, Edward J. '93, that in future names of proposed members Miller, Harold :"io, Miltner, Rev. Charles E- 'n, were to be presented to the committee and their Moloney, Rev. William A. '90, Morrissey, Very Rev. qualifications named in writing, the proposal Andrew, '78, Mott, Thomas. D. '95, McBride, Frank '12, McCue, Martin J. '79, McDonald, Angus, '00, to bear the endorsement of two members of the McDonough, Harry '10, McEUigott, Peter P. '02, association. The following officers were then McEniry, Matthew J. '81, McGinn, Rev. John C. '06,. elected for the ensuing year: Honorary President, Mclnerny, William • A. '01, McDonnell, Alex, '00,. Rt. Rev. Luke Kvers, '79, New York City; Pres., Nieuwland, Rev. Julius '99, O'Brien, Rt. Rev. Frank William A. Mclnemy, '01, South Bend, Indiana; '95, O'Brien, James F. '13, O'Connell, John F. '13, O'Connor, Daniel '05, O'Donnell, Rev. Charles L. Vice-President's, M. F. Healy, '82, Fort Dodge, '06, O'Malley, Rev. Dominic '03, O'Neill, Rev. Arthur Iowa; James J. Conway, '85, Ottawa, Illinois; B. '91, O'Neill, Ronald S. '14, O'Shaughnessey, William D. Jamieson, '05, Saint Paul, Minne Francis '00, Oswald, Rev. Michael '98, Pam, Max, '10, sota; "Jown W. Costello, '12, Chicago,- Illinois; Parish, Varnum, 'oS, Peak, J. Elmer, '12, Pliska, Joseph '15, Pino, Arthur '06, Powers, Francis J. '94, William Corcoran, '13, Portland, Oregon; Probst, Rudolph '11, Quinlan, Rev. James '09, Quinlan, Eugene R. McBride, 'i6,- Pittsburg, Pennsyl Rev. Michael '93, Rockne, Knute '14, Rohan, Howard vania; Secretar)'-, Rev. William A. Moloney, '15, Ranstead, Norman '15, Sanfqrd, James '14, '90, Notre Dame, Indiana; Treasurer, Warren Scherrer Elmer, '94, Schumacher, Rev. Matthew, '99, A. Cartier, '87, Ludington, Michigan; Trustees Snyder, H. B. '15, Sorg, Claude '10, Shea, John F. '06, Shaughnessy, Thomas '15, Scheier, Rev. John '97, to serine two years, Peter P. McEUigott, '02, vSmith, Joseph F, '14, Spillard, Rev. Daniel '64, New York ' City; ' Henr\^ W. Wurzer, '98, Steers, Fred L. '11, St. George Max 'oS, Strassner, Detroit, Michigan; Michael G. Fansler, '04, George F. '14, Sauer, Theodore '15, vSuUivan, Joseph Logansport, Indiana. On motion the meeting J. '01, Swantz, Thomas J. '04, Tschudi, Leo 'i5,Yaughan, adjourned for the annual dinner. Charles '14, Vera, Jesse E- '10, Vurpillat, Francis J. '91, Walsh, Rev. Matthew '03, Walter, M. Emmett, The following members of the Alumni Asso '14, Worden, John '05, Wurzer, Henry '98, Zerhusen, ciation'were present at the reunion: Rev. Francis '06, Kelly, Raymond J. '13.

Ackerman, Francis X. '04, Ansberry, Timothy R. '93, THE ALUMNI 'BANQUET. Benitz, William L. '13, Berteling, Dr. J. B. 'So, Bolger, Sunday evening, seven o'clock, was the time Rev. William A. '07, Burke, Rev. Eugene P. '06, Burke, Rev. Joseph H. '04, Burke, Rev. Thomas E. set for this dinner, but it was nearer, eight when^ '07, Caparo, Jose A. 'oS, Carrico, Rev. J. Leonard, '03, the Alumni Association agreed to put business Cartier, Warren A. '87, Cavanaugh, Rev. John '90, by and adjourn to the Brownson refectory. Cleary, Edward P. '09, Clements, Walter L. '14, Though the number of those who returned this Clarke, Rev. Dennis '10, CofTeen, Rev. Walter H. '13, year was slightly smaller than that of former , Conway, James J. 'S5, Coontz, J. Leo '07, Corcoran, William J. '13, Costello John W. '12, Crumley, Rev 3'-ears, each alumnus felt that there were just" Thomas A. '96, Cunningham, James V. '07, Cusick, as many hearty handshakes "and smiles ; as in- Dwight P. '12, Davis, Rev. Ernest '04, Davis, Frank other years, just as much cheerfulness and Notre W. '95, Deerj"-, James E. '11, DeFries, Erich H,- '13, . Dame spirit as at any time in the history of the- Derrick, Frank L. 'oS, Derrick Clarence J. '14, Devine, school. After the banquet the speeches wê/ John F. '12, Dorais, Charles E. '14, Doremus, Rev. Charles, L. '06, Duncan, Mark '15, Duncan, Walter '12, begun, and three.times during this part of the, Eigholz, Otto 'So, Farabaugh, G. A. '04, Fernandez, program, all rose to sing with gusto one of• 622 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC the popular old Notre Dame songs./^ngus Selection ------Uni%'ersity Orchestra McDonald of the class of 1900, and now vice- . The Newspaper in a Democracy president of the Southern Pacific Railroad, "Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good gov acted as toastmaster of the evening, and calling ernment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of upon a number of the old boys to respond, education shall be forever encouraged."—Ordinance of ijSy. gave each an introduction completelA' unparal 1. The Newspaper and Education - - Louis Patrick Harl leled. President Cavanaugh was the first to (Kentucky). Journalism speak. He rose the same polished orator, the Selection - - - - T - University Glee Club same embodiment of love, for Notre Dame, that 2. The Newspaper and Morality - Joseph Harry Sylvestre the old students find every year on returning to (Minnesota). History and Economics the University. Father Cavanaugh spoke prin- Selection _._.