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www.TomCederlind.com/[email protected] Vol. 20. No. 10 Inside The Celator® ... October 2006 Consecutive Issue No. 232 R FEATURES PubllsherlEdilOr KShekel of Tyre UnsoIieIted articIH and ~8 reo 'eases are welcome, howev.r 46 On the Road - The Celator's $how & Club Schedule (courtesy of CNG , Inc .) publication cannot be guaran­ and a Tribute Penny teed. Unlesa 8Xpreaaly 1'.'ecI. 47 Professional Directory The Celatornelther endof8e8 nor (courtesy of Walter is responsible for the contenIl 01 Holt's Old Money). adYftrtisemenll, lette " -to-the­ 54 Club & Society Directory editor, Mlur•• rtl e .... regula, columns and press reIea8eB In ks 55 Classifieds - Index of Advertisers pages, including any opinions The Ce/ator office stated Ih&retn, and the accuracy will be closed from 01 any data provided by Il$ eon· October 21 --28t1'1, tRbuW)r$. PeriodIcal poatage paid (USPS 1006077) Lancaater, PA Check the "On the 11603 and additionIIl offieM. ~oaa action for """"",0 2006. _ tuft er de ils. Of­ Nlmismatics & Pt.dstW1g, Inc. fice h94 ~ re nor­ Postmaster: please send mally Noo to 6P¥ address changes to: EST. Pcoin collectors. there was an ex­ Harl an J. Berk, Rollie Finner. Ron Guth. By Rasiel Suarez cellent represent ation of ancient and and Charles Browne, the ANA's Glenn world coin dealers in attend.mec at the Smedley Memorial Award. The ANA Coins and Icon s: convention. The bourse floor was con­ gives the Smedley Award to "those who So me Observations on tlte stantly busy, and there appeared 10 be a demonstmte the spirit of the late Glenn Connections between Coin s fair amount of busi ness being transact­ Smedley, a member of the ANA and hob­ (and Medallions) of the ed. Most of the dealers that [ spoke with by enthusiast who was known as a 'col­ Constantinian Era alld reported reasonab le sales. both whole­ lector's collector.'" It was a pleasure to sal e (lnd retai l. and I hctlrd very few com­ receive this award. especiall y in Ihe com­ Byza ntine Icons plaints overall. pany of gCKld friends and fin e colleagues. By Dr. Peter Lewis [ was not able to spend as much time I would be remiss not to mention the on Ihe bourse floor as I would have liked. Ancient Coin Collectors Guild (ACCG) AND COMING SOON I was kepI ve ry busy as an exhibit judge, meeting held on Saturday aft ernoon dur­ attending meetings and "Numismati c ing the ANA conve ntion. This meeting Asklepios Temples on Theater" lectures. and catching up with marked Ihe end of my two-year term as Ancient Coins some of m y Denver areH friends, lTIlmy President of ACCG. and Wayne Sayles by Bekircan Tahberer & of whom I had not seen since the last presented "Dedicated Service Awards" Prof. Dr. liter Uzel Why Experimental "Last, bllt cenainly /lot least, the Numismlltic Literary Guild Archaeology is Importallt (NLG) presented two awards to The Celator at {h eir annual to Numismatics Awards Presentation at the ANA convention." by DiHu A Republican Foot-Note: Th e ANA conventi on he ld in Denver in to David Vagi and L David's term ex­ "P, SVLA," SAFRA " and 1996. The convention was held from pired on lhe ACCG board while I con­ "Mast and Sail" 'Aes' Coins Wednesday through Saturday this year tinue for another two ye

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October 2006 3 A Letter to David Hendin on lutely NOT true thai Romans did not the #Tribute Penny" Debate put images on coins struck under Ro­ man authority in the ancient Holy Land. Roman provincial coins struck in many Dear Mr. Hendin: cities of the ancient Holy Land have I have followed wilh interest your imperial portraits. There were no im­ discussions regarding the perpetually perial portraits used on the coins of the vexed question of whether the "Tribute Roman procurators, but at any rate, Penny" in Mark 12:14-17 is a denarius those were all bronze coins. (b) Abso­ of Augustus or Tiberius. Then I remem ­ lutely not true. Early Roman coins - as bered a letter in the December 2004 early as coins of Mark Antony forward Enjoyed article on Trajan Celator (pp. 35-36) in which Peter - are frequently found in Israel. (c) Lewis of Aus tra lia claimed it couldn't and His Coinage most Judeans at the time were posi­ have been either, perhaps not even a tively ill iterate and could not even read denarius, because (a) the Romans did I just wanted to express my thanks Hebrew. Money was nominal and they to Mr. liladhar Pendse for a wonderful not put faces on their Judaean coinage knew what it was. Even the Jews who article on the coinage of Trajan (August at this Ume because such would have engraved the Jewish coins were nOI lil­ contravened the Second Command­ Issue). His article was well researched, erale and made many mistakes. Only ment, (b) there is no evidence Roman expertly written and presented an ex­ the scri bes and possibly the priests face coins circulated in Judaea at this citing image of th is interesting Emperor. could read any lan guage. (d) the Gos­ period, none being found in local In addition, the "Internet Site of the pel of Mark is not specific but it was Month," by Dr. Tom Buggey is nothing hoards from before 70 CE, (c) the leg­ written for an audience of Greeks, Ro­ end on a denarius would have been in short of excellent. Thanks again for mans and Jews. No reason to believe your work and effort on The Celator. Latin, which most Judaeans could not it was directed at Romans only, espe­ read, (d) the Gospel of Mark was writ­ Wayne Stevenson cially al the time it was written. (e) that ten for a Roman audience, so naturally San Francisco, CA is very strange because hundreds .... he would illustrate his point with a coin sorry, hundreds of thousands of coins his audience knew well, and (e) most Comments on the minted outside of the ancient holy land "Monneron" Article denarii of the period were minted at have been lound there. Moving th e some distance from Judaea - surely an coins was not a "hassle" as they moved was pleased to see the arti cle unnecessary transport hassle il coin­ with me rchants and travelers in the age could be minted locally. Of course, about the "Mon neron" coins in the Sep­ natural course of commerce. Mr. Lewis in his letter makes these tember issue. This has been a conten­ The argument is rather tenuous, points in somewhat greater detail. tious issue for quite a while. I have had and I do not know of any serious nu­ Myself I claim no expertise about a page about this topic for over a year mismatists that give it consideration. the truth or fa lsity of Mr. Lewis' argu­ (www.constantinethegreatcOins.com/ However, as I mentioned earlier, this ments. I wonder what you make 01 monneronlmonneron.html). I also have is a question impossible 10 answer, with them? Thank you, a certificate 01 authenticity from David certainty at any rate. Bill Leubrie Sear on this page for one of these David Hendin Seattle coins. I had no doubts as to the au­ thentiCity myself; but it is nice to see Editor's note: Please read the article David Hendin responds: the results of this study. One correc­ on "The Tribute Penny Debate Revis­ tion, though, on page 30 figure 17 is Helio Bill, as I mentioned in the ar­ ited" that begins on page 22 of this is­ described as a Victorias Laetae Princ ticle, this is not likely to be an issue sue for further discussion on this inter­ that is ever ~so l ved." I have also writ­ Perp imitation, but it is clearly a esting lopic. ten about the article you re ference a GLORIA EX copy. few times, but I cannot re member Victor Clark where at this time. However, (a) abso- Nashville. Tennessee Please film to page 46 ... .

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October 2006 5 COINING THE NEW TESTAMENT: NUMISMATIC WINDOWS IN1D BIBUCAL NARRATIVES Bible refer? Not surprisingly, most the standard Greek silver coin encoun­ by Susan Solway scriptural references to coin s arc found tered by the Romans upon their conquest in the New Testament,4 since the events in the East; it corresponded to the Ro­ recounted in the Hebrew Bible took man denarius . Mention of the drachma Numismatists have long valued coins place before the middle of the sixth cen­ in the New Testament occurs in the gos­ as transcendent relics of the past that tury BeE. or before the time when coins pel of SI. Luke in the familiar story of bear witness to vanished civilizations formed the basis of the monetary sys­ the "lost drachma," which becomes an and cultures. Other scholars have sought tem. $ On the other hand, mentions in the analogue for the repentant sinner, whose numismatic evidence to support their Hebrew Bible of weights, if not coins, are contrition spares him the agony of eter­ own research, with bi blical scholars in rather common. Thus, the oft-mentioned nal damnation (Luke 15.8-9) : particular relying upon coins to eluci­ Jewish shekel, li ke the Greek stater or the dale thorny scriptural problems (such as British pound, appears in the Bible as a Either what woman having ten Jesus' engagement with contemporary weight, and only later is applied to mon­ drachmae, ifshe lose one drachma, doth political issues),1 to shed light on civil ey as a coin denomination.6 not light a candle, and sweep th e house, taxes,2 or to interpret miracle passages Textually unique in its myriad refer­ and seek diligently till she find it? And (such as the coin in the fish's mouth).J ences to Greek, Roman, Phoenician, when she hath found it, she calleth her Loaded with numismatic references, the Persian and Jewish coins, the Bible) friends and her neighbors together, say­ Bible contains numerous narratives and names the broad spectrum of coins in ing Rejoice with mefor j have found the parables that pi vot on coins. While such circulation in late antiquity: the as drachma, which I had lost. stories communicate sacred truths and (bronze), the dadc (Persian gold coin), moral lessons 10 the faithful, they also the denarius (Roman silver coin), the Yet in spite of SI. Luke's mention of afford fascinating "numismatic win­ drachma (standard silver Greek coin, them, contemporary drachmae did not dows" in to the social, economic and equivalent to the denarius), the didrach­ exist. Drachma may just have been an­ political mores of the late antique world. rna (worth two drachmas), the lepton or other name for the denarius,8 which had But which bibl ical stories depend mite (the smallest uni t of currency in the the slime value as the Greek silver coin upon coins and 10 which coins does the New Testament), the mina in ordinary transactions, although in (actually a weight rather government payments made to the Ro­ than a coin, the equivalent mans, the drachma was taxed at three­ of 50 shekels), the quadrans fourths the value of the denarius.9 Or, it (one-quarter as), the shekel may have been, as Spijkerman contends, (basic unit of weight in He­ that some drachmae from earlier times brew coin, equivalent of were still in eireullltion. 10 four denarii), the Slaler or In any case, the drachma is not the tetradrachma (equivalent of silver coin ordinarily mentioned in the four drachmas), and the tal­ New Testament. Several other silver ent (the largest weight equiv­ coins occur with greater frequency, in­ alent to 3,600 shekels; as a cluding the didrachma, the stater, the monetary unit, the talent shekel, and most often, the denarius. Figure I- Romon Empire; Potin Tetradrachma, equaled 6,000 drachmas). Coins of other negotiable metals are ref­ Aurelian (270-275), Alexalldria.( Enlarged photo Named in the Hebrew erenced in the New Testament, though courtesy of eNG, Inc.) Bible and once in the New none appro ach silver in the frequency Testament, the drachma was of their mention. No fewer than three denominations of brass coinage are cit­ ed, while gold coins are only indirectly referred to by SI. Matthew 10.9:

Ancient Coins Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor z • Mail Bid Sales VIII! Out mternl'f Ille or brass in your purses. t?1 l~ • Fixed Price Lists \l \\ ".rosenhlumcoins.com ~ W • Buy or Bid Sales Repeated references in the New Tes­ ~.~ • Numismatic Literature tllment to ancient coins of differing prov­ enance and denomination reflect the + multifarious state of monetary systems Specializing in moderate priced ludaean coins (serious want-lists solicited) &!i"J'i: during the first century. Circulating with Roman coins were Greek coins based on the standard, if not currenl, Attic drachma and its derivatives. Tetradrach-

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October 2006 7 mae were struck in the name of the em­ And there were dwelling ar Jerusa­ tuary in Jerusalem expected of every peror until the third century in the Hel­ lem Jews, devoUl mell, 0 11 1 of every 110- male Jew throughout the Second Tem­ lenistic cities of Pergamum, Antioch. tioll IIlider heavell. ple period. and elsewhere. In Egypt, debased im­ Tyrc, one of the great cities of an­ perial tetradraehmae, struck at Alexan­ The Greek didr:lehma is mentioned cient Phoenicia. and mentioned fre­ dri a by the end of the third ccntury, in Matthew 17.24 as the tribute coin re­ quently in the Bible, prospercd at ncar­ sha red valuation with the denari us II rsee quired of all Jcws, and thus expected of Iy all times of its long and glorious hi s­ Figure I on page 6]. Besides the Ro­ Jesus and $1. Peter: tory. Saekcd by Alexander the Great man and the Greek systems of coin age in 333-332 BC and annexed by the Ro­ - albeit the bulk of the latter compris­ And whell rhey were come to Caper­ mans in 64 Be, Tyre retained various ing essentiall y "sub-Roman" coinage ­ IUl llIn, rhey rhar receh'ed the didrachmue degrees of autonomy. flouri shi ng in was a third, for the Jews were required came TO Sr. Peter alUi said, "Dolh 110 1 commerce and industry. even in the by the Roman government to pay their )'Ollr masrer pay the didrachma?" face of foreign dominion. taxes in coins of yet anothcr standard: In 126 BC, Ty re began to issue an the Phoenician. ll But therei n lies the enigma, for there important series of sil ver and bronze The di versity of currencies in circu­ were no contemporary didrachmae. The coins with many types. Of thesc, the lation duri ng the fi rst century contrib­ imperial mints at Antioch and Caesarea, two princi pal denominations of si lver utcd to the demand for the infamous set up after 17 AD to provide coinage coin s were the tetradrachma or heavy moneychangcrs spoken of in the Bible. for Syria and parts of Asia Minor, pro­ sheke l. and the didrachma or light shek­ Annuall y, every adult male Jew was re­ duced provincial silver and copper coins el, weighing about 220 and 110 grams quired to pay a half-shekel or di drach­ based on the Phoenician standard. Thcse respectively. Tyrian didrachmae, were ma for the upkeep of the public ser­ consi sted chiefl y of drachmae and tet­ considerably less common than were vices of the Temple of Jerusalem. The radrachmae, 1I 0t didrachmae. In any tetradrachmae; in fact, didrachmae were New Testament record s that :1 vast case, these coins arc too late to be taken only rarely struck at Tyrc du ring the fi rst number of persons coming from many into consideration. since although vast half of the first century AD, and ceased diffc rent nations visited and settled in numbers of these must have circulated to bc struck there altogether after that the great ancient city. These people in the Holy Land in the second century, ti me. 1s Available didrachmae must have provided moneychangers with clients. they could not have circulated there in been in great demand among the Jews especially Jews, seeking coi ns accept­ numbers of any consequence during the for payment of the temple ta)[. Thc gcn­ I able to the Romans fnr payment of tax­ lifetime of Jcsus. ' Scholars believe eral ~ca r c i t y of didrachmae, however, eS,l l in exchangc for the thei r local rathcr that the Tyrian shekel, because of mU St have fostered the custom for two currency brought by the Jews ex omlli its stabi li ty in a volatil e currency mar­ persons to unite in paying thi s tax, bet­ mu ione (Acts 2.5): ket, remained the offering for the sane- ter known as the Tribute Money.16 This would seem to be confirmed by the Bi ble's account of the Tri bute Money. St. Matthew 17.27 recounts FRANK L. KOVACS the instructions of Jesus to St. Pctcr in res ponse to the demand for the Ancient Coins & Antiquities didrachma:

Notwithstandillg, lest we shoilld oj­ fend them, gotholl 10 the sea, and cast (/ www.frankkovacs.com hook alld take up the fish that first cometh up; and when thou hast opened his mOll lh, Iholl shalt filld a staler: that and now additional coins also at take, alld give lIntOthemfo r me alld thee.

www.vcoins.comlfrankkovacs Clearly, the problem of paying the temple tax of the didrachma at a ti me when such coins were scarce was solved Specializing over 30 years in Greek and Roman coins by teamwork. Two persons made a com­ mon fisc al payment in the fonn of a tet­ radrachma, twice the value of the didrachma. This passage holds further Advanced collectors especially will benefit reward for those individuals interested in biblical mentions of ancient coins, for from my expertise and resources it contains the sole New Testament men­ tion of the stater. Originall y an ancient Greek dcnom­ ination for both gold and silver, the word frank @frankkovacs.com (4 15) 945-9916 stater deri ves from the G reek word histall ai, meaning to cause to weigh. fax (4 15) 945-99 16 Indeed, the term stater was fi rst applied P.O. Box 7 150 · Corte Madera, Californi a 94976 as a unit of weight and only latcr adopt-