•. University Orchestra cipall}'' of the efforts the Alumni Association 3. The Newspaper and Religion - Thomas Adrian Hayes is putting forth to make Alumni Hall a reality. (Indiana). Law His remarks were echoed b}'- ever}^ speaker Selection ... - - University Orchestra that evening. Among the others who spoke Among the bachelor orators, Harry Sylvestre were Rev. Dennis A. Clarke, '64, Columbus, - ma}'- be remarked both for his manuscript and Ohio; John Shea, '06, Hoh'-oke, Mass.; Matthew for his delivery. McEnir}'^, '81, Moline, 111.; Timpthy Ansberry, '93, Washington, D. C; James F. Deery, '11, THE' ALUMNI GAME. Indianapolis, Ind.; Col. W. • Ho3mes, '77,- At half-past two Monday afternoon, the Notre Dame, Ind.; F. Henr}'' Wurzer, '98, monograms ha\'ing been awarded the members Detroit, Mich.; Frank O'Shaughnessy, '00, of this year's baseball team by Coach Harper, Chicago, 111.; and Frank F. Hering, '98, the Alumni team came upon the field to do South Bend, Ind. violence to the Varsit}-. Byron Kanaley and Lo)'âlty to Notre Dame and to her ideals Avas Warren" Cartier followed by the entire Alumni the note that rang through the Alumni speeches. went in solemn procession around the bases, After genial Angus McDonald's last exhortation, sprinkling each base with a goodl}?- quantity of the alumni left the refector}'^ that night firmly the Varsity's drinking water, thereby expecting resolved to return every year to meet old friends, to raise a -jinx for their opponents. This black and to cement old intimacies begun at Notre art, however, proved alto.gether fruitless and the Dame, and to return next 3'êar in particular Varsity took them into camp by a score of 7 that that Commencement, the Diamond Jubilee to 3. Slini Walsh was on the mound for the of the founding of Notre Dame ma}"- be a Alumni and pitched excellent ball except for memorable one in the annals of the Universit3^ / one bad inning in the early frame. CharliC' Sheehan and Murphy did the twirling for the JSIASS FOR THE DECEASED ALUMNI. Varsit}?- and they were sufficient for the task. At eight-thirty o'clock on Monday morning, Art Carmod}'-, Big Dutch Bergman and " Beaut}'- a-Solemai High Mass was offered in Sacred Rohan" wêre the notables of the Alumni team. Heart Church for the deceased members of the THE-CLOSING EXERCISES. Alumni Association. -Rev. Eugene P. Burke of the class of '06 acted -as celebrant. He was The -seventy^second Commencement was assisted by Rev. Ernest Daâs, '04, deacon, brought "to a close- Monday evening by the and Rev. James Ouinlan, '08, subdeacon. final exercises which were held in Washington Hall. A large, and enthusiastic audience was THE BACHELOR ORATIONS. present, and eyerj'thing seemed to conspire to place these exercises among the finest the- The Bachelor Orations were held at Washing .Universit}'^ has perhaps ever witnessed. Follow ton Hall, at ten. o'clock Monday morning. ing a selection by the Universit)'- orchestra" and A larger crowd than usual was present, the the, singing of "Home, Sweet Home," by" a selections of the IJniversit}'; orchestra were new Senior quartette, composed of Hugh O'DonneU, and distinctive, and the subjects for the orations , James W. Foley, Frank Welch, and Robert fresh enough and sufficiently Avell presented • Daly, theclass poem was read by Mr. Eugene to stimulate a lively interest among the audience. R. McBride. .Tlien the Valedictorj'- , -was The following, was the program. delivered by Timothy P. Galvin. , One thinks an- THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 623

it would not be too great a prophecy to predict E. E., 1910, South Bend, Indiana. Thesis: "Consti that in years to come this valedictory will rank tutional'Protection in Valuation of Public Utility high among all those ever delivered at Notre Properties Under State Regulation; Public Utility Problems in Courts of Last Resort; -Fair Value." Dame. The medals, honors and. degrees were The Degree of Master of Science is conferred on: next awarded, and lastly the Reverend President William Joseph Corcoran, B. S. in Biol., 1913, Port introduced Dr. Max Pam, the orator of the land, Oregon. Thesis: " Clinical' Application-of the evening. Mr.- Pam will be remembered as the Anatomical Position of the Third, Fourth, Sixth and founder of tlae school of Journalism at the Eighth Cranial Nerve-nuclei;" on Padre Manuel Fernandez, O. P., B. S. in Biol., 1915, Ponchatoula University. His splendid address, printed in (Rosaryville), Louisiana. Thesis: "Anatomy of this number of THE SCHOLASTIC, well sustained Penaeus Setiferus (Edward) or, 'Pawn-Shrimp';" on the high reputation he achieved long since Wilber Wallace Sim, B. S.. 1915, Nebraska City, among both faculty and students. Right Rev. Nebraska. Thesis: "America's Greatest Undeveloped Peter J. Muldoon then responded with a few Natural Resource—Swamp and Marsh Lands;" on Richard Vogt, B. S., 1915, South Bend, Indiana. choice words, congratulated his fellow-graduates, Thesis: "The Effect of Manganese on Muck Soils." complimented the University upon the class The Degree of Master- of Laws is conferred on: of 1916, and bestowed his episcopal blessing Henry Bartholomew Snyder, LL.-B., 1915, South Bend, upon all present. Indiana. Thesis: "Probate of Wills;" Leo Louis Al together this Commencement was one of Tschudi, LL. B., 1915, Dubuque, Iowa. Thesis: "Taxation." the most pleasant ever held at the University, The Degree of Bachelor of Arts is conferred on and we wish to heartily thank the Right Rev. Henry George Glueckert, South Bend, Indiana; and Rev. Clergy, the Faculty, the Alumni, Walter Augustine Remmes, Andover, Massachusetts. and the guests who helped to make it so. The Degree of Bachelor of Letters is conferred on: Patrick Joseph Haggerty, Notre Dame, Indiana; Raymond Mitrto Humphreys, Denver, Colorado; Degrees and Awards. John Hugh O'Donnell, Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Degree of Bachelor of Philosophy is conferred on: The Degree of Doctor of Laws is conferred on a Robert Cushman Carr, Ottawa, Illinois; James William great priest whose zeal for religion is equalled only Foley, Milford, Massachusetts; Timothy Patrick by his love of humanity, whose courage is as admirable Galvin, Pierceton, Indiana; Arthur Burton Hunter, as his character is kindly, a leader among the leaders South Bend, Indiana; Edward Nagel Marcus, of his people, the Right Rev. Peter James Muldoon, LaFayette, Indiana; William Beck Meuser, Dubuque, Bishop of Rockford. Iowa; Joseph Harry Sylvestre, Crookston, Minnesota; On a beloved parish priest whose gift of noble Thomas Vincent- Truder,.Xas Vegas, New Mexico. utterance is combined with a Avhole-hearted devotion The Degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in Journalism to his flock, acclaimed as a leader in his communitj'- is conferred on: Edward Joseph Beckman, Ottawa, and beloved as a father of his people, the Reverend Ohio; Russell Hugh Downey, Churubusco, Indiana; Charles Peter Raffo, of Louisville, Kentucky. Wilmer Otis Finch, Rochester, New York; Louis On a jurist of wide reputation, an orator of power Patrick Harl, Owensboro, Kentucky; Louis Frederick and dignity, a tj'-pe of all that is best in devotion to. Keiler, Terre Haute, Indiana; Eugene Richard Church and country, a model citizen and Christian McBride, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. • * gentleman, Martin Joseph Wade of Iowa City, Iowa. The Degree of Civil Engineer is conferred onr On a distinguished theologian whose pen has ever Alfred.Francis Fries, Grand Haven, Michigan; Albert been active in the exposition of the truth, whose Anthony Gloeckner, Pomeroy, Ohio; James Edward erudition is as broad as his character is simple, ' Hogan, Tipton, Indiana; James Emmett Roach, distinguished educator and an exemplar of priestly Chicago, Illinois; Emilio Raphael Salazar, Havana, virtue, the Reverend Francisco Marin • of the Order Cuba; Peter Charles Yerns, Rochester, New York. of Preachers. •• The Degree of Electrical'Engineer is conferred on: On an eminently deserving educator whose* noble Robert Emmett Daly, • Smethport, Pennsylvania; example illustrates the virtues his- eloquent tongue Padre Dominico Matallana, O. P., Ponchatoula inculcates, the Reverend Phillip Gallagher of Mount (Rosaryville), Louisiana; James Michael Meara, Saint Mary's Emmitsburg, Maryland. Axtell, Kansas; Braulio Antonio Munecas, ManzaniUo, On a scholarly citizen whose services to the common Cuba; Charles Peter Mottr, Wellsville, Missouri; wealth have not been inconsistent with an eager Joseph James McCaffrey, South Bend, Indiana; devotion -to historical and literairy work, and whose Frank Elmer Swift, Shenandoah, Iowa. vindication of religious liberty and broad compre The Degree of Mechanical Engineer is conferred on: hension of American principles have proved eminently Edward Joseph Carleton, Coming, New York; Freeman serviceable to his fellow citizens, Mr. Edwin Orrin Charles Fitzgerald,.. Cosmopolis, Washington; Frank Wood of New York. Joseph. Hiss, South Bend, Indiana; Joseph Michael The Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engi McGrath, Rochester, New York; Joseph Henry neering is conferred on: Lucius Buckley Andrus, Miller, Rochester, New Yoik. 624 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture Scales Mound, Illinois; Elmer Tobin, Elgin, Illinois is conferred on: Jacob Edward TJckel, Syracuse, New Andrew Winfred Young, Wausau, AVisconsin. . York; Joseph Patrick Flynn, Rochester, New