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October 2006 9 ed as a term for a coin denomi­ system, constitute measurements nation. From its occurrence in of weight and occur in biblical the mouth of the fi sh, and meant narrative as expressions of very as a payment for both Jesus and large sums of money. Of far SI. Peter, the stater is believed to greater significance is the denar­ have been a heavy shekel from ius, the most freque ntly me n­ Tyre, or another tetradraehma o n tioned coin in the Bible. the Phoenician strmdardY Thus In all , the denarius is named the slater, which was the equiv­ no fewer than sixteen times: 19 alent to fou r drachmae, provid­ Matthew mentions the denarius ed the successor to the tet­ six limes,lO Mark th ree times,?1 radrachmae of the fonne r kings Figure 2- The " Trib!de Penny" - a dena rillS of the Luke three times,22 and Jo hn of Syria, after that region, con­ Emperor Tiberius, 14-37. (Enlarged pllOlO courtesy twice.23 The denarius is also men­ quered by Pompey in 63 Be. of eNG, In c.) tioned once in Ac\s,.1A and once became a Roman province. again in the Book of Revelation. 2! Along with staters, two other Not surprisingly, SI. Matthew. a multiples of drachmae used to express called his own servants and delivered tax coll ector for the Roman government very large sum s of money, may be men­ unto them his goods. And /IIUO ail e. he and thus most famili ar with Roman cur­ tioned: the minH, equi valent to one hun­ gave five ta/ems, fa another fWO. (lnd fO rency, provides the greatest number of dred drachmae, and the talent, equiva­ another one; 10 every I/Ial! according 10 fi scal references in his gospel. lent to six thoustl1ld drachmae. The mina his ability; and slraifj hlll'ay look his Originally the equivalent often cop­ is mentioned by SI. Luke 19.1 3: journey. Th en he Ihat had received Ih e per asses. from which was derived its five talents went alld lradell wilh the name, the denarius in actuality was the Ami he called his l ell sen rants, alld same, al/d made aI/other five fa/elliS. only legal sil ver coin in the western half delil re red them tenlllinl1s, lind said IInto And likewise he Ihal had receive(/Iwo, of the Roman Empire. 16 It constituted them, Occ,:upy till I cOllie. he also gained another two. IJII I Ite I{WI the mai nstay of both the late Republi­ Irad receivell one went al/ll diggel/ inlhe can and imperial monetary systcms. All The Parable of the Talents lS by St. earth. al/ll hill his IOIT!'!>' IIIOlley ... govcrnment revcnues. including pecu­ Matthew 25. 14-28 and Luke 19: 12-27: niary charges such as taxes and tolls. Unlike the stater, which waS ~. coin fi nes imposed by a Roman cO Ul1 or any For the kingdom of heaven is as a denomination, the talent and the mina, other sums levied by the state thro ugh­ IIIml traveling illlo 1I ftlr COIIIIII)', who true to the Greek and ori ental monetary o ut the e mpire, were calculated accord­ ing to the denarius. Z1 Everyday wages and prices were also computed in COI1- fonnity with this standard denomination. Wages for field workers in biblical times ANTIQUA INC. were fi xed at a denarius a day; the cost of basic foodstuffs was also reckoned • Speciali zi ng in ancient art and numi s­ against the legal value of this coin. Just as the government's income to the pub­ mati cs with an emphasis on quality, li c treasury was figured in tcrms of the rarity, and desirability denarius, so too were its expenditures rendered; in this way were the army and • Over 25 years of profess ional experti se the civil service paid. The most famous biblical story con­ • Regular and active presence in the cerning a Roman tax assesscd at the val­ international marketplace ue of a denarius is that of the Tribute Money. The incident itself admirably il­ • Fu ll y illustrated catalogues fealuring lustrates the diversity in the currency of carefull y selected material the fi rst century. In the fi rst part of the biblical dr.una, recounted by 51. Mat­ • Representation for serious collectors thew 17.27, the coin that Jesus instru ct­ at all major international aucli on sales ed SI. Peter to extract from the fi sh's mouth is a stater, or, in other words. a • Appraisals, market advice, liquidati on coi n equivalent to a tetradrachma o n the advice and professional courtesy to all oriental standard. In the second part of the story. recounted by 51. Matthew 22. 19- interested parties 2 1. St. Mark 12.15, and SI. Luke 20.25, • Visit our web site: Antiquainc.com the ancient coin in question is ne ither Greek nor Phoenician. but Roman, and A fully illustrated catalogue sent upon request spccitically, the Roman denarius. Whi le teaching in the temple of 20969 VENTURA BLVD., SUITE #11 TEL: 8 18-881-0011 Jerusalem, Jesus aroused the anger and WOODLAND HI US, CA 91364 FAX: 818-887-0069 jealousy of the Phari sees, who detcr- E-Mail: [email protected]

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October 2006 11 through his observation and remark upon the image and superscription, in other words, the profile port rai t of the Roman emperor and its identifying Lat· in legend on the obverse of the coi n. The denarius in question must have been that of the reigni ng emperor Ti bcrius,2s and the concl usive command by Jesus to "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's" provides a forthright identifi· cation of the coin with the Roman em­ peror [see Figure 2 on page 101 . Given the importance of this bibli· cal talc, it comes as a surprise that this drama almost never receives pictorial Figure 3-Masaccio. Tribllle Money. 1420s. Fresco. Brancacci Chapel, Sallta Maria (lei expression in the history of art . with Carmille, Flo rence. one striking exception. The brilliant young II nl ian Renaissance artis t mined to rid themselves of his annoy· of which no chnrge could be placed Masnccio represented the Tribute ing presence. Hoping to incrimin ate against him (MI. 22. 19-2 1): Money in fresco in the Brancacci Jesus wilh his own words and force him Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Flo· inadvertent ly to commit treason. nn of­ Show me the tribute money. And they renee, circa 1427 [Figure 3J. fense punishable by dcmh, they posed hrought him a denarius. And Jesus :ioilh In the center of the painting, Jesus. the leading question (Mt. 22. 17): unto them. Whose is this image and suo surrounded by his apostles at the en­ perscriptioll? They say limo him, Cae· trance to the Roman town of Caper· Tell liS therefore, what tltinkest sar's. Theil saith he IInto them, Render naum, fi nds himself confronted by the rholl: Is il law/ul to give tribl/te III/to there/ore u"to Caesar the things which brash young tax collector, who demands Caesar, or not? are Caesar·s. Render unfo God the payment of the temple tax. Jesus turns things that are God's. toward 5 1. Pelcr (stand ing on his right) Not an easy mark for such chicanery, and directs him to the shore of Lake Jesus outsmarted his would·be assassins Num is mnticn ll y observa nt, Jesus elu· Galil ee, informing hi m to go there and with his memorable reply on the basis cidntes th e provenance of the coin retrieve the tax coin from the fis h's mouth. Visibly shaken by this incredible directi ve, SI. Peter's right arm echoes that of Jesus ((X)in ting to the water) as he strug­ NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA gles to make sense of his lord 's command. Dutifu ll y following instructions. 51. Peter ANCIENT COINS AND MEDALS appears again on the far left side of the GREEK - ROMAN - BYZANTINE - MEDIEVAL - RENAISSANCE composition, squatting and prying open the fi sh's mouth to extract the coin. Ap· AUCTIONS - LISTS pcarin g for the third time'on'lhe far right of the corn)Xlsition, St. Peter places the VALUATIONS tribute money in the hand of the tax col­ lector and fulfills the command to "Ren· der unto Caesar the th ings whi ch are Cae· sar's."29 Scholars have suggested that Masaccio's depiction of a biblical scene in which Jesus appears to condone taxa· tion may be understood as a commentary on the contemporary catasto or stale in· come tax that the Aoren tincs were debat· ing at the time. If Jesus wi lli ngly pays taxes, th e visual message would seem to Catalogues upon request imply that so too should the Florentines! annual subscri ption rate USS 80. Such is one menti on - albeit a particu· larl y signifi cant one - in the New Testa­ NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA AG ment of the Roman denarius. Other refer· Niederdorfslrasse 43 3rd Floor Gen3vco House ences todenarii areofinterest for the light they shed on the purchasing power of PO Box 2655 17 Waterloo Place money in ancient times, an area in which C H-8022 Zurich London SWIY 4AR the Bible provides remarkably few in· Tcl. +4144 261 17 03 Tel. +44 207 839 7270 dications; this in spite of the Bible's fre· Fax. +4144 261 S3 24 Fax, +44 207 92S 2174 quellt references to business transactions [email protected] info@arscJassicacoins,com and money matters of all sorts. www.arscJ assicacoins.com

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October 2006 13 At times these transactions were any­ food for the hungry crowd. To this end, Rather than wasting it on Jesus, it might thing but ordinary, as would be indicated he instructed his disciples to feed the large have been sold, some felt indignantly, for by the valuation of the magical books in gathering, though the disciples had be­ three hundred denarii or more, the proceeds Acts 19.19 at 50,OOOdenarii: (they count­ tween them provisions consisting only of from which might have been distributed ed the price and jound it fifty thousand five loavcs of bread and two small fishes. amongst the poor: denarii). Yet, from our modem vantage Perplexed as to how they might accom­ point this bit of information does lillic to plish this fonnidable task with such lim­ Mark 14:5. For it might have beell sold elucidate the contemporary value of the ited resources, and estimating !.hat they for more Ihan Ihree hundred denarii, and denarius. Much more revelatory of the would need some two hundred denarii for hnve beell given to the poor. vastness of the debts mentioned in the the purchase of the food, they replied sar­ gospels by Matthew 18.28: (jound one of donically, Mark 6.37: Shalf we go and buy John 12:5. Why was notlhis uintment hisjellow servants who owed him an hlln· two hundred denarii WOrll! of bread and sold jor three hundred delwrii, and given dred denarii), and by Luke 7.41: (One give Ihem to eat?; while according 10 SI. to the poor? owed 500 denar;i, and the other 50), is John 6.7, the apostle Philip assured Jesus: Matthew's discussion of the cost of labor, Two hurulred denari; worth of bread is /JiJt Twice more in the New Testament de­ in which we learn that in New Testament sufficient for them, that every one of them narii are mentioned in connection with the times a day's wages for working in the may take a little. Yet, the pragmatic apostlcs purchasing power of money in ancient vineyards was a denarius (Mt. 20.2): (He had not figured on the aid of a mimdc. times. We have already seen one indica­ had agreed with the laborers a denari­ The second biblical story, whlch in­ tion in the amount of wages paid daily to usa day); 20-9:(they received every man volves Jesus personally and mentions de­ workers in the vineyards. Another such a single denarius); 20.10: (and Ihey like­ narii specifically, concerns thc price orthc indicator may be found in the price offood­ wise received everyma/l a denarius); ointment purchased by a woman for the stuffs, particularly wheat and barley. Thus, and, 20.1 3: (didsl nOllhou agree wilh purpo~ of soothingJcsus, though on what from the Book of Revelation 6.6, we learn me for a denarius?). part of Jesus' body the ointment was to that in the lirst century, wheat was three The numismatic narratives involving be used varies, depending on the gospel times as costly as barley; the value of both, Jesus and denarii stand out among the most account: his hcad, according to the gos­ of course, assessed against the standard familiar stories in the Bible. The first of pel orst. Mark, and his feet, according to unit of currency, the Roman denarius:>1 these, recounted in all four gospels,JO the the gospel orst. John. On one point, how­ story of the Miracle of the Loaves and ever, the two evangelists are in complete A choenix ofwheat/or a denarius, and Fishes tells that Jesus, already having agrccment. Theointment brought to Jesus Ihree choenices of barley jor a denarius. cured a multitude of people suffering from by the woman generally identified as a variety of maladies, wished to provide Mary Magdalenc was very expensive. The last remaining mention in the New Testament of denarii occurs in what iscer­ tainly one of the most famous biblical sto­ ries: the Parable of the Good Samaritan. This parable, as reported by SI. Luke, is so fundamental to Christian moraJ attitudes and religious beliefs that it is told in the words of Jesus hlmself.lt seems that a cer­ 1~ ~tbitbal tain lawyer, wishing to achieve salvation, ,. questioned Jesus as to how this might be accomplished. It was his understanding, he said, that to inherit eternal life one must love God w ith all one's heart and soul, and ~tlbtr love one's neighbor as one's self. But, he asked Jesus, how shall he identify his neighbor? To this Jesus responded in the fonn of a parable (Luke 10.30-35):

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October 2006 15 And on Ihe morrow when he depan­ Numismatically interesting for its men­ gests that the Bible provided a primary and ed, he took oul two denarii, and gave tion of the sum of two denarii as the price sign ificant source for the stimulation of them to the host, and said IInto him, of accommodation and care of the wound­ consciousness about ancient coins during Take care of him: and whatsoever tholl ed man at the inn, this biblical drama piv­ the late antique and into the medieval pe­ spendesl more, when I come again, I ots on the mention of an ancient coin. The riod. This in no way implies, however, will repay thee. frequency of such mentions sfrongly sug- that systematic studies of ancient numis­ matics were un dertaken at this early date; merely an awareness of ancient coins, which contributed to what developed into a veritable fascination with them as evi­ denced by the great variety of uses to which coins were put in the Middle Ages. There remains to be considered only one further reference to silver coins in the New Testament: the infamous "Thirty Pieces of Silver," the blood-money for which Judas betrayed Jesus. For allhough the denarius complised the standard mon­ etary unit throughout the Roman Empire during the lifetime of Jesus. the "Thirty Pieces of Silver" generally are thought not to be denarii at all. Known popularly in the Middle Ages as "Judas-Pennies," the "Thirty Pieces" had a long and fascinating history as sanc­ tified relics of the Betrayal of Jesus, In­ terestingly, however, none of the professed ''Thirty Pieces" was actually a coin of the kind that was in circulation in Palestine in the time of Jesus. Though all fouroftheevangc!isL~ recount Figure 4-The Crucifixion and suicide of Judas, Rome (?), circa 425. Ivory, 3 x 4 in. the story of Judas' betrayal of Jcsus,l' only The British Museum, London. SI. Manhew 26,15, true to his concern for precise fiscal accounting befitting a t.'lX.-col­ lector, names the price of the act of betrayal at thirty pieces of silver: Edward J. Waddell, Ltd. ,\ ncient Coin Specialist And said IInto them, what will ye give me, and' will deliver him unto you? And rhey covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver.

The "Thirty Pieces" are shortly

Then Judas, who had betrayed him, when he .\'{/w that he was condemned, re­ pented himself, and brought the thirty piec­ es of silver to the chiefpriests and elders. Saying, , have sinned in that J have be­ trayed the innocellf blood. And they said, What is that to us? And he cast down the pieces afsilver in the temple, depart­ ed, and went alld hanged himself

In a remarkable bte antique ivory re­ lief in the British Museum [see Figure 4 on page 16], the scenes of the Crucifixion and the hanging of Judas, both among the earliest in the history of art, take place side by side. Judas' dead body hovers over the open money bag with the conspicuous sil­ P. O. Box 3759, Frederick, MD 21 705 ver coins spilling out. Between Judas and Ph onc:(30 I) 473-&>00 or (HOO) 381-63% Fax: (01) 473.s716 · E·mail:",I@co;n.com

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October 2006 17 Christ stand the Virgin Mary and St. from the fish's mouth and give it to the cur, brass coinage nonetheless com­ John the Evangelist, with the twisted fig­ tax-collector as a combined payment for the mands our attention, for it constitutes yet ure of LDnginus the Centurion looking apostle and himself of the annual tax of the another major group of references in the upward on Christ's left. didrachma required of adult Jewish men for Bible to ancient coins. If the infamous coins of the betrayal the upkeep of the temple of Jerusalem. No fewer than thrcc denominations of of Christ were not Roman denarii , Roman brass coinage alone find what were they? Certainly, they mention in the New Testament: the were not the thick Jewish shekels as or assarion, the dupondius, and of the period of the revolts, and the quadrans. The as comprised the consequently too latc to be taken oldest monetary unit of the Romans into consideration. On the other and was originally equal to one hand, it has been suggested that pound of metal, the pound having the "Thirty Pieces" actually were twelve ounces or ullciae; hence, its Tyrian tetradrachmae, since the appellation the as lihralis, a tenn payment for the betrayal was often used to indicate its pound made from the temple treasury, wcight. With the minting of silver which accepted, and hence paid, coins in 269 BC, the as, then val- in silver coinage from Tyrc [see Figure 5-A Shekel of Tyre, perhaps the type of coin ued at one-tenth of a denarius, was Figure 5lY Thus, the "Thirty that Judas was paid with to betray Jesus. (Enlarged dcvalucd to one-sixteenth of a de­ Pieces of Silver," if indeed Phoe­ photo courtesy of CNG, Inc.) narius, the beginning of a series of nician tetradrachmae from the debasements that gradually re­ temple treasury, would havc been duced the weight of the as from its the equivalent of one hundred-twenty de­ With our discussion of the "Thirty original twelve ounces or pound weight nani, rather than thilty denarii . the here­ Pieces of Silver," we have exhausted the to one of only half an ounce.34 In the New tofore presumed, but perhaps erroneous references in the New Testament to an­ Testament, the tenn as occurs in Matthew price of betrayal, which will forever be cient silver coinage of any kind. be it 10.29 and in Luke 12.6, though in the Vul­ associated with that infamous deed. Sl. Greek, Phoenician, or Roman, Therc re­ gate edition of the latter, the denomina­ Matthew's account (17.27) of the Tribute mains to be considered only the brass coin­ tion dupondius, or double as, occurs in its Money lends even greater credibility to age of thc New Testament. Although not stead. The dupondius originally weighed this theory. It will be recalled in that inci­ nearly as signilicant as silver coinage, ei­ two pounds, withpondo, along with lihra, dent, Jesus instructed Sl. Peter to draw a ther in the frequency of its mention or in and libel/as, being synonymous of as. Du­ Slater, the equivalent of the telmdrachma, the contexts in which such references oc- pondius, then. is derived from duo pon­ dera, or two-pound weight, and further confirms the as as a pound weight.35 That no creature of nature, however little valued in this world, is ever for­ Are you interested in gotten by God is the message of the bib­ lical passages in which these denomi­ CHOICE WORLD COINS? nations occur: You should be receiving our publications Mt. 10.29. Are nol two sparrows sold FOUR TO SIX for an as? And one of them shall not fall AUCTION CATALOGUES ANNUALLY on the ground without your Father. Lk. 12.6. Are nOI jive sparrows sold Featuring RARE and CHOICE gold and silver coins of for a dupondius? And not one of them is the world as we ll as ancient coinage and world paper forgot/en before God. money. A sample catalogue is $25.00 postpaid, includes Prices Like the dupondius, the quadrans is Realized. An annual subscription is also available. The cost is another brass denomination ba<;ed on the $80 within the U.S. and $100 outside the U.S. as, the standard brass unit of value of the Roman systern ..J6 For this reason, it must Visit our web site at: have seemed to 51. Matthew 5.2637 to be www.ponterio.com the most appropriate coin to express the sum of money, which despite it~ meager value, must be paid before securing one's Ponterio & Associates, Inc. release from prison: 1818 Robinson Ave. San Diego, CA 92103 Thou shalt by 110 means come out 1-800-854-2888 or 619-299-0400 thence, lill though hast paid the utter­ Fax 619-299-6952 most quadrans...... E-mail: [email protected] PRG.-- #308 Elsewhere in the empire circulated Licemed Auction Company #968 coins of an even lesser value, twoof which Richard H. Ponterio - President

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October 2006 19 equaled a quadmns. One of these coins, pmlal! of the Mishnah.1'J This agrees pre­ pie livi ng at the time thought about and the mite, while measured against the Ro­ cisely with 51. Lu ke's usage of the ","'Ord used their coinage. And though biblical man standard, was itself nOl a Roman ooin. (1 2.59 I teU thee, thou ,~hllit IIOt depart narratives are not focused on numismatics Mention of the mite occurs in a p.1ssage thellce. till tlrOIl hast paid the ve,)' last per .se, many of the most fami liar biblical from the gospel of SI. Mark 12.42: mite), and suggests that in thc correspond­ stories circ ulate, as it werc, around a wide ing passage by 51. Matthew, cited above, assortment of ancient coins, and allow Alld there came a certain poor wid­ the substitution for the tc nn mite of the modem readers fascinated by these mon­ o w, (llId she threw ill two mites. which Roman denominntion quadrans merely etary artifacts of vanished cultures, to rc­ makes a quadrans. expressed the preference of the Roman construct the role and particularities of tax-gatherer for the system of accounting coins in the ancient world. The exact denomination of the mite is he knew so we ll. The mite, then, unli kc diffi cul t to detennine. An indication of the as and the quad ra n ~, both of which About tile lllllhor-Susan Solway holds its value from SI. Luke's rendition of the were struck at Rome, was, as previously a Ph.D. from Northwestern University and Sllmc biblical story of the widow's mite noted, nol a Roman coin, but a coppercoin is Professor of Art History at DePaul Uni­ (21.2) would be, wilhoul that of S I. Mark, of the type struck in Judaea by the Has­ versity. She has written on the role pl:lyed even more confusing to readers familiar monaean and Herodian princes and their by ancient coi ns as ve hi cles of the classi­ onl y with the Roman system of account­ predecessors, and continued by the Ro­ cal tradi tion and source-s of medieval ico­ ing; si nce St. Luke's account makes no man procurators themselves. These nography in theArt Blil/erill, and publi shed attempt to equate the two, and thus make small coins, some of which do not weigh articles on Frank Lloyd Wright. Long in­ th e coin's value comprehensible to Roman more than fift ee n to twenty grams. had terested in the role of coins in medieval readers: only a local circulation. Nevertheless, vis ual culture, she is currently working on these were probably the coins most of­ a volume of collected essays on this topic. Alld he saw a/,w a certain poor Will· ten used in minor everyday transactions, ow castillg in thither two mites. and were probably also accepted by the Endnotes imperial government as payment of I R. Bauc kham, The Bible ill Politics: Ofte n identified with the Greek lepton, sums less than a denarius. How /0 read the Bible Poliliclllly (London: the mite, from the word lIIil/wl/lII. is the Indisputably the New Testament pro­ SPCK. t 989), 73-84. 1 F.F. Bruce. "Render to Caesar," JItSIIS lowest denomination of all b ra~s coinage vides an unparalleled treasure trove of (111(/ lite Polilics of hiI Do)" cds. E. Bamme t mentioned in the New Testament Mean­ numismatic references and a wealth of and C. ED. Moul e (Cam bridge: Cambridge ing literally the smallest piece of money,>II historic insight into the coins that circu­ Unive rsit y Press, 1984),249-63. or just a trifling thing, the coin mentioned lated in antiquit y, AO'o rding numismatic J R. Ballckham, "Coin in the Fish's Mouth ," in these passagcs is usually idcnti fied with windows into the biblical past. the New in D. Wenh am and C. Blomberg (eds.) Go.~pel the proverbially smallest Jewi sh coin, the Testament allows us to glimpse ways pea- Perspectiw$. VI. The Mimcle.~uf }eSIlS (Shef. field: JSOT Press, 1986),219·52. • See L J. Kreitzer, Slrikillg New /Illt/ges: Romall /",perilll Coillllge llnd lire New Test(l· melll World (She ffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996), with extensive bibliography_ ' Minted cu i na~'C wa~ in vented in the seventh century BCE by peoples of Western Asia Minor, and spread r.!pi dly by the G reek.~ and Persi:ms, with coi ns intR.Jduccd to the Levant by the sixth ce ntury and minted loca ll y by the fifth. l~ •• UUU coins 6 For bibliography on Jewish coi ns and h Up :llwww.cgb.fr/iodexgb.html Roman coins associated with Judaea, see Kreitzer 230·32. Ancients (GreekIRoman) T The King James Bible has been used in Celtics thc prcpantlion of this text. I A. Spijkennan, "Coinage," New Cath· French Royals olic Ellcyclopedia, III, New York, 1967,986. Merovingians ' A.R.S. Ke nnedy. "Money." in A Ok· Feudals limUlry of the Bible, J. Hast ings, cd .. 111 , IOt~ impreSs ion. Londo n, 1935. 428; also, Medievals S. W. Stevenso n. II Dictionary of Roman French tv.Ioderos COilIS. Sc: aby 's Numismati c Pu bli cations. Lo ndon, t 964,3 t 8. 46, rue Vivienne I" Spijkennan 986. 75002 PARIS II These comprised the last newly mint· ed Greek eoins wit hin the Roman system: 33(0)1 42.33.~ 5.99 1. Poneous, Coills in H i.~lOry, New York. E-mai .{r 1969, 8ff. fig.7. II The Phoen icians began 10 coi n mon­ ey on ly about the middle of the fifth cen· tury B.C" although they traded wi th th e Greeks from at least the nin th century B.C.: C. Roebuck, Th e World of Allciellt Tim es . New York. 1966, 12lff. II For a discussion of the hi story of Ro· rmm and lewish laxation practi ces, see W. 20 The Gelator Horbury. "Thc Tcmple Tax," in (eds.) E. them also reccived a denarius), MI. 20.13 sec P. Grierson. Nlimisnwtics, London, Bammel and C. ED. Moule. Jesus alld Ih e ('· ... Didn·t you agree to work for a denari­ 17 ff, and Steve nson 3 16f. Politics of his Day (Cambridge: Cambridge us?'"). Mt. 22. 19 ("Show me theroin used for 17 Nonetheless. the Roman government University Press. 1984). 265-86. paying the tax." They brought him a denarius.) accepted payment of sums less than a denari­ I' Kennedy 428. 11 Mark 6.37 ("That woul d lake eight us in local copper coinage: Kennedy 427. " M. Price. Coil/sand Ihe Bible. London. months ofa man's wages. about two hun­ 1:1 For a disc ussion of the denarii of 1975, 17f. On Tyrian tetradrachmae as th e dred denarii."). Mark 12. 15 (" Bring me a Tiberius and possible identifications of the "staters" mcntioned in the New Testmnent, denarius and let !ne look a\ i\."). Mark trihute coin: Hart 241-48. see G. P. Hill. n'e Melallie Portraits of 14.5 ("' It could have been sold for more 19 Tribute Money is 8'1'" x 19' 7". F. Christ; The False Shekels; The Thirty Piec­ than three hundred denarii ."). Harl. Hislory of Italian Renaissance Arr; esofSilver, Oxford, 1920. 115f, fig. 66. n Lukc 7.41 COne owed hi m five hun­ Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, fourth 16 On the coin that SI. Pctcr took from the dred denarii and the other fifty."), Luke ed. (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994). fish's mouth: J.D.M. DCITCl1. "Peter's Pen­ 10.35 (The nCllt day he took oul two de­ 194-96. colorplate 39. ny:' in Law in Ill e New Te.f1amenl (London: narii and gave them to the in nkeeper.). Luke )0 M:lu hew 14:13-21, Mark 6:30-44. Darton. Longman & Todd. 1978). 248-49; 20.24 ("'S how me a denarius. Whose por· Lukc 9: I O· t 7. John 6:5-1 3. H.SU . Hart. ''1beooin of ' Rendcn oCacsar. ,.: trail and inscription arc on itT'). 1I A choen ix equals roughly one quart. in cds. E Brumnel and C.ED. Mou le,Jesusalld 1J John 6.7 ("Eight months wages or IZ Matthew 26: 14-16. Mark 14: 10-1 1. the Poliricsofhi.f /J(IY (Cambridge: Cambridge two hundred denarii would not buy Lu ke 22:3-6. John 13:2. Unjve~ity Press, 1984).24148. enough bread for each one to have a JJ Spijkerman 986. 11 Hil l 115f. This opinion is also held by bi te.") , John 12.5 ("Why wasn't thi s per­ 34 On th e as and its role in the develop­ Spijkerman 986 and Kennedy 428. fume sold and th e money gi ven to the mcnt of Roman coinage, see Grie rson 17ff. II Accordin g to the NIV (New l"tenwtiOI! - poor? It was worth about three hundred and especially Stevenson 83ff. 01 VersiOIl) SlJIdy Bible (Grand Rapids: dcnarii."). I' Stevenson 83ff and 350 for th e du­ Zondcrvan Pu blishing House. 1995). 1476. 1< Acts 19.1 9 (Wh en they calculated pondius; 134ff for brass coinage generall y. 'The present day use of 'talcnt" to indicate an th e value of Ihe scrolls. the total came to .16 Stevenson 67 1. abili ty or gift is derived from Ihis parable." fi ft y thousand denarii.) J7 Thi s passage corresponds 10 SI. Lu ke I ~ The concordance of the Vulgatc used !'I Book of Revelation 6.6 ("T hen I 12:59. in the preparation of this tex t is B. Fischer. heard what sounded li ke a voice among }l J. M. Harden. Dic/ionary of/he Vul­ cd .• NOI'ae concordanli(le Bibliomm Sac­ the four living creatures saying •. A quart gare New TU lamem. London. 192 1. 75~ rorum ;fUW I'"/gawm vers;onem critice of wheat for a dcnarius. and three quarts Price 18, figs. 28-29. ediram. 5 'lois. (Stuttgart: Frommann-Hotz­ of barley fo r a denarius.'''). 19 The Mi shnah. or lext of the Hebrew boog. 1977), :16 Kennedy 427. The revaluation of Oral Law, together with the Aramaic Ge­ ll,l Mt. 18.28 ( ... owed him a hundred de­ the denarius circa 217 BC from ten asses mara, a sort of comment ary on the Mish­ narii). Mt. 20.2 (He agreed 10 pay them a de­ to sixteen asses erased the reason for its nah, compri se th e Talmud. narius a day ... ), Mt. 20.9 (. .. cach [workcrl re­ name, whic h nonetheless rema ined un­ ceived a denarius). Mt. 20. 10 (But eoch one of changed. On the origi ns of th e denari us.

October 2006 21 The Tribute Penny Debate Revisited

CE), who reigned at the time of the Show me a denarius. (O£l~at£ J.lOt by Rev. Peter R. Dunstan & gospel story. Other suggestions in­ oEVaptov) "Whose likeness and in­ clude one of the more common silver scri ption has it?" They said "Caesar's." Walter C. Holt, M.A. dcnarii of Augustus. who reigned from He said to them, "Then render to Cae­ 27 BCE- 14 CE (that with the Caesars sar the things that are Caesar's and to Caius and Lucius on the reverse), or God the things that are God's". (Luke A reconsideration of the identi­ one of the contemporary si lver provin­ 20:24-25.) cial coins issued in the region local to ty of the Tribute Penny the stated events, particularly at near­ As may be seen in the above texts, by Antioch.2 each of the three gospels explici tl y In recent years, there has been con­ The biblical passages concerning states that the coin brought 10 or shown siderable debate over the identity of the identity of the Tribute Penny are to Jesus that day in Jerusalem was a the coin that has come to be known as located in three separate but relat ­ denarius, with each text unambiguous­ the Tribute Penny.l This was the coin ed texts within the Gospels of Mat­ ly using the Greek form of the coin's which, according to the Gospels of th ew, Mark and Luke. T hese are re ­ Latin name (denarius = OEVaptOv). Mallhew, Mark and Luke, was brought produced here: 3 Matthew gives the added info rmation to Jesus of Nazareth at his request that .Jesus, wh"en initially as ked about when he had been asked for hi s opin­ Show me the money fo r the tax (lit­ paying taxes, asks for "'to VOlltO"J.lUTOU ion on the issue of paying taxes to erally: 'coin of the Census'), and they KllVO"OU"4 (the coin of the Census). Cru­ Caes·ar. The purpose of this article is brought him a denarius. (f1tl0H~atE cially, however, Matthew then clearly to reflect on both the available numis­ Ilot TO VOIlHJIl-U ,au KTjVGOU. Ot O£ records that what was brought to Jesus matic and documentary (e.g. Biblical) npOGIlv£YKUV UUTOO o£VUptov). And was notjusl any coin, but a denarius (0£­ evidence and to attempt to develop a Jesus said to them, "Whose likeness vaptov). It is the usc of this exact term, more certain identification of the coin and inscription is this? "They said o£vapwv, that is most important. in question. "Caesar's." Then he said to them, ren- The Gnostic Gospel of Thomas, der therefore to Caesar the though considered apocryphal and things that are Caesar's, and to probably produced in the late 2nd cen­ God the things that are God's." tury CE, also records the story but with (Matthew 22: \9-21). the significant, and quite unlikely vari­ ation that the coin brought to Jesus was Bri ng me a denarius, and made of gold: let me look at it. And they brought one. ($EPE't"E ).l Ot OE­ They· showed Jesus a gold coin and vaptov tva tOW. Ot Of T]VEy­ said' to him, "The Roman emperor's A Tiberius Silver Denarius (RIC Lugdunum Kav) And he said to them. people demand taxes from us." He said 30) (Enlarged photo courtesy of Walter "Whose likeness and inscrip­ to them. "Give the emperor what be­ Holt's Old Money.) tion is this ?" They said to him, longs to the emperor, give God what "Caesar's," Jesus said to them, belongs to God, and give me what is "Render to Caesar the things mine." (Logion 100),5 The Tribute Penny has, most com­ that are Caesar's and to God the things monly, been identified as a silver de­ that are God's." (Mark 12:15-17) The above translation is a little mis­ narius of the emperor Tiberius (14-37 leading as it translates the Coptic word b. YNOyg as "a gold coin" (other trans­ lations read "a gold piece"). Reference to W. E. Cram's A Coptic Dictionary (Oxford 1939) reveals that the word NOYS is actually the word for "gold", but notes that the word can also mean "a coin" or simply "money". Modern scholarship has established catalogue on request the Gospel of Thomas as a later retell­ ing of this story, written some 15 0 or KIRK DAVIS more years after the events. With its obvious additions to the earlier gospel Classical Numismatics versions and its lack of clarity regard­ Post Office Box 324, Claremont, CA 9171 1 ing the identi ty of the actual coin, it is the refore a text that can have little ad­ Tel: (909) 625-5426 [email protected] ditional bearing on the question of the