York; The Certificate for the Short Program in Mechanical Casimir Ignatius Krajewski, Chicago, Illinois; William Engineering is conferred on: Rafael Diez Gutierrez, Wirt Tui'ner, Washington, D. C:- Potosi, Mexico; John Stanley Scott, EUensburg, The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology is W?ashington. conferred on: Jeremiah Anthony McCarthy, Indian The Certificate for the Short Program in Commerce apolis, Indiana. is conferred on: Logan Anthony Lanahan, Indianapolis The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Chemistry is Indiana. conferred on: Frederick Michael Pralatowski, Roches ter, New York; Padre Candido Fernandez, O. P., Class Medals. Ponchatoula (Rosar3'^ville), Louisiana. The Degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred on: The Quan Gold Medal, presented by the late William John Francis Delph, Fairmount, Indiana: Edward J. Quail of Chicago, for .the student having the best Christopher Rj'an, Chicago, Illinois. record in the Classical program. Senior year, and a The Degree of Bachelor of Laws-in conferred on: mone^-^ prize of twenty-five dollars, gift of Mr. Henry Harold Peter Burke, Palmyra, New York; William Quan, in memory of his deceased father, is awarded Ethelbert Bradbury, Robinson, Illinois; Hugh Ernest to Henry George Glueckert, South Bend, Indiana. Carroll, Linton, Indiana; Leonard Martin Carroll, The Meehan Gold Medal for the best English Kansas City, Missouri; John Philip Conboy, Michigan essay (Senior) presented by Mrs. Eleanor Meehan, of City,. Indiana; Walter Louis Clements, A. M., 1915, Covington, Kentucky, is awarded to Timothy Patrick Springfield, Kentucky; Drexel Lawrence Duffy, Galvin, Pierceton, Indiana: Siibject: "The Catholi Kansas City, Iowa; Erich Hans deFries, A. B., 1913, cism of G. K. Chesterton." Davenport, Iowa; Allen Henry Elward, Lawrence, Massachusetts; William Cyril Henry, Chicago, Illinois; The Barry Elocution Gold Medal, presented by Thomas Adrian Hayes, Fort Wayne, Indiana; Russell the Honorable P. T. Barry of Chicago, Illinois, is Charles Hardy, Kansas* City, Kansas; Manuel Jose awarded to Charles McCauley, Memphis, Tennessee. Gonzalez, Manila,' P. I.; Joseph John Kovacs, The Breen Gold Medal for Oratory, presented bj'^ Throop, Pennsylvania; HoUis Edmund King, Broken the Honorable William P. Breen, of the class of '77, Bow, Nebraska; Luke Leo Kelly, Jamaica Plains, is awarded to Timothy Patrick Galvin, Pierceton, Massachusetts; Ralph Jefferson Lathrop, Fenimore, Indiana. Wisconsin; Theodore John Lyons, Kansas City, The Martin J. McCue Gold Medal, presented by Kansas; Emmett Paul MulhoUand, Gilmore- City, Mr. Warren A. Cartier, Civil Engineer, of the class Iowa; George DeWald McDonald, La Grange, Illinois; of '77, for the best record for four years in the Civil Edward Vincent Mooney, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Engineering program, is awarded to Emilio Rafael Walter Patrick McCourt, Akron, Ohio; Grover Salazar, Havana, Cuba. ' ' -" Francis Miller, Racine, Wisconsin; Thomas Archibald The Dockweiler .Medal for Philosophy founded b^-^ McLaughlin (A.- B. Detroit University), Detroit, Mr. Isidore B. Dockweiler of Los Angeles, California, Michigan; Charles Patrick Malohey, Tefft, Indiana; in memory of his deceased father, for the best essay Joseph O'Sullivan, Mound Citi"^, Illinois; James on some philosophical th.eme (Senior year) is awarded Francis Odem, Sinton, Texas; Samuel Ward Perrott, to Arthu" Burton Hunter, South Bend, Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana; • Neil Vinson Robertson, Siibject: "The Right to Life." South Bend, Indiana; Paul Joseph Smith, Indian Forty-five dollars for debating work is awarded as apolis, Indiana; Albert. Charles Schlipf, Springfield, follows: Twenty .Dollars to Timothy Patrick Galvin, Illinois; Joseph'Fra.ncis Smith, Ph. B., 1914, Cygnet, Pierceton, Indiana; , Fifteen dollars to Bernard .Voll, Ohio; Edwin Henry Sommerer, South Bend, Indiana; Zanesvnie, Ohio;. Ten Dollars to John A^. Lemmer, Lefoy Spencer, Russelville, Indiana; Jose Antonio •Escanaba, Michigan. , - Urquico, Tarlac, Philippine Islands; Martin Emmett Waiter, A. M., 1915,-Mt.