22 The Celator identity of the precise coin Jesus held. Luke, as a col league of Paul, is believed It is apparent that the writers of all Little ex cept that if the original mean­ to have been writ ing for a Greek audi­ three gospels believed and understood in g was that th e coin was made of ence, whereas ancient tradition asserts that their readers, whether Roman, gold , then it enhances the argument that the gospel of Matthew at least owes Greek or Jewish, were all fami liar with that it must have been a Roman coin its ori gins to the tax-collector come the term "o£vaptOv" and what a de­ as there are no gold coins of th is time apostle Matthew, whose main audience narius was. Importantly, they used that with a portrait and/or name of specific word above all others. an emperor that are not Roman. It was used not merely because The alternative translation of it was a word th at was fami li ar simply "a coin" seems more ap­ to thei.r intended aud ience, but propriate and is preferred here. because the coin brought to, Most current scholarship shown to and held by Jesus was accepts that Mark's gospel was in fact a Roman denarius. The wri tten first. 6 Whether Matthew coin's name and identity was and Luke had Mark's gospel known across the empire and was before them when they wrote so well known as to become in­ their versions, and if so, to what corporated illio the lingua franca extent they may have been in­ of the region (i.e. Greek). fluenced by it , is the subject of El sewhere in the gospels of considerable debate. Mark 's A Phoenician Shekel of Tyre (Yr 32=9514 BeE). Matthew and of Luke there are Gospel is usuall y dated to the (En larged photo courtesy of eNG, E·Auction 102, explicit references 10 othe r late 50's CE with the Gospels lot 42.) Greek denominations, namely: of Luke believed to have been 0PCt.X'J(x (drachma), OIOPCt.X J1 Ct. written within the next 10 or 20 (didrachma), t£tpaopa:nlCt. years (prior to 70 CE) and Matthew is believed 10 have been Jewish. There (tetradrachma) and O"tCt.tTlp a (stater).& perhaps a further 10 years later and is the suggestion that Matthew original ­ With th is it becomes obvious that there probably aft er the fa ll of Jerusalem. ly wrote in Aramaic. So far, however, was a clear distinction in the writers' Whatever the actual date of com­ no early Aramaic copy of Matthew's minds between a denarius, that very position, ancient church traditio n gospel has been discovered. 7 Th is is Roman of coins, and a drachma or oth­ claims that Mark's primary source was worthy to note, as knowing the audience er denomination of Greek coin age. The the apostle Peter. Mark, it is thought, for such writings is often just as impor­ was writing for a Roman audience. tant as knowing the writer.

Numismatist

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October 2006 23 writers were not j ust offering a fa mi l­ changers would be changing all sorts Under Old Testament and Levitical iar and si mple term for a coin, as was of currency just as is done in most air­ Law, Jews were requ ired to make an done wi th the King James Vers ion of ports, banks and market places today. annual pi lgrimage to the Jerusalem Tem­ the Bible (1611 CE) which translated The presence of pilgrims in Jerus­ ple for Passover and as Acts 2:8 - 11 the Greek into an cquivalen t Engl ish alem, especiall y at Passover, seemS to records, Jews traveled from Romc and coin (the silver "penny"). They were have been somewhat overlooked in the all over the known world to Jerusalem writing for an aud ience that knew debate over the identity of thc Tribute at Passover. There had been a signifi ­ which coin was which. They cant Jewish population in Rome each knew their denari i from from the time of Pompey's uiumph their drachmae. in 62 BeE. Pompey had released Sc hurer9 records that Roman his Jewish capti ves after his tri­ Taxation, especially the po ll umph and they and their families tax:, had to be paid with coins had settled and remained in Rome bearing Caesar's pon rait while until the deeree of Claudius (41- the Temple Tax had to be paid 54 CE) forced Iheir depanure. in the coinage ofTyre (Phoeni­ The re were large Jewish c ia), hence the presence of populations throughout other money changers in the outer parts of the empire as we ll, as court of the Jerusa lem Temple. far a field as Gaul and Spain, What were the moncy chan gers A Phoenician Half-s hekel of Tyre (Yr 159=33/4 CE). and in many of the major me­ doing if not changi ng Rom an (Enlarged photo courtesy of GNG, Inc., Auction 64, tropolises includ ing Ephesus, denari i for Tyriun shekcls? lot 412.) Aphrodisias, Athens und Alexan- Of course, other coins werc dria. Quite conceivably, they all bcing exchanged as we ll , but would have used Roman currency with Jerusalem you have a place thai Penny. Until it s destruction by the (i.e. Ihe denari i used in their cveryday life has a large number of visiting travel­ Romans in 70 CE, the Jerusalem Tem­ in and aro und these cities) to fund their ers and particularly pi lgrims. This ple and hence Jerusalem wa$ a place travel to and lodgings in JeruSlllem. gathering of people from across the of annual pi lgrimage (like Ro me is fo r Pi lgrims upon coming to the Temple Empire together with a requirement Catholics. Mecca is for Muslims, the at Passover would pay their annual Tem­ for a tax in one currency and a require­ Ganges for Hindus, etc., and still to­ ple Tax of a half-shekel having Changed ment for offerings to be paid in anoth­ day Jerusalem remai ns so for Jews, their Roman coins inlO thc currency ac­ er wo uld indicate that the money Christ ians and Musli ms). ceptable to the Temple Treasury at one of thc many money changers that had on at Jeast one occasion so offended Jesus (John 2: 12- 16). These were the men who would gladly change a pil­ grim 's unacceptable coinage (including Roman denarii) into the acceptable Tem­ ple coi nage for a set or agreed fee. Con­ sequentl y, apart from common trade, Jerusalem had an independent soun:e of foreign cu rrency, namely the coinage brought in by Jewish pilgrims, from Rome and elsewhere, where Roman de­ narii. incl uding those issued by Tiberi­ us, were undoubtedly common. The Gospel accounts indicate that when Jesus asked the question "whose likeness and whose inscription is this" (apparently with the coin in hand), the answer given is '·CacsHr's." Clearly the coin in his hand was one that had 11 likeness (read: portrait) and insc r ip ~ tion thai was recognizable and known, to both the speaker and aud ience, to be that of ··Caesar." Visit our website www.astarteS8. com It is in this reference to Caesar that there li e.'> some ambiguity. It is more than likely to be a reference 10 the ruling emperor, Tiberius, than cither his pre­ decessor Augustus or the deified Ju­ TE li us Caesar (each of whom could prop­ Astarte S.A. · Vi8 Cantona le, t/a • CH ·6900 Lugano Swil~erland erly be referred to as "Caesar," though Phone +41919233640 · Fax +41 91 923271 8 · in loCastarte sB.com for di ffere nt reasons).

24 The Gelator The recorded text excl udes any pos­ A recently proposed candidate for the issues of Tiberius are especiall y sibility Ihat Ihe coin was either of the Ihe Tribute Penny is Ihe tetradrachm ra re with only a few examples known Tyrian denominations (shekel or half of Antioch that has the portrai t of fo r each of the two recorded types. The shekel =tet radrachm or didrachm) as Tiberius on the obverse and the por­ first Tiberian issue is undated (though neither of these had Caesar's port rait trait of Divus Augustus on the reverse assigned to "Earl y in the reign?") and or inscription. Nor, for that maller, did (RPC 4 161 ). Had thi s been the coin the second issue, wh ich has Tiberius any of the Republican denarii on the obverse and the Tyche of (should they be suggested), all of Antioch with the river-god which lack both an appropriate Orontes on the reverse (RPC portrai t and suitable inscription. 4 162), is dated to 35/6 CE, Some of the silver Greek Pro­ whic h is after the crucifixion of vi ncial issues, including those of Jes us, and cannot be the coin nearby Antioch in Syria, did in referred to in Ihe Gospels. Ne i­ fact have the ponrai! of Augus­ ther of these coins has been re­ tus andlor Ti beriu s, but these corded as ever being found in were not denarii bUi the much Israel and today both are ex­ larger and more val uabl e tel­ tremely rare. radrachms. It wo uld seem high­ For centuries, the accepted ly unli kely that Matthew (be­ An Augustus Tetradrachm of Antioch (Yr 30=2/1 identity of the Tribute Penny lieved to have been there at the BCE). (Enlarged photo courtesy of CNG, Inc., Auc­ has been a denarius of the Em­ Templ e with Jesus on the day in tion 60, lot 1293.) peror Tiberius (14-37 CE). It question, and 10 have been at was struck at the Lu gdunum An tioch and thus we ll aware of (Lyons) mint, and shows the what an Antioch tetradrachm was), Mark referred to, then the question asked by portrait of Tiberius and "his inscrip­ (recordi ng Peter, who had also been there) Jesus wou ld presumably have been in tion" on the obverse, and Livia seated and Luke (recording eyewitness testimo­ the plural, "whose port raits," and the and the inscription " Pontif Max im" on ny of persons who had been there) would word ""tH paOpa;(l.HX" would have the reverse (RIC 26, 28 and 30). This record the coin as a denarius if this were been stated somewhere, exactl y as had was the one type of denarius that was not the case (especiall y as both Matthew been done elsewhere in these texts. issued in great numbers continUOUSly and Luke refer several times to Greek The silver tetradrachms (equiva­ throughout the twenty-three years of coins by denomination elsewhere in their lent to 3 denarii) of Augustus from accounts of the events). Antioch are uncommon at best, and

Hadrian and Antinous I am seeking to purchase rare and/or excep­ ti onal coins of Hadrian and Antinous. If you might be interested in selling such coins or even a hoard that heavily con­ sists of coins of Hadrian and Antinous, then please contact me at [email protected]. If you pre­ fer contact by telephone, please call 202 445 7558.

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October 2006 25 his reign. His other type of denarius AnOl her signifi cant hoard of 4500 and the Te mple was bl ocked by the (reverse: triu mphal quadri ga) was only silver coins (found at Mt Carmel in besieging Ro man army. struck brien y at the begi nning of his 1960 and buried about 67 CE) com­ While there is no hoard evidence re ign and remains quite rarc. pri sed predominantly of Sheke ls of supporting the existence of denarii of The primary objection to this iden­ Tyre mai nly dating fr0 l11 40 BCE to 53 Ti berius in Palcstine, Roman de narii tification is the cl ai m th at no imperial CE (most 20-53 CE). but significant ly of both Augustus (primarily the Caius denarii have been found in any & Lucius reverse coin) and par­ recorded coi n hoard discovered ticularly Tiberius have been dis­ in or ncar Israeli Pal est inc that covered in large nu mbers in a dates prior to the Jewi sh W il T of num ber of hoards buried fa r to 66·70 CEo The consequent ar· the east of Palestine during Ihe gument being that Ti beriall de- I" cemury CE, namely in In­ nari i had not fou nd their way dia. 1J T his evidence IO gether into the Eastern Empire in time wi th the discovery of Ihe Re­ fo r Jesus to have been given one publican denarii at Qumran at the Jerusalem Temple some menlioned above and the pres- time between 27 CE and 33 CEo ence of the Caiu s/Lucius Au­ There have been some 152 A Tiberius Tetradrachm of Antioch ( Yr 84=35136 gustan denarii at Mt Carmel coi n hoards found in or near CE). (Enlarged photo courtesy of e NG, Inc., Auc· makes il difficult to sustain the Palestin e of which only fif­ tion 60, lot 1295.) clai m thaI Roman denarii were teen contain coin s mint ed be- absolu tely nol to be found in fore 60 CE an d only eight of Jerusalem at the lime required these contained s ilver coin age. IQ incl uded some 160 Rom il n dena rii of for the Tri bute Penn y to be a Roman No ne o f these hoards contained a Augustus. all o f wh ic h were the dena rius. T he recent discovery. agai n Ti bc rius dena rius. Signifi cant ly, one common issuc depi cting Augustus in India, of a gold aureus of Ti berius of the notewort hy Qumran hoards o n the obverse and Caiu s and Luc ius in a burial site dated to the I" century (discovered in 1955 and b uried Caesars on the reverse (RIC 207ff. ). CE I~ is fu rther evidence of the rapid about 9 BCE) included six mid·I" Le o Kadma n l2 suggests that the westerl y movement of Roman silver ce nt ury Be E Re publican denarii hoard was a shi pment of Temp le tax and go ld coinage. amongst a total of 56 1 silver coin s money fr o m nort hern Pa lestine or Wh ile the recorded hoard evidence (the re mai nder being Seleucid tet­ beyond, the hoard bei ng bu ried when indicates that Roman si lver dena rii of radrac hms and shekels of Tyre)." it was found thaI enlry 10 Jerusalem Augustu s and part icularly Tiberi us were scarce in thi s area, it is highl y probable that they were to be found in Palestine in the early to mid circa JlI century CEo T his conclusion is sup­ ported by significant anecdotal evi­ HELP WANTED de nce of otherwise unrecorded surface finds of Roman de narii, incl uding this type of denari us ofTi bcrius, havi ng been Background in ancients made in P ales t i ne . l ~ None of which takes away from the conclusions of Brooks and/or world coins. Levy and others that these denarii "did not circulate mueh in the Near East," but no one states incontroven ibly that For West Coast auction finn, they did not circulate at all. Why is it then that there are so few send resume and salary Tiberian and Augustan denarii in the region of J udaea datable 10 :tn early requirements. firs t centur y CE context? Perhaps they were not hoarded (they did bear grav­ en images aft er all) . Perh aps they we re Main function of the prospective traded out of the region soon aft er their use or exchange, straig ht bac k to employee will be attribution and Rome for instance, or used to buy items in trade fro m passing merchants. Perhaps they were used to buy items research of consignments. from places where the local Judae:m coins were unacceptable for such foreign tranS