-Carmel, Illinois; Frank Medals:for debating are .awarded to the foUoAving: Baird Welch, Kansas City,-Missouri. ; y Bernard Voll,-Zanesville, Ohio; John A. Lemmer, Escanaba, Michigan; Michael Mulcair, New York - The Degree of Pharmaceutical Chemist is conferred City, N. Y.; George DeWald McDonald, LaGrange, on: Jose;Ferdinand Miinecas, Manzanillo, Cuba. Illinois; - Oscar Dorwin, Minocque, Wisconsin-; Francis The-Degree of Graduate in Pharmacy is conferred Hurley, Woodstock, Illinois. on: ;Thomas -Henry Xurran, . Belvidere, Illinois; Stanislaus Nicholas Johnson, Ohio, Illinois; Harold Ten Dollars in Gold for Junior Oratorj'- presented Andrew-McCohnell, Omaha, Nebraska; Jorge Rodri by Mr. James V; O'Donnell, the class of '89, is awarded guez "San Pedro, Consolation del Sur, Cuba. to Speer-Strahan, Fife Lake, Michigan. The ^Certificate.for the Short Program in Electrical. - .Ten -Dollars-in. Gold for-;Sophoraore oratory pre Engineering is conferred on: William Henry Ahern, sented ,by Mr. James-S. Hummer, of the class of '91, Indianapolis, India;na; , Walter 1,1 G. AshdoAvn, Port is awarded to .Matthew. Coyle, Madison,' Wisconsin. Byron, .Illinois; Albert Joseph. Freund) Meadville,. . -^..Teh ; Dollars 'in Gold for Freshman Oratory, pre Pennsylvania; :Rafael Diez^Gutierrez, Potosi,"Mexico; sented by Mr.: Hugh O'Neill,/of the class "of'91; is Harry- Bernard" Jones, Viilvcan,' Michigan,;^ Eramettl awarded to "ThomasfFraiicis Healy, -Limerick City, George Keefe, Raub,; Indiana;; Leo Joseph' Stephan,' : Ifelandi-'^--'i^'^-'^V .;-^.'~^'.-"•?':,;-•:.',. '[-"'.-'.' ' THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 625

Preparatory School. Reverend Henry O'Neill. Mr. and Mrs. Wells have taken up their residence in New York. Gold Medarfor Christian Doctrine, First Com-se: Through THE SCHOLASTIC the University Felix Patrick Mooney, Philo, Illinois; Second Course: Eliseo Restrepo, Columbia/S. A. extends felicitations and best wishes. The Mason Medal: Arthur Henry Vallez, Bay —Writing to a friend at Notre Daine, Maurice City, Michigan. Francis Egan, American Minister to Denmark, The Joseph A. Lyons Elocution Medal: Edward says: Joseph Kellj'-, Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The Reverend Terence A. O'Brien Preparatory Did I tell you that my friend Father Flynn of Latin Medal: William Henry Robinson, Indianapolis, Elsiore said a Mass for Sister Aloysius on St. Patrick's Indiana. Day? Sister Mary Aloysius was so much interested Ten Dollars in Gold Oratory: Cornelius Palmer, in my talks to the Minims about Hamlet that I could Chicago, Illinois. not help thinking of this when I asked Father Flynn Commercial High School Diploma: Manuel- Jose to say the Mass. Your old friend Gerald is in the Gonzalez, Havana, Cuba. artillery. I suppose he has his commission before Commercial Course Diploma: Philip John Arm this. Life is not a bed of roses here. It is rather strong, Chicago, Illinois; Rudolph Joseph Rice, difficult to be a neutral Dean of a divided Diplomatic Meadville, Pennsylvania. Corps, but the whole thing is worth while. ^•» Death of Rev. Peter Lauth, C. S. C. Book Review.

We regret to announce the death of Rev. THE DEAD MUSICIAN, Charles L. O'Donnell, Peter Lauth, C. S. C, who died at the Com C. S. C. Lawrence. J. Gomme, New York. munity House at Notre Dame, Ind., on Promised for early spring, this collection of Father Thursday, June 15. Father Lauth was one of O'Donnell's poems makes its appearance only now, hall and campus being deserted. A slim green cloth the oldest members of Holy Cross, Order and volume, gold lettering and exquisite press-work had been, until a few 3-ears before his death characterize it on the external side. Inwardly it is pastor of one of the largest churches in South such matter of song as will interest the critics and win Bend. He \yas universally beloved for his many a reader, perhaps for a long time to come. One speaks of time, not of the everlasting, because, sweet, simple disposition and his steadfast as Matthew Arnold sagely advised, ultimate estimates devotion to duty, and the large gathering of^ can not proceed from a poet's contemporaries. priests, brothers, sisters and lay people who This poet's contemporaries have indeed been alert came to Notre Dame to be present at the to his achievement. Last year Father O'Donnell was funeral of this good priest is proof of the esteem invited by a commission of the State Legislature to' in which he was held by all who knew him. write the ode for Indiana Day, and responded with an. ode which won high encomiums from the press and We bespeak prayers for the repose of his foremost poets of the day. On receipt of an advance soul. copy, Thomas A. Daly wired ;• "Hearty congratulations! The ode is splendid. Personals. AVill -write at length in a few. days. Let me say once more—even if every word does cost money—hearty —Born June 13th at Mishawaka, Indiana,, congratulations! Hang the expenses!" There were eulogistic letters from such qualified to Mr. and Mrs. Fabian N. Johnston a daughter. appredators as Fr. James J. Daly, S. J., Joyce Kilmer, Congratulations! Katherine E. Conway, Thomas Walsh, George Sterling, —Married, Mary Margaret Grace to John Charles Phillipps and others; while the Indiana Daily Times of Indianapolis wrote editorially: " M. Ouinlan (A. B., '04), Chicago, June 7th. "Charles L. O'Donnell, Indiana's singer of most j\lr. and Mrs. Ouinlan' will be at home after recent renown in American literature, rose to sublime August ist at 30 North Austin Avenue, Oak heights in his great ode for