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October 2006 27 been coll ecting coins since he was a K. Butcher, Coinage ill Roman Syr­ .1 Kurt Aland, Synopsis of the Fou r child, and ever since he was given his ia, RNS Special Publ ication No.34 Gospels, Greek English Edition of the first "Tribute Penny" by his fa ther as (London 2004). Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorllm, 6'h an ordination present, he has focused Kevin Butcher. "Coinage and Cur­ Edition (Stuttgart 1983), p. 246; The strongly toward Biblical and related rency in Syria and Pale stine to thc wording of these texts is taken from coins. He is an activc member of thc Re ign of Gallienus", Cathy E. King their Greek originals and is confirmed Australian Numismatic Society and and David G. Wigg, Edi tors. Coill in a number of early manuscripts in­ the Australian Society of Ancient Nu­ Finds and Coin Use in the Roman cluding Codex Alexandrinus (ca. 4th mismatics (AS AN). World (Berlin 1996), pp. 10 1- 112. century CE) and a number of papyri, Walter Holt is one of Australia's 1. P. Fontan ille, "Distribution of some dating from the 2nd century CE specialists in ancient Greek and Roman Coins Found at QUMRAN", T he (e.g. Papyri 45 for Mark Chapter 14). numismatics. He received his Master's Menorah Coin Proiect, (http:// 4 Kllvoo<;: translates to "census, an Degree in ancient history from Sydney's www.meno r aheoi nproj ect.org! assessment: tribute" (Liddel l & Scott, Macquarie University in 2002. qumran.htm) February 2006. Greek·English Lexicon, Abridged Edi­ following a career in Law Enforcement David Hendin, Gu ide to Biblical tion, (Oxford 1997» . with the New South Wales Transit Coins, 3'~ Edition. (New York 1996). j R. MeL. Wilson, Studies in the Pol ice. Walter is a member of the ANA, Leo Kadman, "The Coins of the Gospel of Thomas (Mowbray 1960) p. the ANS , ASAN , and a contributor to Jewish War of 66-73," CO/pus Num­ 59; Stephen Pattcrson and Marvin the Australian Centre for Ancient morUII/ Pa/aestinensium, Vol.3 (Tel­ Mcyer, "The "Scholars' Translation" Numismatic Studies (ACANS) at Aviv \960). of the Gospel of Thomas." The COIl1- Macquarie University. He has written I. Howard Marshall, The Gospel (4 plete Gospels: Annotated Scholars articles for The Celator, the American Luke (Exeter 1978). Version (Sonoma 1994). hll.n..;11 Journal of Numismatics (AJN 15), and Yakov Meshorer, "One Hundred and www.mjsericordia.edu/users/davies/ Australian Coin & Banknole Maga zine, Ninety Years of Tyrian Shekels." Stud­ thomasITrans.htm. (February 2006). with several others to be published in ies ill Honor of Leo Mildenhurg, Numis­ 6 R. T. France, The Gospel of the future. He is also nearing maries, Art History, Archeology (Welter­ Mark, New In ternational Greek Text completion of a book on the en 1984); http://israelvisit.co.illbeged­ Commentary (Grand Rapids 2002) genealogies of AL L Em perors, ivrilshekel/teachi n gs/meshorer.htm pp.41 -45. Caesars and Usurpers of the Roman (February 2006). 7 Leon Morris, The Gospel A c­ period (Caesar to Anastasius), as well Mi chel and Karin Prieur. A Type cording to Matthew (Leicester 1992) · as condensed biographies for all of the Corpus of the Syro·PllOenician Tet­ pp. 1- 17. signifi cant figures (male and female). radrachms and their Fractions from ~ Aland, op.cit. Matthew 17:24-27, 57 B. C. to A.D. 253, (London 2000). and op.ci l. Luke 15:8. Bibliography 9 Emil Schurer, The History of the Erwin Nestle & KurtAland, NovlIm Endnotes Je wish People ill the Age of Jesus Testamentum Graece, 26th Edition 1 The Tribu te Penny is so named Christ (Edinbu rgh : Clark 1986/87) (Slllttgart 1979). because of the reference to it as a "pen­ Vol. II, p. 274; p. 603. Kurt Aland, et. aI. , The Greek ny" in the King James Ve rsion of the 10 M. Waner & Z. Safrai. "A Cata­ New Testament, 3rd Edi tion (Stut­ Bi ble. The word "o£vaplOv" or "de­ logue of Coin Hoards and the Shelf life tgart 1983). narius". the standard Roman coin of of Coins in Palestine Hoards during A. Burnett, M. Amand ry and P. P. those times, was tran slated from the the Roman and Byzantine Periods," Ripol les, Roman Provincial Coinage, Greek and Latin to the word for a stan­ StlldiuII! BibliclllII Frallciscanum, Vol. I (London 1999). dard silver coin that was regarded as Liber Annuus 5 1 (Jerusalem 200 1) pp. Walter Bauer, Will iam Arndt, F. the closest equivalent in the English 305-336. Wilbur Gingrich and Frederick Dank­ language of thc time (t 611 CE) . 11 http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/ er, A Greek English Lexicon of the New ~ P. Lewis and R. Bolden, The Pock­ deadsea.scrolls.exhibitiCommunityl Testament and other Early Christian et Guide to St. Paul (Kent Town {Aus­ coins.html, Dead Sea Scrolls: Coins. Literature (Chicago 1979). tralia} 2002) pp . 9-24. (February 2006). 12 Leo Kadman, "Temple Dues and Currency in Ancicnt Palc stin e in the Light of Recently Discovered MORTON & EDEN LTD Coin-Hoards", Leo Kadman. Ed., in association with Sothebys 45 Maddox Street London WIS 2PE Israel Numismatics Journal (Jerus­ alem 1962). Auctions, Valuations and Sales of 13 Paula J. Turner, Roman Coins from India, RNS Special Publication Ancien t, I slamic and World Coins, No.22 (London 1989). '>_.!~~.. .. ' •~." ,. . Medals, D ecorations and Banknotes 14 Peter K. Tampa, Guest Edito rial: - u.l~~ c Afghan Treasures Lost and Found, The .. ~ ,-, ' .. Celator, Vol.19 No.4, April 2005, Please contact James i\Iorton, Tom Eden or Q (Lancaster 2005) p. 2. Oil Steve Lloyd for advice buying or se]ijng 15 Personal Communication with .-' or to be included on our mailing list. David Hendin of Amphora Coins, New York,2004. telephone + 44 (0)20 74935344 fax +44 (0)20 7495 6325 c-mail [email protected] 28 The Gelator Coins for the AUCTION HOUSE Holidays by SOllzana Steverding - ACE

Every year it catches us by surprise ... the HOLIDAYS are around the corner, and we begin 10 think about gift giving. l ast year I tried something new - a combined presen t of a book with a related ancient coin, and it was popular, so I have compiled a list at the Ancient Coins for Education website under Specia l Projects at http:// ancientcoinsforeducation.org/index.php?option=com_ contenl&task",blogcategory&id=59& llemid==137 in the hope that it will work for others. IS PLEASED TO We who read The Celator are already "sold" on ancient coins, but from our experience at ACE, those little pieces of ANNOUNCE ITS ancient metal need an "introduction" to pave an entrance way fo r non-coin collectors into this fascinating dimension of the AUCTION ON past world. The details of many ancient coins are not that clear th th to the uninitiated (ACE uses much enlarged images in its school DECEMBER 9 _10 Ancient Coin MUSeums so that the viewer has a better sense of what he or she is looking at!), and I would recommend such an image accompanying the coin gift. The information tags in WITH OVER 1500 LOTS the flips often lack the historical background needed to stir the imag ination and the coin should be presented in a "new light" to those wh o have previously seen coins only at a distance in museum display cases. GREEK AND ITALIC COINS There are really exciting ~ pair i ngs · to be made with a book ROMAN " (or in some cases a DVD) and an ancient coin, and the quality of the gift does not depend on the value of the coin! Think about BY2ANTINE " it - you could put together a book about Alexander Ihe Great and one of the Alexander coins, be it silver or bronze. A novel BARBARIC " suitable for teenagers, such as Imperial Governor by George Shipway, "marries" perfectly with a coin of the Emperor Nero. ITALIAN MINT " For a younger relative, pair one of the superbly illustrated ba­ sic books on "Ancient Aome" plus an Urbs Roma IShe-wolf re­ PAPAL " ve rse. For history bu ffs - I Claudius by Robert Graves with an early Julio-Claudian coin. More arcane history and travel lovers SAVOIA " might like Neal Ascherson's The Black Sea wi th a coin of Cotys. COINS FROM THE REPUBLIC For architects, Marvin Tameanko's Monumental Coins with one of the many temple reverse coins is a possibility. For travelers to OF ITALY Britain, we suggest various books on our ACE list, and a coin of Claudius or Hadrian, or for that matter Allectus or Carausius. For ANTIQUE & MODERN MEDALS those plann ing tours of Italy, Greece. and the Mediterranean ... a guidebook plus a coin from an ancient place on their itinerary. You see that the list can go on and on. Have a look at the Director ROBERTO PEDONI lists at the Ancient Coins lor Education website (Special Projects section) -there are tilles and suggested coin gifts for a cross CATALOGUE ON REQUEST section of recipients, from ages 8 10 80. One is never too old to learn something newl Our ACE motto. ~ Putting History into Stu­ THESAURUS s.r.l. dents' Hands .~ actually applies to all ages - one just needs to open the door, stimulate the imagination - and not surprisingly, Casella Postale n. 11 often another collector is born! 47895 DOMAGNANO ." VISIT Repubblica di San Marino ~. THE CELATOR Tel. (++39) 3357339756 - AT Fax (378) 0549 919250 ~ [email protected] www.celator.com www.thesaurus.sm

October 2006 29 A] eWlsh Temyle on the Sela of Bar Kokhba: Construction Issues and the Miraculous Shamir fice since it was not related to the Fi rst quarries underneath the city (1 Kings by Paul Goldstein, PhD. Holy Temple. This article will discuss 5:17,18) in the Cave of Zedekiah (sec the miraculous creature-worm called Fig. 2) and were of huge dimension. the "Shamir" The only image on a coin of a tem­ and its signif­ ple in Jerusalem that was meant to be icance in the a Jewish Temple is that found on selas construction (tetradrachms) minted between 132 of the F irst CE and 135 CE (see Fig . 1). It repre­ Holy Temple. sents the temple that was either built, In addition, or was the dream of, Bar Kokhba, the the possible leader of the Jewish revolt against mechanisms Rome. It does not depict the First Holy it employed Temple, which was built by King So­ in the cUHing lomon aod which required the use of and prepara­ Figure 1-Bar Kochba, Year 3=134/5 CE. AR Tetradrachm a miraculous creature, the Shamir, a tion of the (se/a). 14. 16grams. Facade of the Temple of Jerusalem; worm capable of cutting stones with stones will be Ark of the Covenant in center; wavy line above; Hebrew its "glance." The selas minted during exp l ained. inscription, "Simon." Reverse: Lulav and etrog; Hebrew the Jewish revolt signified the inde­ Because o f inscription, "For the Freedom of Jerusalem." Mildenberg pendence of the Jewish people and the the holiness 91. Hendin 713. (Photo courtesy of Edward J. Waddell, messages on the coins reflected this, of the F irst Ltd., 2005, Coin #36749.) for example: "Year One of the Re­ Temple, and demption of Israel," "Year Two of the the indwell- Freedom of Israel," and, in the third ing of G-d's presence, the Shamir was The Mi drash relates that the stones and fourth years, "For the Freedom of used 10 carve the stones. moved on their own accord: they flew Jerusalem" (Y. Meshorcr, A Treasury Stones used in the construction of and rose up by themselves, setting of lew ish Coins, 200 1). the First Holy Temple were not pre­ themselves in the wall of the Temple However, the temple ilself, albeit pared al the Temple site in Jerusalem. and erecting it (Pesikta Rabbati 6, erected by Jews, was merely an edi- Instead, they were prepared in the 28a). They were gradually placed on the massive walls, closely fitted to­ gether without any mortar between, until the whole struc ture was complet­ ed. The building was 60 cubits (27 m) long, 20 cubits (9 m) wide, and 25 (in the Greek text) or 30 (in the Hebrew) cubits (14 m) high.

The Nature of the Shamir

The Shamir (from "shamira" wh ich in Aramaic means "like a flint stone," in Latin "roo smiris corundum" - the hardest stone besides diamond) was a supernatural organism. The word "Shamir" was used in the Bible in two senses: a) a hard substance (for a point for a pen, Jeremiah 17, I), and b) sharp thorns (Isaiah 5,6). In each case, it re­ lates to the ability of the Shamir to make an impression on hard surfac es. Figure 2-Cave of Zedekiah in Israel. According to legend, King Solomon quar­ Its "glance" would carve great stones. ried the stone for the First Temple from this cave. On the roof of the cave, a It would travel along the surface of the quarry stone is left suspended from the ceiling. (Photo courtesy of the Israeli stone and it wou ld split perfectly into Ministry of Foreign Affairs.) two pieces. This was required, since 30 The Celator no iron (an implement of war) could be used for the shaping of stones of the Holy Temple (Rashi Ex odus 20:25, Vitro, 20,2 2), a building whose es­ sence was peace. It is not stated explicitly whether it was a mi neral, plant or an imal. but Rambam considered the Shamir to be a living an imal (in his commentary on Avot 5. 6; also Rashi Pesachim 54a: Mahzor Vitry 540)(see Fi g. 3). In So­ tah 9.2, the "glance" of a li ving being was that which effected the splining of wood and stone (see Fi g. 4). In ad­ di tion to its function in the spl itting Figure 3-King Solomon of stones, it was used to carve the six holding the Shamir. leiters of the names of the Tribes (Ya­ From the ~Jewish Heri· rnah 72; commentary of R. Sechaya) tage Online Magazine.· on the precious jewels of the Hasen and th e Aifod of th e Kohen Gadol (High Priest; as was done by Moses ­ see below). The testament of Solomon regards the Shamir as a "green SlOne," Trachtenberg, Jewish Heritage Mag · perhaps si milar to the pi\'da of Ihe azine, 2005 from the Sefer Gematri­ of the Sabbath of the Six. days of Cre­ Hasen (Ihe breastplate of Ihe garments at). In an Absynian legend, the Shamir ation al1ests to its supernatural essence of the Kohen Gadol) on wh ich ·Shi ­ is supposed to hav e been a kind of (see below). The Shamir was put in an ma n's (Simeon) name was inscribed wood or herb (in Ttll cs of King Sa- iron-vessel for safekeepi ng (some say il (sec Fig. 5). It is greenish because of 101110// , by A. Sey mour. p. 149). was a brass box) filled with barley bran. Zimri. the son of Sal u (Nu mbers The physical presence of the Shami r The choice of these materials was spe­ 25: 14) who made the Simeonites green was uninspiring. It was a creature as cifi c, since no other materials were able in the face, and il is dull in appear­ small as a barleycorn (less than onecen­ to resist its "penetrati ve powers." ance because their fa ces paled (J oshua timeter). but its creation at Ihe twilight CO li till lied 01/ pllge 34

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October 2006 31 David Sear Participates in 40th Anniversary Celebration for ACCLA LOS ANGELES- Premier classical tograph of himself as a young ch il d numismatist and author Oavid R. in England, he used slides from his Sear highlighted a special 40th ann i­ personal files to ill ustrate his talk. ve rsary celebration al the August As a boy, David was inspired to meeting of the Ancient Coin Club of study ancient history by a school Los Angeles [ACClA] . Members of field trip to the Roman ru ins at SL the Orange County Coin Club attend­ Albans. He showed the au dience his ed as well as a number of guests. handwritten report on the trip wi th The meeting started with a social his sketches of objects from the SI gathe ring. Old fri endships were re ­ Albans museum . The sketches in­ newed and new friends made. clu ded a d rawi ng of a co i n of To begin the program, Mr. Barry Nero ... possibly his first ventu re into Rightman gave a brief summary of coin "publi sh ing". Some time after ACCLA history as he looked back the fie ld trip he received his fi rst coin ove r 40 years of c lub activ ities. as a gift , an AE3 of Crispus. Founders Ral ph and Sa lJ y Marx, Joel Just ou t of school , David went to Malte r, as well as Go rdon and Joan wo rk in the ancient co in department Levine were recognized. at B.A. Seaby Ltd. in London; one Mr. Sear then took the floor to de­ of the most in fluential coin dealers David R. Sear at the ACCLA 40'~ Anniver­ scribe his career in ancient coins and of the lime. AI Sea by's he worked sary Meeting (Photo courtesy of Michael the in teresting people that he met durin g the week with some of the Connor.) along the way. Beginning with a pho- fo remost authori t ies on ancient