Indiana Day at the Panama •Park, 111. ; . / . Pacific exposition. The work was entirely worthy of The groom is a brother of Reverend Michael .Indiana's best literary ideals and very properly has attracted -world-wide attention and praise." A. Quinlan, C. S. C, and the Reverend Jam.es J. "As the Literary Digest says: 'Some of the greatest Quinlan, C. S. C. / • poems have been written at a sovereign's command —^Married on May 29th at the home of the or to commemorate an important event.' The Digest bride in Dowagiac,. Michigan, Miss Helen Lee points oiit that American poetry always has been deficient in formal poems of occasion. A revival of and Mr. March Forth WeUs by the President this form of expression, however, seems to have been of the University assisted by Father Schumacher, brought about by the exposition. The O'Donnell C; S. C, and the parish priest of Dowagiac, the ode is quoted extensively as one of the two best poems 626 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTK

written for exposition events. Says the Digest critic: inanner; it has the great air of Patmore and Francis 'The poet froin Indiana suggests Francis Thompson Thompson, and I think both poets would have admired in the rich imagery of his lines as Avell as in their it. I find especially beautiful the passage which begins religious spirit. But there is something distinctively ''As one who long had put wine by American aiid original about this §plendid ode.' Would now himself deny "Once more Indiana triumphs in letters. Again the Water, and thirsting die. voice of Indiana charins the world. Another real poet So sometimes he was idle at the keys. is added to the golden roll of Hoosier bards. The spirit Pale fingers on the aged ivories; of song yet lives in its Indiana home." . Then like a prisoned bird It is a happy circumstance now that the first book Music Avas seen, not heard .... of this latest poet out of Indiana, should appear in. * this 3'ear which marks the Centennial of Indiana I think another poet Avho Avould haAê appreciated statehood. But this latest Indiana bard is not the this is our lamented Lionel Johnson.. I am Aêry glad Hoosier poet of type, he is not in the tradition of Indiana to haA'ê had the pleasure and priAnlege of reading this song. To begin with he is of Celtic parentage. He is lofty poem." a priest, and first and last he is always Catholic. He Under the heading, " A HiA'ê of Song," Avhich is aligned by poetical afiinitjr—I do not say equality— title is borroAved from the arresting line" in the sonnet with English poets of those days when England was "Dxought." Catholic, and with such later voices as Father Tabb, "There is no honey in the hive of song," are included Coventri"^ Patmore and Francis Thompson. fourteen poems on nature. Even a hrst reading of the book cannot but convince In "Dreams of Donegal," the poet strikes the same one that here is a name that will rank in American indiAddual and local note that characterizes his Avork singers. "It is not," says Alice Meynell, "the sensual generally. It is not all Ireland he sings, but Donegal, poet or the poet of violence who is the right poet of historically the home of his forbears. And here there the senses; their hero and champion is the poet of the is a manifest and typical contradiction of the Celtic ' exalted senses; who hears; feels, touches, with ecstatic temperament. In the opening poem "Inheritance," spirituality." And this is the praise I claim for the he says," referring to all that has come doAvn to him verse of Father O'Dbnnell. There is in it a great from his Irish sires, "Only the age-long hates I cannot exaltation of feeling and a purity of expression; a view keep"; and yet in the concluding poem of this section, of the world seen and unseen before which the true "Killybegs," Avherein he reflects on Irish wrongs at poet ever stands in reverence. A singing kinship the hands of the oppressor, he Avrites: there is with those fine old seventeenth century lyrists: "I am a man of peaceful palm Campion, Crashaw, and Vaughan, and a poetic The leaA'-es of a book I turn. fellowship with great poets of our own time, yet the Think you these old tales leaA'e me calm? mention of these names add lustre to what Father I blush, I Aveep, I burn. O'Donnell has achieved. One can not lay down the book without the feeling that here are the waters of • My mother Avas born in Killybegs, poetry springing up from a deep priestly nature, that Long after 'ninety-three. here is a garden whose fragrance will haunt one longer And I bless the bursting Spanish kegs, than he can tell. ^ The harbor and the sea." The volume is divided as follows: "The Dead Many Avriters of religious A'erse have made the Musician,"—the poem which gives its name to the mistake of making the^ mental application for the book; "A Hive of Song," "Dreams of Donegal," reader, instead