coins in the world, while on week­ en ds he explored Romano-British ru ins with his friends. David showed tlrofiIes in numerous photographs of Aomano­ Britain ru ins with him and his friends perched on them. Also shown were ~ umtsmattcs photos of Seaby's and his coworkers. Johann Gustav Stickel After a few years David turn ed to writing but because he was so young 1805-ca.1889 no one wou ld sponso r him. His first book, Roman Coins and Their Val­ Prof essor 1.G. Stick el was a special ­ ues, was written on his own, almost i st in I sl amic coins duri ng the h igh in secret. With the book complete, he pre sented the handwritten manu­ point of Germ an inter est i n Oriental coinage. H e serv ed as Di­ script to Sea by who published it in rector of the Orientalisch M unzk abi neu i n l ena (eastern Ger ma­ 1964. The book enjoyed great success ny ) during the second half of the nineteenth century, and he was and is now in its fourth edition. David resp onsible f or the devel op ment of I slamic coins in that collec­ showed the audience pages from the original handwritten manuscript. tion. H e w as especi ally known for scienti f i c i nvesti gation of the Al th ough by th is time he was the coi n s o f the Umayyad s and A b b as ids. His study, Das Grossher­ head of the ancient coin department zogliche orientalische Miinzkabinet ZU lena, Handbuch der mor­ at Sea by's, he real ly wanted to genliindischen Miinzkunde, was published i n two p arts (L eipzi g, spend his time writing. Again he went ou t on his own and over the next 1845 and 1870). T he first p art was subtitled Omajjaden und Ab­ years he p roduced authori tative basiden, and the second Alteste muhammedanische Miinzen bis books on Byzantin e, Greek and zur MiinzreJorm Abdulmeliks. The m edal in his h onor i llustrated Greek Imperial coins. David ta lked h ere was struc k in the year 1889. about these books using slides of the dust jackets from th e original edi­ This feature is provided courtesy of George Frederick Kolbe tions. F ine Numismatic Books, Crestline, CA 92325 continued on page 37. .. 32 The Gelator I~:~~~~~~~~~~~!]!~:~~~~!~::~~:::I Coins of the Knights of the Order of St. John from Rhodes & Malta Featured in LHS Auction 99 The sale by Ursula Kampmann begins with some re ­ minders of ZUR ICH-On October 24'h, 2006 the Order's LHS Num ismatics Ltd . will offer 713 roots in the lois of coins and medals from medi­ Crusader eval and modern Europe in their Auc­ Ki ngdom of tionnn 98, featu ring an important Jerusalem : collection of Swiss coins, including lead bu llae a series of coins from Uri, Schwyz (lots 1; VF+; an d Unterwalden with many rarities. 1,250 and 3; The lotal of the estimates adds up VF+ ; 950) in Lot 707 from LHS Auction 98-SCHLICK. Count Stephan, + to 1.5 million Swiss Francs, with 1.2 Ihe names 1526 and his brothers Burian, Hieronymus, Heinrich and Lorenz. Two million allotted to the 597 l ots of of Iwo 13th Guldengroschen of 1520, Joachimsthal. Fiala 5, Dav. 8139. Very Swiss coins. century rare and Very fine. Estimate: 15,000 Swiss Francs. The collection of Swiss coins con­ Masters and tains 81 loIs of coins from the can­ a silver gros tons Uri, Schwyz and Unlerwalden­ (lot 2; nearly EF; 3,000), all produced homeless until it managed to lake over among them the golden crown of in Acre and all very rare. After Ihe ex­ Rhodes in 1310 and establish itself 1548 struck in Altdor! by all three pulsion of Ihe Crusaders by the Mam­ cantons jointly (lot 251; VF; 30,000 luks in 1291 , Ihe Order found itself comin/lcd on page 36 . CH F) and the lasl gold coin of Schw­ yz, a ducat of 1844 (lot 318; EF-FDC; 20,000 CHF) . There are also impor­ tan t series of Zurich (145 lots), Bern ~ ~c *1llc ({uriositic ~boppc (75 lOIS), Basel (98 lots) , Chur (35 lots) and Mesocco (1 1 lOiS) . (a division of RCCA Ltd.) located at The rest of Europe follows with 111 South Orange Avenue· South Orange, NJ 07079 116 lots. Represented countries in­ clude Belgium, Germany, France, A complete collectors gallery buying & selling: Great Britain, Italy, Malta, Nether­ U.S., ancient, & foreign coins, U.S. & fore ign stamps, lands, Portugal, Holy Roman Empire paper money, tokens & medals, Classical Antiquities - wil h rarities from Salzburg (for ex­ & ample, 101 696, a 4 ducal coin of of Greece, Rome, Egypt, Judaea, Pre-Columbian, 1586, extremely rare and EF; 20,000 American Indian, African, & Ethnographic objects CHF), Sch lick (lot 707; double gul­ & artifacts, along with historical and popular autographs dengroschen, 1520 ; VF ; 15,000 & manllscript material, Revolutionary War & earlier Americana. CH F) - Trautson, Sweden, Turkey and Hungary. BUYING & SELLING - FREE APPRAISALS LHS Auction 99 will contain a col­ lection of co ins of the Kn ights of the "You'd be amazed at what we will buy & how mu ch we wi ll pay" Order orst. John from Rhodes and Malt a, and LHS Num ismati cs is proud to present one of the finest collections that has ever appeared Prop.: Dr. Arnold R. Saslow on the market. II was formed over a Lookfor us on eBay generati on by a passionate collector Phone (973) 762-1588· Fax (973) 761-8406 who concentrated on quality and rar­ ity, rather than on quantity; thus the Email: [email protected] 305 lots in this sale with a total esti­ mate of 1.2 mi llion Swiss Francs con ­ Gallery hours: Monday to Saturday 10:00 - 6:00 tain a remarkable number of coins Visa, MasterCard & Ameri can Express Accepted carefully selected for their superior Gift Certificates Issued ------condition, beauty and rarity.

October 2006 33 Shamir Cont. from page 31 Supernatural creatures, created by shimmer. .. or twinkle) of a living be­ G-d for specific functions, do not ex­ ing which effected the splitting of The rulers of the Canaan and oth­ ist forever. The Mishnah Sotah (9, 12) wood and stone. details that the Shamir existed unt il the The essence of this "glance" re­ er peoples realized the value of such destruction of the Second Temple, and mains speculative, but the late 1. Ve­ a creature, but they were never able Tosafos (Ditten 68a) expounds that the likovsky, an expert on the times of to locate it. Wars were fought in its Shamir existed into the Common Era. Solomon, and F. Jueneman, a noted wake. The Midrash recounts that even King Solomon had no idea The Shamir disappeared after the de­ scholar, have suggested that the where to find the Shamir, but he re­ struction of the First Holy Temple Shamir was a radioactive substance. (Tosefta Sotah 9.12; 15.1) since it was They reasoned that a mineral, con­ alized that he needed it to build the no longer required. Corresponding ly, tained in a leaden box, would be the First Holy Temple. He went to great the Tahas, which had been created only most logical means to ensure safety lengths to obtain the Shamir, even so ils skin could be used for the Ark, from such a highly energetic radionu­ to the point of contacting the Shai­ dim (demons). These beings were also disappeared after its completion. c1cotide. Thus, the "glance" of the also created on the eve of Sabbath Some relate that the Tahas was sim i- Shamir may have been alpha radiation, lar to a unicorn, since it had a horn which is a high-energy particle, and on its forehead and was consid­ could destroy or discolor whatever was ered a Kosher animal (Exodus exposed to it. In addition, its powers 25.5; Shabbat 28b; Yerushalmi weakened in the course of time, to the 2,4d; Koheleth 1.9; Zohar 2: 139a, point of inactivity (or "batel"- nullifi­ 2: 147b). Another creature, the cation), and such radioactive decay Caper-Spurge, was mistaken to and half-life is an in dicator of its ra­ be the Shamir since it had simi­ dioactive potency. lar characteristics (Koheleth), If it was a mineral, then a number but it existed into the Middle of green stones were present in the Figure 4-Ancient stone for building of a Ages (ca. 1000 CE), thus, the immediate surroundings. It may have temple ... cut by the Shamir? (Photo courtesy Rabb is argued that it was not come from the native copper sites in of the author.) identical to the Shamir. Armenia, Cyprus, or from Solomon's of the Six Days of Creation, so they own mines in the Sinai, where mala­ T he Glance of the Shamir chite or verdigris also would have been had some relationship with the found in the parent ore body. In fact, Shamir (and other objects created at What, then, was the source of its ancient writings by Zosimos, the Pan­ the same time - Eyn Yaakov, see be­ great power? Scientists have speculat­ opolitan (also called the Theban), stat­ low). The Midrash relates that So­ ed that the Shamir produced high or ed that malachite is an "enemy of to­ lomon consulted Ashmadai, the King of thc Shaidim, who did not low frequency sound waves that could paz, clouding its color and spoiling its luster." In addition, malachite was have it. Instead, the Angel of the Sea resonate the molecular structure of was its guardian but he had given it materials and cause them to disrupt. highly prized for ornamental objects. Others have theorized that the Shamir A comment from the third century CE over to the Bar-hen (a type of fowl) was bioluminescent and was able to states that it also produced sores in the who needed it to survi ve. King So­ em it highly confluent light rays, per­ bowels and inflamed the eye, which lomon finally captured the Shamir from the Bor-hen (Maharash I). haps similar to a laser beam. Howev­ F. Jueneman states arc characteris­ However, from the time of the posses­ er, the prevailing scientific thought tic effects of radiation exposure. The centers upon a radioactive mechanism malachite of today, or chrysocolla as sion of the Shamir by Solomon, to the to explain its powers. This may be a it was known by the ancients, is not conquest of Syria by Nebuchadnezzar good explanation if we expect that the radioactive, but exceptions could in 587 BCE, the Shamir was inactive. Shamir followed our natural laws. In have existed when complexed with It was only active, for use by men, Sotah 9.2, the expression "the look of other minerals. For example, chal­ when involved in construction of the it" used in connection with the Shllmir colite (or torbernite), a copper ura­ Ark or First Holy Temple. indicated that it was the "glance" (or nyl phosphate that has a green col­ or, exhibits radioactivity.

THE PROFESSIONAL NUMISMATISTS GUILD, INC. Carving the Stones 0", 50 YEARS of The precision required to carve the KNOWLEDGE, INTEGRITY & RESPONSIBILITY names of the tribes into the precious Founded in 1955, the PNG is a non-profit organization, comprised jewels of the Hosen and Aifod, with­ of the top rare coin and paper money experts from all around the world. out losing any material (Exodus 28: 11), was not within the physical For more information on the PNG, please con/acl: ability of man (Giten 68a). However. for a radioactive compound (follow­ Robert Brueggeman, Executive Director ing the line of thought that such was 3950 Concordia Lane, Fallbrook, CA 92028 the nature of the Shamir; F. Jueneman) Tel. (760) 728-1300 Fax (760) 728-8507 such an activity would be possible. The tufts of wool and barley bran cra­ ~...... ,.".--. www.pngdealers:com email: [email protected] dling the Shamir would be transpar­ ent to its radiation, while the lead con- 34 The Gelator tainer would be impenetrable. If the some way, to the Shamir. These in ­ COOD BASIC REFERENCFS ink used to write on the stones con­ cl ude: a) shaidim (demons), b) the ram Some Newly Available, Some Out of Print tained lead, a graduated di scoloration wh ich Abraham sacrificed in place of Many Discounted would be hi ghlighted on the gems af­ Isaac (Yi tzchak), c) first pair of tongs, Sf't'CMl S.41.£ ter exposure to the Shamir. The sub­ whi ch were used to make olher instru­ S~yle,. Wayne. AIN"WtI Colialing \bJ. I-VI/. 5n't1l of lhe besI boob yoo will ever ....y on Ancient Coinagc: sequent removal ofthe ink would leave ments necessary to bui ld the Ark and General GI'ttk. Roman. ROO\aII Pro,·incial. Byzantine. such calligraphy contrasted wilh the Fi rst Holy Temple (Tosefta Eruvin), d) Non·Oassical Cuhwes. CoumerfcilS_ Earn 200t-pelges. bac kground, also giving the appear­ Moses' Staff, e) gannents of Adam and ...... _.. ______Rd3i1$24.95 each...... DurPrioteSI8.95 each or all 7 for S I1 9 . ~ ance of depth to the wri ting, Most pre­ Eve. 0 fire, g) the mu le. h) pill ars of dndtlllfMttliew cious minerals. such as diamond. sap­ Fire and C louds. which moved before IklliJl3Cf.A.R .. T"'1 IN Coins •.....•....•.. _. __ H $ 35_00 eu"is. l .. T~'rodrod>ms of Roman Egypt (Updald} phire. emerald, or topaz, are discol­ Israel in the Desert, and i) the vessel ...... __ .. _. ______._._ ...... H S 65.00 ored by radioactivi ty. Other gems, in which manna has been preserved in Gllbl. SaJanUul Numismlliia ___ ...... S S 30.00 such as opal, arc silicates that contain the First Holy Temple. Icard. S" DicriQNIryo{G,-ed: Coin lrucripliOll.J Waler of Crystallization. Exposure S $30.00, ...... ____ H $ ~~.OO The exislence and functi on of the K~y. C.. Art'lwican4 ClaJskal GlUt Coins 1/ $ 95_00 to alpha radiatio n di sintegrates th ese Shamir, the organisms that guarded it Mallingly. II .. RomtiflCoinJ __ __ ...... 11 $ 3~.00 and ils creal ion were all Milne, l.G" Cma/og ofAluarulrian CoilU. , ,II $ ~5.00 SUIlT. C. A'/"'rlia" Cainag" ______...... , .... s S 2.'l.00 miraculous. The Midrash Sydenham. E.. 1'h~ Coinage of Ihe Roman Republic relates the concept that a .. ,.... , ...... , ,...... _. ______...... "."."" ...... H S 75.00 softer substance may have Sptrjq/ Ou/.Qf.l'rjnl m ig Adki ns. 1... Oiclim,orya/Ratnon Religion " ... H S 34.95 the ability to pierce a hard ­ 8<:>pearachchi. 0 " Indo ·Creek. Indo-ScJlhian & I"do· er one. For example, in ad­ !'{mhi"" CoiM .... , ..... " ...... ,., .. , II $ ~HlO CW'wn. R.A.G .• -"'''''P''' Nwnmaritl Romano. Festschrift dition to the situation of the / £$juyu", HOlr"'" Nwnirmtllics (was $60.00) II S 25.00 Shamir, in David 's bllttle HeM. 6_ v .. And€/'I Ho;,otian Coi"" .. , ... , .... .s S 20,00 against the giant Goliath he Hill. G" Oescripl'''''' Cam/og of Ande", Gruk Coi"" (Jo/II' l\"mVMmvpolilan Mus~um of An Colla,ion) nung a stone at him that ...... ______li S 25 ,00 pierced the giant's helmet Malsson. G .. Gods. Godd~su. & H"Nn on Ancient and sank into his forehead CoinsofBib/~ Lattd$ __...... H $30.00 Ringel. J.• Marill(: MOlifOftAn<:im' Coins ...... Il S 25.00 and killed him (I Samuel Sage. S. B .. Bib/kill M- of the Shamir were not lim­ cimI Coins)...... ______. __ .._ ...... _.... Il $ 25.00 ited by our inherent physi­ l l1wlow. B.I'Y=:hi. I.. IJtJ/UuI COSt CoilJl1gt: (Aes G .... ~1 cal restraints. That is why ...... _...... ___ . __ . __ ._. __ .. H $ 34.95 Obollnf(arAAIIIHlI Tilla it could penetrate the hard­ Dabdon. fLs Origi.... s lk 10 MQmMie a Awnes est of materials effortless­ ...... ___.. __ . ______11 $30,00 G:tnIhlO$. The CoinagaofAI~rIheGm" (J Ilugt: ly, and yet it was preserved \bJ'm'... '...... __ . ______H $275.00 in a lead basket (the soft ­ (EIcYen imponam vol" ".... on Alexandc:r lhe G"'aI) est of metals) 10 atlest to its Ilead. 1Ii.• toryofthe Coinage o{Ep~.,.. .. _ __ H $ 30,00 Figure 5- The breastplate (Hosen) of the High Priest Jameson. M,,,,nOit. Greq''''' Antique. el Im~rial"s other than natural ex istence Rolltoines(was $32~ ) .. H $ 27~,OO (Kohen Gadol) of th e Holy Temple and the twelve (Talmud Sotah 48b). (A nr.ajor colleclion of noIe - 4 huge volumes. bc~ uli · precious stones representing the tribes of Israel. In the Land of Israel. fu lly bound) (Photo courtesy of the author.) Newe ll , E_. Tht CoinagtsofDeme,rius Polio"-'~ I <,' (was and in th e city of Jerusa- S 7~) ... " ...... "." ... ,.. ,_. ______" H $ 59.00 lem, the significance o f Robinooo. E.S,G .. S)'IiQge Numorum GmecortOm- The crystals by releasin g th e chemi cally some buildings and places transcend Uo}'d ColI_ Ira/)'lSi':;ly " ...... " S S 95_00 Sinlal. C.R" Coinage of the Sultan"~ of GOliarat bound water, which vol atizes with­ the physical mortar and stone. A l­ S $ 25.00 ,.. ,. _,. ______H $ 35.00 out residue, i.e. not even a splinter though the temple depicted on the se­ ANS CIa!.!i" ( MQSI 001 of Priml would be lo st, leavin g cloudy or Lt"y & BaSlien, Roman Coin.. in Princeton Uni,,,,,,i,), a las of Bar Kokhba was not construct­ U/>rary(w", $100) ...... $ 79.00 granular texture. ed in the same way, did not use mirac­ MIICDvwalI. The WeJl"'" CoiltUgt:Jo{N~ro ...... $40,00 ulous creatures, and did not retain the M.lCllIf. TheCistopitoriofHadri1., Us,,:onadi.". For-ei.cn. or A"";'c,,liMcdi· entire physical world was created in Professor in the Department of Clas­ C\:aI (Each 600-800 'ides) SI-SO eacIr for POWi<'. AI! tJu-cc the Six Days of creati on, all living sics at the Universi ty of Tex as in Aus­ 101" $3.00. Spl). these physical li mitations. The Shamir, over 30 years and has pu bli shed many however, was nOI created within th is other articles in Th e Celmor. SANFORD J. DURST time frame and is supernatural. 106 WoodcleftAve. Freeport. NY 11520 USA Other substances we re also creat­ Phone (5 16) 867·3333: Fax (516) 867-3397 ed at twilight of the Sabbath during the E-Mail: [email protected]{ Creation (Seder Rabbi di-Bereshit ; Ehay Store: Numisbook,s 33 Targum Yeru shalmi) and relate, in October 2006 35 LHS Audion Cont. from pg. 33 Coming Events .... there as a sovereign state. During the Order's 212-year ru le of the island, the Knights minted a variety of gold, silver, Oct. 6·8 Vicenza Numismatica. XVth Coin, Medal and Paper billon and copper coins. The first were Money Fair, Vicenza, Italy rare si lver gros and demi-gros of Oct. 7·8 Numismata Berlin, "Funkturm" Hall 21, Berlin, Germany Foulques de Villaret, of which two beau­ Oct. 9-12 Gorny & Mosch Auctions 151-153, Munich, Germany tiful examples are in this sale (lot 4; EF; 7,500, lot 5; VF+; 5,000). Truly aston­ Oct. 14-15 Pacific Northwest Williamette Coin Club Fall Show, ishing is the remarkable gold ducat of Doubletree Lloyd Center Hotel, Portland, OR Dieudonne de Gozon, one of the rarest Oct. 24 LH$ Numismatics Ltd. Auctions 98 & 99, Zurich and most beautiful gold coins of the late Middle Ages (lot 10; EF; 80,000); less Oct. 27-29 Pennsylvania Association of Numismatists (PAN) Fall pretty, but even rarer and of great nu­ Coin Show, Pittsburgh Expomart, Monroeville, PA mismatic interest is the unique and un­ Oct. 27-29 Las Vegas Coin, Stamp & Collectibles Expo, Sponsored published ducat of Pedro-Raymondo by the ANA, Riviera Hotel & Casino, Grand Ballroom Zacosta (lot 30; F+; 30,000), the only coin of this Grand Master to come on Nov. 1·3 Dr. Busso Peus Nachf. Auctions 3881389, Frankfurt the market since the 1870s! Nov. 3·4 Indiana State Numismatic Association Convention, Marriott Liberty Hall, Indianapolis, IN Nov. 10-12 Baltimore Coin & Currency Convention, Baltimore Convention Center, Halls A, B & C Nov. 16-17 H.D. Rauch GmbH Vienna Auction 79, Austria Nov. 16-19 Santa Clara Coin, Stamp & Collectibles Expo, CA Nov. 27·29 Numismatik Lanz Auctions, Munich, Germany Lot 129 from LHS Auction 99-Grand Dec. 1-3 Bay State Coin Show, Radisson Hotel, Boston, Mass Master Jean-Paul Lascaris Castel­ Dec. 9-10 Thesaurus s.r.I. Auction, Republic of San Marino lar, 1636-1657. Gold Doubloon or Double Zecchino of 40 Tari, undat­ ed(1641). Fr. 11a, KM21 (this coin). EXPOS UNLIMITED Extremely rare and About extreme­ ly fine. Estimate: 50,000 CHF u.s., World, Foreign &: Ancient Coins, Stamps, Paper Money, Postcards, Tokens, f.- ~ ~ Cigar Label Art,Jewelry, Collectibles and More! I'll&,; 1' .... ~ E M;}·~ll~~~'1 M,,,h !9·Ap' 1 tober, they struck extremely rare and ». Em, ll: .,,,h