of letting his imagination have exercise. "The Bird of God," "Quatrains," "The Nativity:'a Father O'Donnell's song is too exalted for this. What Miracle Play," and Odes. tender poignancy there is in these stanzas from " Partus The title poem, :"The Dead Musician," has a Virginis," an intimacy seldom realized in modern decidedly local character, in that it is in memorj"^ of religious verse. And yet this poem is not imitative Brother Basil, who was for so many years organist of a simpler day of reverent thought; rather it is a at Notre Dame. The poem must appeal powerfully to modern realization of that, mediaeval intimateness, the manj' old students who have seen that old religious so to speak, begotten in a kindred spiritual atmosphere. at the organ, some dreamy afternoon in spring, or "The Blessed. Virgin, speaking of the Avondrous birth some day of sacred festivity. The poet takes the of her child, relates her OAvn earlier-thought: empyrean with these fine lines, "'What should my thoughts do, . Since the March Aveather "Hciwas the player and the played upon, And first God and I drcAV «- : He-was the actor and the acted.on, ' . . Breath together? '-'. ;Artist, and yet himself a substance wrought; : God played on him as he upon;the keys. . What sh.ould I think upon, Moving his soul to mightiest melodies " Day or night tide, - Ofrlowly serving,,hid austerities, . Since,Elizabeth's son - . And holy thought that our high dream out-tops,—: .. ' Kxiew, in her side,— ' ^''' : He'was ah organ where God kept the stops." .J; .îit the coming of, Another, That distinguished Irish ' poet, Katharine Tynan • ,. •' On.his shoeless feet, ; . ' . Hirikson, wrote of the poem: "I do most' sincerely ' V i.\ I, the.budding earth, His mother, and very inucha'dniire-the pb'em!- It is in the great '; • ". And'my breas^^^ ' _ THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC 627

and the last stanza: Luke L. Kelly, 16 100.00 "He came: we two apart; Frank E. Swift, '16 100.00 An.d I thought Him dead C. P. Mottz. '16 100.00 Till He wailed, when my heart Samuel Ward Peirrott, '16 100.00 Broke, and joy bled. Edward C. Ryan, '16 100.00 Among the quatraifis one finds this,—-'Martha and James Francis Odem, '16 '100.00 Mary,' of which a celebrated English poet and critic Emmett P. MulhoUand, '16 100.00 wroteT "Father O'Donnell's quatrain is perfection." Thomas A. Hayes, '16 100.00 MARTHA AND MARY. Frank J. Hiss, '16 100.00 Joseph J. McCafferj^, '16 "When Light is dead, the busied Day 100.00 Walter P. McCourt, '16 Folds wearj'' hands and glides awaj'^; 100.00 M. J. McEniry, 'Si While Night outspreads her starry hair r 00.00 Thomas J. Shaughnessy, '15 Upon his grave, and worships there." 100.00 James F. O'Brien, '13 lOO.OO' The two closing poems in the volume are com Michael L. Fansler, '04 100.00 memoration odes,—"A Hosting of the Gael," written A. C. Fortin, '01 100.00 for the presentation of the sword of General Thomas Daniel J. O'Connor, '05 100.00 Francis Meagher to the University of Notre Dame M. H. Miller,'10 • 100.00 which already possessed the flag of the Irish brigade, William D. Jamieson, '05 100.00 and the Ode for Indiana Daj^ Panama-Pacific Inter Grover F. Miller, '16 100.00 national Exposition. Thomas A. McLaughlin, *i6 100.00 Such is a brief gla*ice at "The Dead Musician Edwin H. Sommerer, '16 160.00 and other Poems." Father O'Donnell's work is Joseph O'Sullivan 100.00 remarkable for its wide range of subject, its.evenness Jacob E. Eckel, '16 roo.oo of tone; its poetical "sureness," if one may so speak. Vincent Mooney, '16, 100.00 This is the author's first book, and, as such, is truly John T. Shea, '06 100.00 an exceptional one. There are none of the roughnesses John W- Costello, '12 75.00 one occasionally finds in first books; no sacrificing of Rev. John M. Gerenda, '09 50.00 form for thought, or thought for expressio'n. It is the Walter Duncan, '12 50.00 simple expression of great and beautiful song, and as Timothy P. Galvin, 'i6 ' 50.00 such deserves a wide recognition, and, incidentally, a Ray M. Humphreys, '16 50.00 large sale. Copies may be procured at the Students' Hugh E. Carroll, '16 50.00 Office. The volume should be owned by every" Notre Jesse C. Harper 50.0® Dame man, past and present, not alone because its Ronald S. O'Neill, '14 50.00 author is a Notre Dame man and this, is the work "of Louis P. Harl, '16 ' ' 50.00 one of his fellows, but because here among us a new Joseph D. Kovacs, '16 50.00 poet has appeared writing^true and pure poetry. Let Patrick Maloney, '16 50.00 it not be' said that we were the last to recognize his' J. F. Delpb, '16 50.00 work. S. S. Hugh O'Donnell, '16 50.00 -••*- James Sanford, '14 50.00 #ltr ^tubentsi' ^M Ira W. Hurley, '14 50.00 Emmett G. Lenihan, '15 50.00 Subscriptions to June 24, 1916 Francis H. Hayes, '14 50.00 The following subscriptions for Old E. P. Cleary. '09 50.00 Students' Hall were. received by Warren A. Raymond J. Kelly, 50.00 Cartier, Ludington, Michigan, treasurer of the Ernest P. Lajoie,'15 •" 50.06 building committee: Rev. P. J. Crawley, '95 50.00 Paul J. Smith,'16 •25.00 M. F. Healy, '82 §1000.00 C. I. Krajewski, '16 25.00 C. C. Craig, '85 500.00 Joesph P. Flj'nn, '16 25-00 FrankE; Hering, '98 500.00 John P. Conboy, '16 25.00 , Peter P. McElligott, '02 500.00 W. W. Turner, '16 >' . , 25:00 James J. Conway, '85 300.00 Alfred Fries, '16 . 