In 1982, David and his fam ily moved to the US where he first worked for NFA and then, in 1994, he and Robert Freeman formed Freeman and Sear, one of loday's premie r coin dealers. The year 1998 saw the publ ication of his book The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators. He has recently com­ pleted the third volume of the "Mil­ lennium Edition" of Roman Coins and Their Values and is working on Volume IV. For the future, David will continue to write and provide coin certification services. He plans to revise the two volume set, Greek Coins and Their Values, and per­ haps augment Roman Silver Coins. Following the talk, members and guests partook of some delicious "An­ niversary Cake" and coffee whi le Mr. Sear autographed copies of his books and participated in informal chats. The ACCLA meets at 1 PM on the 2" ~ Sunday of ea ch month. Future programs include "Roman Imperial David R. Sear (on the right) autographs one of his books for Michael Connor Coinage with Historical Reverses" (front left), while Dr. Martin Kenigsberg (behind Michael) listens to their chat. and "Coins of Trajan". Guests are (Photo courtesy of Roger Burry.) always welcome. For more informa­ tion please see the ACCLA Ad on page 54 of this issue. Numismatic Literature LHS Auction ConL from pg. 36 Now Available Paul Lascaris Caste liar (lot 129; near­ ly EF; 50,000); a gold four zecchini, Roman Provincial Coinage, 1699, of Ramon Perellos y Aoccaful Volume Vll - Gordian I to (lot 169; VF+; 25 ,000); a unique silver Gordian III (238-244 AD) twelve tari, 1737, of Ramon Despuig (lot21 0; EF; 2,250); and the notorious Part I. Province d'Asie gold twenty scudi, 1778, of Emmanuel by Marguerite Butcher de Rohan (lot 257; EF+; 35,000), the only example of the three known spec­ 400 pages, 67 plates imens not in a museum (until recent $240.00 + $8.00 shipping research revealed its secrets, modern authorities had long misattribuled th is AND BACK IN PRINT coin to Ferdinand von Hompesch!). Roman Provincial Coinage, The fully illustrated auction cata­ logues were composed with all pos­ Volume I - From the Death of sible scholarly meticu lousness. Cer­ Caesar to the Death of Vitellius tainly, the catalogue of LHS auction $300.00 + $10.00 shipping sale 99 will once again become a new reference book, and will be inventory VCoins.com available in mid-September for $30.- See our full of over 1000 titles on 1 CHF 30. - / EUR 25.- from LHS Nu­ vcoins.comlancient/charlesdavis mismatics Ltd., P.O. Box 2131, CH - Charles Davis 8022 Zurich, Switzerland. Tel : +41 / 1/211 4772, Fax: +41/1/211 4686, P. O. Box 547, Wenham, Mass '" 01984 email: [email protected]. Tel: (978) 468 2933 Fax: (978) 468 7893 [email protected] In addition, the catalogue can be Ca~Uoguc r of the $1 M illion Ch mnpa Numismatic library viewed on the Internet at http:// Mcmocr .,;ncc l% R: EAC 142 ANA 60027 www.LHS-Numismalik.com. October 2006 37 perial aureus celebrating the Ludi Saeeulares held by Septi mius Severus an d Caracalla (Figure 3) where over 700 wild and domestic animals were let loose in the amphitheatre and slaughtered. The bear on this coin is in the right field, standing left and looking up and backward. Figure 2- Autonomous Issue, The Greeks also featured a bear 1E26, 150-100 BG, Spain-Ursone. on some coins, but again qu ite spar­ (Photo courtesy of Beast Goins.) ingly. Several examples from 5'h ccntury BC Mantineia came to mar­ issuing city - in this case, the bear ket this year from the unparalleled Bear Season. .. depicted is apparently the she-bear Hadrian killed in a famous hunt, Admittedly, I've been meaning to whereupon he founded on that site the write this column for quite a while, but city of Hadrian 's Hunt (Hadrianothera) have been pu tting it off for fear of cre­ as referenced to vita Had ri an i 20, 13. 1 ating interest, thus competition, for coins Bears can also be found on some in one of my favorite collecting topics ­ issues from Spain, such as the city of bears on ancient coins. Ursone, to be specific, and one exam­ Although there are many animals ple in my collection has a somewhat Figure 4- Autonomous Issue, AR depicted on ancienl coins, bears are ferocious looking ursus (Latin for Triobo/, Mantineia, Early 5'h Cen­ one of the most difficult to find. bear), seated and smiling (Figure 2). tury BC. (Photo courtesy of LHS How difficult? Well, I have been The Romans hunted for sport and Numismatik AG.) able to add an average of less than also imported wild animals into Rome onc ancient bear coin to my collec­ tion per year over the past e ight BCD Collection. l was lucky enough years . T he bears I have live at h1.1n.;1 to acquire two of the pieces (the /www,beastcojos .colD /Topjcal/Ani­ least expensive) from the dealer who mals Ancient/B ear/Bear.htm. The outbid me for the lot. BCD, from fi rst ancient coin I acquired with a what I have been told by those who bear as the central theme was a won­ know him, is not on ly an exception­ derful 17mm brass Roman Provin­ al gentleman, but also an avid bear cial from Mysia-Hadrianothera (Fig­ Figure 3- Septimius Severus, AV coin coll ector. Go figure. Although ure I). Like many Roman Provin­ the pieces I acquired only have the cials, the theme is particular to the Aureus, Rome Mint, ca. 206 AD. (Photo courtesy of Numismatica head of a bear, the three sil ver tri­ Ars C/assica AG.) obols from the collection feature Kallisto in the form of a bear with a star pattern in her fu r or a star in­ for public games. The atlas bear (ur­ cuse punch (Figure 4). Kallisto had sus crowtheri) was native to Africa and been turned into the constellation inhabited the Atlas Mountains from Ursa Major and her son into Ursa Morocco to Libya. It may have been Mi no r by Zeus. The write-up by the species of bear brought in for the BCD on the my th is at http:// Figure 1-Hadrian, 1E17, Mysia­ games as the Romans expanded into www.coinarchives.com/a/l otv icwer, Hadrianothera, (Photo courtesy of North Africa. Although thought to be php?lJjJ[)::I4SQ)I&AocID=I77&l..ct 1393. Beast Goins.) extinct today, perhaps the atlas bear re­ The tdobols in the sale were popu­ ma ins immortalized on a Roman Im- lar too - the three lots ( 1447-1449) were estimated at approxi mately $1,200, $4,000 and $800 with final bids coming in at $4,000, $39,000 and $4,000 respectively. Yes, you read that correctly - $39,000 against an estimate of $4,000. That should give you an idea of how tough bears can be to find. Luckily, there is one area where there are a few bears affordable fo r Learn All About Collecting Ancient Coins most collectors - Celtic potin coinage. The Remi Tribe produced patin coins with a bear on all fours standing on a www.ancientcoinmarket.com snake (Figure 5). When ava il able, de­ pending on condition, the Remi exam­ ples can be found for around $100- N ew Articles Monthly $200. Both Marc Breitsprechcr at http://www.vcoins.com/anci ent/anci- 38 The Celator Figure 5-Autonomous Issue, 1£20 (Polin), 80-20 BC, Celtic­ Your so urce for the best in Ancient Coi ns Remi Tribe. (Photo courtesy of Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Indian, Beast Coins.) Parthian, Sasanian and Ea stern Coinage. Over 18 years experience in Numismatics entim ports and Chris Rudd at h..l.lnil www.celtjccojns.comget them in from bUSiness. Active ANA Member. time to time. There are other Celt ic Please visit our web site for a superb bears, and Chris had an example in selection of Ancient , Medieval, and silver from a different tribe earlier thi s Modern Coins as well as year, but it sold before I could get to AnClqu",,,'" and Numismatic Books. it. Perhaps it is in you r collection? www.parscoins.com Since ancient bear coins are such a challenging topic to pursue, and since Email: info@ parsco in s.com bClIrs arc my favorite animal, after all, the nex:! logical stcp was to cx: pand into other ancient bear artifacts. rve Tel. (408)590-4815 been able to acquire some beautiful Fax. (408)867-0950 terracotta red-ware fragments with bears from Harlan Berk, Sasanian in­ taglio bear sea ls in carnelian from both P.O. Box 9667 Mark Reid and Philip Jones, and II fan­ San Jose, CA 95157 laSlie IndU S- Valley region terracOlta bear from Mark Reid at Ihe NY INC show this past January. Expanding into non -coin artifacts has only increased my appreciation for the anc ient bear and also lead to collecting bear coin s throughout the ages, which can be found at hltp;Uwww.beaslcoins.coml BACK ISSUES TQpjcaI/Bears/Bears.htm. The best way /0 expand your all­ I hope you have enjoycd a glimpse of a portion of my coin zoo. There are a cient numismatic horizons is to whole host of other animals, real :lnd collect mythical, on ancient coin s to consider for speciali zing in a topic to coll cct. ~ The Celator Internet Site of the Month Back issues are one of the greatest values in nu­ mismatic literature. Coupled with The CefalOI' in­ The Internet Site of the Month would dex. they provide:m incredible resource of articles be htlQ ;Uwww.chica~obea r s.co lD for my about almost any subject in the fi eld of ancient favorite team. the mighty Chicago coin collecti ng. Bears, if this was a sports magazine. but since it is not. the Site orthe Month will Many of the e3rly issues are now out of Slack,