25.06 R. A. O'Hara, '89 250.00 J. A. McCarthy, '16 25.06 Edwin J. Lynch, '10 ' 200.00 J. Harrj' Sylvester, '16 25.06 ' T. D. Mott, '95 . 200.00 .Harold P. Burke, '16 25.00 F. Henry Wurzer, '98 200.00 Peter C. Yerns, '16 , 25.00 Paul R. Martin, '13 '200.00 Fred M. Pralatowski, '16 25.00. Timothy V. Ansberrj', "93 200.00 Albert A. Gloeckner, '16 ; 20.00 Peter M. Ragan,-'92 100.00 H..King, 16 10.00 James D. Barr}'^, '97 100.00 James E- Roach,.'16 , ~ 10.00 • Fred L. Steers, '11 . 100.00 J. E. Hogan, '16 ro.oo Walter Clements,.'14 loo.oo Edward J. Carlton, '16 100.00 The amounts which follow \yere publishedin^ Leonard M. Carroll, '16 • . - 100.00 an earlier issue of the SCHOLASTIC: 628 THE NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

Samuel T. Alurdock, '&6 $2000.00 Rev. Francis H. Gavisk, '14 100.03 P. T. O'Sullivan, '68 1000.00 Rt. Rev. Frank O'Brien, '9^ 100.00 Rev. E. J. McLaughlin, '75 1000.00 Frank L. McOsker, 100.00 U. F. Healy, "89 1000.00 Charles E. Rufling, 85 100.00 John C. Shea, '98 1000.00 James F. Foley, '13 100.00 Clement C. Mitchell, '02 1000.00 Rt. Rev. Thomas C. O'Reilly. O'; roo.oo Byron Y. KanaleJ^ 04 tooo.oo Thomas J. W-eich, '05 100.00 Daniel P. Murphy, '95 1000.00 William E. Cotter, '13 100.00 John P. Lauth, '68 1000.00 John Tull}'-, '11 100.00 Rev. John Dinnen. '65 500.00 John F. O'Connor, '72 100.00 Warren A. Cartier, '87 500.00 T. P. O'Sullivan, '02 100.00 Stephen B. Fleming, '90 500.00 G. M. Kerndt, '82 100.00 Thomas Hoban, '99 500.00 Dr. Frank J. Powers, '94 100.00 Angus D. McDonald, '00 500.CO Rev. John Talbot Smith. '07 100.oo William A. Mclnerny, '01 500.00 Daniel C. Dillon, 100.00 Joseph M. Byrne, '14 500.00 Thomas C. Butler, '08 100.00 Cassius McDonald, '04 500.00 Edward M. Kenned3^ '*^'^ 100.00 William P. Breen, '77 500.00 John J. Kennedy, '09 100.00 Student from Far West 500.00 A. J. Major, '86 50.00 Rev. I. E. IMcNamee. "09 500.00 Charles Vaughan, '14 50.00 Robert Sweeney, '03 250.00 Stephen H. Herr, '10 50.00 John H. Fendrich, '84 250.00 J. KT. Antoine, '70 50.00 John Eggeman, '00 250.00 Rev. Thomas Cleary, '09 50.00 A. A. McDonell, '00 250.00 Fred Stewart, '12 50.00 Eugene A. Delaney, '99 250.00 Jay Lee, '12 50.00 James F. Kennedy, '94 200.00 Walter Duncan. '12 50.00 Louis C. M. Reed, '98 200.00 Albert F. Gushurst, '09 50.00 Francis O'Shaughnessy, '00 200.00 Edward P. Cleary, '09 50.00 Joseph J. Sullivan, '02 200.00 Rev. John J. Burke, 'S3 50.00 C. A. Farabaugh, '04 200.00 Rev. M. L. Aloriarty, '10 50.00 Robert Anderson, 'S3 200.00 Rev. J. E. ScuUin, '09 50.00 Joseph Lantry, '07 200.00 Rev. John P. Quinn, 'S3 50.00 Rev. Francis J. Van Antwerp, ix 200.00 Simon E. Twining, '13 50.00 John Dowd. '99 200.00 J. V. Birder, '13 50.00 Rt. Rev. Thomas F. Hickey, '03 200.00 Cecil E. Birder, '14 50.00 Christopher C. Fitzgerald, 'gx 200.00 AI. Emmett Walter, '15 50.00 F. A. Kaul, '97 200.00 Ralph Eberhart, '02 50.00 William Hoyncs, '77 200.00 Rev. A. A. Lambing, '?,i 25.00 James J. Conwajs '85 200.00 James AI. Riddle, '13 25.00 W. A. Draper, '06 150.00 Henry Hess, '82 25.00 Maximilian St. George, '08 120.00 Dr. E. M. A'IcKee, '06 25.00 Mark M. Foote, '73 100.00 Robert B. Gottfredson. '13 25.00 Patrick J. Houlihan, '92 100.00 Rev. John H. Alullin, '11 25.00 E. J. Maurus, 93 100.00 I. N. A'litchell, Sr., '92 25.00 Thomas J. Swantz, '04 100.00 Frederick Williams, '13 25.00 H. G. Hogan, '04 100.00 Rev. Joseph Toth, '11 25.00 Harold P. Fisher, '06 100.00 Joseph AI. Walsh, '14 25.00 John B. Kanaley, '09 100.00 Alax Adler, '89 25.00 James'F. Hines, '09 roo.oo John G. Mott, '95 25.00 John B. McMahon. '09 roo.oo Rev. T. O. jMaguire, '09 25.00 Rev. John M. Byrne, '00 roo.oo Gabriel Davezac, '94 20.00 J. H. Gormley, '03 100.00 James R. Devitt, '13 20.00 Thomas O'Neill, '13 100.00 Arthur Pino, '06 20.00 Robert E. Proctor, '04 100.00 Bernard Durch, '13 15.00 JohnF. O'Connell, '13 100.00 Alfred Vignos, '95 10.00 Frank C. Walker, '09 100.00 Andrew L. Shimp, '91 10.00 Rev. Gilbert Jennings, '08 roo.oo Frank Niedecken, '09 10.00 George O'Brien, '90 100.00 Harry Kirk, '13 10.00 Vitus Jones, '02 100.00 Louis Chute, '92 lO.OO W. A Duffy, '08 100.00 J. J. Deasey, '06 10.00 Rev. John H. Guendling, '14 100.00 Robert D. Murphy, '01 5-00 Fred C. McQueen, '00 100.00 Mark Duncan, '15 5 00 „liarles J. Stubbs, '88 100.00 Hiram Halliday, '06 5.00 Rupert Donavan, '08 100.00 Claude v^. Moss. '95 5.00