October 2006 39 55th Congress of the IAPN Held in St. Petersburg, Russia ------came to by Ursula Kampmann light even before the th th From July 20'" to 24 , 2006 the 55 congress Congress of the IAPN,lhe Internation­ sta r te d : al Association of Professional Numis­ The mint matists, took place in 81. Petersburg. of St. Pe­ This was the first time the association tersburg held its cong ress in a country where created no member (until now) was located. Al­ and manu­ exander Sasok, a US member of the fac t u r ed IAPN since 2000, proposed this visit by the new the organization to his native town and I A P N made the con tacts to the numismatic medal, the world of Russ ia. annual Arthu r Friedberg, president of the charitable IAPN, summarized the reasons why the contribu ­ IAPN visited Russia within his opening tion of the speech: "One of the ambitions of our I A P N 111 representatives of 50 firms came from 12 countries and three Congress here is to leave with greater members continents to attend the IAPN congress held in St. Petersburg. understanding, good will, and cooper­ was made ation with our Russian co ll eagues." available for assisting with the spon­ ence in St. Petersburg in Apri l of 2007, Cooperation and good will already sorship of the 14'h Num ismatic Confer- and the heads of the numismatic de­ partments of the Hermitage, the Stale Historical Museum and the St. Peters­ bu rg mint offered generous hospital ity to the members of the IAPN . Meeting important "numismatic" of­ ficials during an informal occasion pro­ vided the opportunity to talk about problems in an efficient and construc­ tive way. One of the Russian officials even mentioned how important it was to have a professional trade organiza­ tion such as the IAPN meeting in Rus­ sia. It was the first time an association such as this was meeting in Russia, and he recognized it and appreciated it. He furthe r emphasized that every­ body involved in Russian numismatics was aware of the changes within the The new medal of IAPN made by the St. Petersburg mint. last 10 to 15 years, but they also rec­ ogn ized that the liberalization of trade is an evolving process that is prog res­ lPiD:;;lPiDU Now Available for sively moving forward. There were 111 representatives of Subscription Payments 50 companies that came from 12 coun­ Now off ering PayPal as an opt ion that you can use t o conveniently pay tries and three continents in attendance for your subscription, Celat or binders. or back issues. J ust send pay­ at the IAPN congress. Among them ment t o: ker ence@fr ontjernet.net, and you can pay using t he credit were rep re sentati ves of five companies car d of your choice or have the monies aut omat ically deducted from that attended the ir first congress after y our checking account . J ust go t o our secure site at ww w.vcoins.com/ having been elected to IAPN member­ celat or where you can use Pay pal or your Visa/M astercard. ship. Arthur Friedberg we lcomed Heidrun, Saskia and Manfred Hahn from Le ipziger Mlinzhandlung Auktion­ .... . The Celator ~ shaus Heidrun Hahn, Germany, Micha­ ~­ el Meister and his wife Claudia, also ~- P.O. Box 10607, Lancaster, PA 17605 _ [•• , [ ~ PhoneJFax (717) 656-8557 I0IlIII.I con.tinued on page 44 ... 40 The Gelator Although Apis bull mummies are ex­ animal. Even in ancienl Egypt il seems you ceedingly rare, other typcsof animal mum­ sometimes didn'l get what you pai d for. mies were ridiculous ly common. Literal­ Speaking of Which, since a decent animal ly mill ions of specimens have been un­ mummy can command a thousand dollars earthed in Egypt. Animals most commonly or more on the antiqui ty market teday, there found include cats, fish, jackals, and birds of is a thriving market in fake mummies as we ll various Iypes, especially falcons and ibises. as the ancient imit."l.tions. Although there arc In fact, almost any of the myriad animals sa­ many genuine mummies available on the cred 10 the Egyptian religion were mummi­ market, a word 10 the wise is in order. If you fied incluillng crocodiles and scarab beetl es. arc considering the purchase of an animal NO!. all were given much care, though, and mummy, then be sure to gel X-Rays done some animals wcre simply wrapped in in advance and have !hem checked by a cloth and buried in Ih e dry sailor in spe­ competent biologist to make sure you arc Egypt.s Other cial chambers beneath the temples. indeed getting what you are paying for. Although schol­ Mummies ars and collectors Having discussed Royal mummies prize such mum­ lasl month, it occurred to me that al­ mies today, in the though fascinating, they are hardly avail­ 19'" century it is re­ able to the average or even the extreme­ corded that hun­ ly wealthy antiquity coll ector. The last dreds of tons of one I know of that was sold was by a mu mmified calS small Museum which went oul of busi­ were exported to ness, and then had to be returned to the Li verpool for use as Egyptian Government artersome litiga­ ferti lizer. Modern tion. In fact, in the Un ited States there examination has arc laws against selli ng most human re­ shown that many mains, so even if there is u demand for mummies did not them the supply is, to say the least, se­ even contain an i­ verely limited. This was not tru e in the mals. just dirt and 19" cenlU ry when large quantities of sticks made to look mummies were sol d in Europe and like a mummified The forepart of a mummified crocodile. Ameri ca for various uses. Most muse­ um collections date 10 that period. One type of Egyptian mummy is. however, avai la ble to the modern col­ Art of lector. This is the animal mummy. From the late period, circa 700 Be onward, it the Ancient World was the custom for pilgrims to certain Greek, Etruscan, tem ples to purchase mummified animal s Roman, Egyptian, as an offering to the deities. Other ani­ mil ls, such as the sacred Apis bulls, were & Near Eastern Antiquities carefu ll y mummified and placed in tem­ We are pleased to announce the ples dedicated to various deities. The publication of Volume XVll- 20.)6 of most famous such find of animal mum­ mies was the Serapeum of Saqqara. Re­ Art of the Ancient World, grettably, like the royal tombs onl y one our new 96-page catalog illustrating 233 objects intact sarcophagus was found, the oth­ in full color. In addition. we have publi shed ers having been robbed of their contents j\"ythologies of the Classical Wol"i d and Anclcnt in an tiquity. Inside was not only the Egypt wi th Glossaries, Chronologies, and Themes mummy of the Apis bull but a beautiful for Collecting, a 48-page reference with color maps. golden figu re of the animal now in the Louvre in Paris. The mummy, if you wou ld li ke to see it, is now in the Agri­ cultural Museum in Cairo. Since we started out discussing ro y­ royal-athena galleries al mummies, it is interesting to note thaI Jerome M Eisenberg. Ph.D., Director Es tabl ished 1942 when the French archaeologist, Auguste Mariene, did the major excavation of the 153 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022 Serapcum in 1851 he bel ieved that he 212·355·2034 • Fax: 212·688-0412 • E-mail: (ln citmtart @ao{. colII had discovered the remains of the Pha­ For our latest acquisitions, please visit ollr website: M'WW.ro)" aialluma. rOIll raoh Khaemwese with in . Modern scholars, however, believe that the re­ R()ya/.Athena at Seaby. 14 Old Bond Street, London WIS 4PP, Eng/and main s were of one of the Apis bulls • Tel: (44) 0207·495-2590 · Fax: (44) 0207-491 -1595 · e-mail: left by grave robbers. " How the minerva@millerl'amagazine. com mighty have fa llen," indeed. October 2006 41 " Kaf kaf," and " ahem," as Major Hoople of the o ld -ti me funny papers was wont to say. In all three inSl:lnces, contrary to "expert" opinion to the con­ trary, the coins were modern rep­ licas. I won't even say they were " fo rgeries" because in reali ty they were likely 20'" century rep­ licas made as marketing hand­ outs or souvenirs, not intended to fool a sin gle person. Iro ni cally, they fooled enough "experts" to New Tales of make their way into the urban legends for decades. As recentl y Miracles, Fantasies, as this year, I was presented with and Forgeries one by a woman who swore it was inherited fro m her great­ Reg ular readers of the wo rds in this great grandfather who had pur­ space may remember my retelling of chased it somcwhere in Pales­ the "miraculous" discovery of se veral tine. (Palestine, Tex as I fi gure "ancient Hebrew" Bar Kochba coin s was most likely.) in Kentucky. This discovery " proved" Good grief! II has happened in the words of Dr. Cyrus Gordon (an again . but thi s time the "two otherwise reputable scholar of ancient thousand year-o ld" artifact di d Near Eastern languages) that "contacts not even have thc good grace to with the Roman Mediterranean of the show up in the mud of a pig pen, second century A.D. have ... come to as did the coin found in Clay li ght in Kentucky, where inscribed City, Kentucky in 1952. Instead, Hebrew coins of Bar Kochba's rcbel­ in Sumter, South Carolina. last lion against Rome were dug up in Lou­ month, a "Oar Kochba coin " isvill e, Hopkinsville, and Clay Cit y," showed up in cash drawcr change received by a woman from a lo­ cal supermarket. Four different examples of a modem forg­ "My research on it would tell ery of a Bar Kochba bronze coin type that me that it (was made in) approx­ has recently been offered in auctions and imately 132 to 135 A. D." report­ privately as genuine. The top example has ed the expert who. our reporter been "cleaned- and if records are correct tells us, has been collect ing coins sold on the Internet for nearly $1 ,000. fo r more than 50 years. After viewing thi s slO ry, A fantasy "Bar Kochba" coin from which was originally reported Septem­ now the United States. In reality, how­ the same dies as the one that ap­ ber 5'h, 2006 by WLTX-TV, Columbia, ever, there seems to have been a time peared in a supermarket cash SC, I became absolutely convinced trflve] breakthrough, and one or morc drawer in Sumter, se and re­ that Cyrus Gordon was not correct. ancient Hebrews came to shop in a 21"' ceived international attention as There was no contact 2,000 years ago century South Carolina supermarket ... a 2,OOO·year-old coin. between the Roman Mediterranean obviously not wanting to show up in and the earl y inhabitants of what is Chicago, New York, or Los Angeles, where they might have been immedi­ ately recogni zed. Instead, they spent H. D. RAUCH GmbH Vienna 'HI) their money and returned to the sec­ ond century AD. Numismatist and Auctioneer since 1969 RAUCH Oh, dear. And what they left be­ For Ancient & \Vorld Coins as well as hind, again , according to the "expert" Historical Medals ci ted in the WLTX-TV interview was tb probabl y very valuable: "It 's hard to A uctions for 2006: 79 A uctio n to be held on reall y pu t a price on it until you find ' h th November 16 & 17 somebody who wanlS it," said the ex­ 110 pert. "Then you could very easily put Deadline for consignments: September 20 , 2006 a price if thcy' lltcll you what they'll Please contact us: 0 11 43 I 533 33 12 give you fo r it." E-mail : [email protected] Sigh. I'm not kidding about thi s. The story was actually reported and Write to: A-1010 W ien, Graben 15 (Europe) di sseminated over the Internet. The Visit our shop: www.hdrauch.coID one thing that wasn', true, however, is that the "50-year" coin coll ecting 42 The Celator expert was way wrong. The coin did cient bronze coin is squeezed slowly not originate between 132 and 135 between two dies powered by a slow AD. It originated between 1950 and hydrau lic press, one can achieve the 2000 AD. There is NO possibility that results seen in these fo rgeries. this is an ancient coi n and there is no Knowledge is your best weapon. possibility that even a serious begin­ ning collector could make the mistake. Copyri ght © 2006 by David Hendin As I note about this specific coin type (F-738) in my book Not Ko­ sher: "Over the years I have had at When you least 20 collectors inquire about thi s particu lar type, always refusin g to contact the accept the verdict. It 's not even a forgery, but a strange little fantasy! dealers Note that modern Hebrew (Arama­ ic ) letters arc used in this fantasy, advertising in in stead of the ancient Hebrew." Three different "menorah N forgeries of NOTE: You can find Ihe video and Mattathias Antigonus coins. Ea ch of this issue, text oflhis story Hlthe follow ing URL: these came into the market recently, http: // wu sa t v9.c 0 ml new sl often with repot1s they were found in don't forget news_arti cle.aspx?storyid=5 1857. large groups of Jannaeus coins of similar size. In all three cases they are to tell them FORGERY WARNING bona fide forgeries, probably pressed The last few months have seen a upon actual ancient coins, preserving that you saw plethora of new forgeries of ancienl some original patina. (Photo enlarged Jewish and Biblical coin s that have about 20 percent.) their ad originated in the Middle East. These include a number of "meno­ in rah" coi ns that have been shown to me ical effec ts of the trauma of "striking" from dealers or collectors in Europe, on lOp of an ancient bronze coin will Canada, the US and the Middle East usu all y cause ph ysical breaking of The Celator itsel f. I have also seen some forge ries ancient patination. However, if an an- of Bar Kochba bronze coin s that were rather convinci ng at first glance, and if the auction records are correct have sold on Internet auctions for nearly $ 1.000 in some cases. Oil Lamps Important new book on Photographs of several of these of ancient oil lamps is now coins accompany Ihi s arti cle. The the Bar Kochba coin s are prcsented as Holy Land available. Limited number either "cleaned" with earthen hi gh­ of copies signed by the li ght ing o r with "original " patina authors_ that tends to be white with some gray or green hi ghl ig ht s. The " menorah " coin s have been More than 1,000 lamps are troublesome to some because they fre­ shown in FULL COLOR. quently have either bee n found with 180 page hardcover book. groups of co ins of Al exander Jannae· us or the person who sold them reports that they were found in such groups. I NOW IN STOCKI believe that several of these coins have been "salted" into these groups with $65.00 plus $3 shipping the hope that someone will "di scov­ er" {hem and be fooled into believi ng that they arc genuine, and publishing them as such. Once that happens, it will become far easier to se ll more of AMPHORA them. And the cyele wi ll continue. ~ p.o. Box 805 Many of these fake menorah coins

44 The Celator !halite rulers copied the drachms of their Sasanian predecessors and even of contemporary enemies. The Bul­ gar kings im itated contemporary coins of the Byzantines and the first coins of the Arab expansion copied Byzan- tine coins as well. " Yueh Chi (Arseiles) hemidrachm Later, the Islamic coins of Turko man imitating a Baktrian coin type (CNG) princes started as mere copies of the Byzantine coin s circulating within their grants. Later, they issued coinage with In lands of the Greeks conquered by classical and astrological motifs that IICoins the Romans, we find provincia! coins must have been very avant-garde and bolster legitimacy" with typically Greek imagery-includ­ popular for the day. Coming to power is only the first step ing many examples of coinage bearing in any successful new regime. A sover­ the portrait of Alexander. The Romans eign who has ambitions of an extended wcrc, if anything, pragmatic. They knew tenure will quickly seek ways to cap­ well the advantage of ai!owing, even tu re the respect, if not the support, of nurturing, local customs. Ironically, we the general populace. Media spin is one often learn more about Greek customs tool that we see being used today toward in the East from Roman Provincial coins that end, but coins have served the same than we do from their Greek forerunners. purpose for more than two thousand In the days following the decline of years. Ancient coins, especially of the Ro me, there were countless coin issues Artuqid imitation of a Byzantine Rom ans, were loaded with propagan­ from rulers of the wandering tribes or anonymous folies struck by Fakhr al­ distic iconography. Beyond the nar­ northern European kingdoms that used Oin Kara Arslan at Hisn Kayfa (CNG) rative messages that we find on coins, Roman models of portraiture, rank and we also findsomfi interesting psycho­ gesture to establish their own claims to Not to be outdone, the Crusaders in logical ploys. classical erudition . Among these, the the coastal cities of the Levant issued The adage "Imitation is the sincer­ most notable may be those of the An­ coins imitating the silver dirhems of est form of flattery" (coined by Charles glo-Saxons, the Danes and the French their arch rival Saladin. Caleb Colton in 1820) may have a po­ dynasties of the Merov ingians and Car­ The list of rulers who struck coins in etic fing to it, but the imitation offamil­ olingians- not to forget the vast series imitation of a predecessor or foe is sur­ iar coin types by a new authority is more of Celtic coins imi tating Roman issues. prisingly long and the topic is a rich area often prompted by practical consider­ These groups have all recognized the for special ization among collectors. Not ations. People tend to become attached power of coins as an emblem of au thor­ only does it provide a weal th of incen­ to coins as a stable element in otherwise ity and legitimacy. tive for historical research and explora­ slOnny seas. Just think about the U.S. The phenomenon is far from limited tion, it also is an area in which the cost penny- as useless a coin as ever ex ­ to the West or to the classical era. Hep- of interesting specimens may be rela­ isted- so popular that the Treasury De­ tively modest. From that perspective, partment has had to spend millions of one who collects in this vein has the dollars lobbying for its extinction. We luxury of choosing a less expensive ex­ can extrapolate that emotion to coins of ample to illustrate the phenomenon. It antiquity as welL also is a rather unheralded and under When Alexander the Great appreciated area of collecting that of­ marched east with his army of con­ fers great rewards for the inquisitive quest, he had the opportunity to stan­ and industrious researcher. Jus t one dardize the world monetary system in Arab-Byzantine imitation of a more of the myriad ways in which this a way that had never had been done circulating Byzantine 'ollis (eNG) hobby can be enjoyed. before or has been since. He did, in fact, do thaI. But, he also was very cognizant of local prejudices and was careful not to uproot the confidence VALUE YOU CAN APPRECIATE that people placed in their coinage. FROM A NAME YOU CAN TRUST In many cases, his administrators issued coins with symbols of local Enjoying our 40th year religion or customs. His successors of professional numismatics took a page from that book and is­ sued bilingual coins in many of the conquered lands. http://vcoins.com/sayles Likewise, the enemies of Alexander's successors often copied their coins. For ANTIQUARIAN example, the Yueh Chi of western China WAYNE G. SAYLES, issued coins imitating those of po. Box 9 11 , Gainesville, MO 65655 Alexander's successors in Baktria. (417) 679·2142 • [email protected]

October 2006 45 According to the June 13t11 issue of Zaman.com has reported, ~ Some LETTERS Turkish Digest, ~ The th eft of some rare 1,000 historical works, mostly coins, are artifacts from a remote museum is fo· reported to have been replaced with coun­ Continued/rom page 4 cusing attention on how casually Tur· terfei t ones. It is claimed that several eth­ key guards its art treasures, even ones nographic and archeological works were Questions Raised About it once fought to reclaim from institu­ also stolen, some of which date to 330 BC." Cultural Patrimony and tions abroad like the Metropolitan Mu ­ I! has also been recenlly reported that Custodianship seum of Art in New York.H artifacts that belong to the archaeological Turkish museums appear to be museum in Erzurum have been identified riddled with scandal. The Turkish Cul­ in the catalog of someone identified as a The seizure of coins and fi ne art by ture Ministry recently disclosed that countries that wish to declare such items "prominent coliector.H Efforts are now un· during May it discovered th e sixth-cen­ derway the Turkish government to re­ as their cultural patrimony is on the mind by tury Be artifact · Winged Sea Horse daim these artifacts. 01 many collectors 01 ancient coins. Ae­ Brooch ~ that dates from the time of If this makes coin collectors uncomfort­ cent events regarding the care such pat­ Croesus of l ydia is a fake ! The able, It should. Demanding the surrender rimony is experiencing in Turkey, one of the countries pressing the case for such Kahramanmaras Museum storehouse of coins in private or museum collections manager, Ali Yigit, was arrested. to foreign govemments under the reason­ seizures, however are al the least em· The problems don't end there. Mu­ ing th e coins are the cultural patrimony of barrassing to the Turkish government. seums in Kahramanm aras, Erzurum, Th is scandal has nol received as much th at nation is one thing, but when it is later and Milas have all had problems with publicity as it perhaps deserves, but it discovered that coins such as those from artifacts, including coins, having been the famed Decadrachm Hoard may later illustrates why the case for private own­ switched and likely sold afterward. ership of patrimony may include safe­ be pilfered for personal gain, then what This is apparently nothing new, with good is surrendering them to those gov­ guarding such items where the efforts of at least one museum head having ernments regardless of the reasoning? a government may not succeed. been transferred to another position Richard Giedroyc following the discovery of impropri­ Ohio eties as early as 1998. III lIIII Road - - I' . The Ca'alor's QUOTES FROM THE PAST ~ Show & Club ~ Schedule "Multo enim multoque seipsum quam hostem superare operosius est." October 23 m·27"'-The Celator office w ill be closed for vacation. November 19"'-Aocient Numis­ It IIIlIdl [0 matic Society ofWashiogtoo, DC, is Iwder, Ilnrder, vmtqllish oneself 2 PM meeting in Baltimore. Please than one'S enelllY_ contact First Consul Mike M ehalick at genioavgvsti @comcaSl.nel for Valerius Maximus - further details. Kerry will be speak­ ( fl. ca. AD 30) , Facta et dicta memorabilia, IV, 1, 2 ing on a topic to be announced.

46 The Gelator Professional Directory

( Antiquities ) C~_A=n=tiC!qcu::.:it::.:ie=s-=&=-=C:.:o:.:in=s:...... -) ( Antiquities & Coins )

An!iques Ancien! & Tribal fQAGt\tr1TS Of Tin :JI'lI['lJ 5t'll[CI'E'JI(T Ancient Coins Art & Artifacts MUSEUM·QUALITY ANCIENT ART Tl('E9lS'll'l('ES John Ristow Specializing in Greek, Roman, GALLERY Egyptian and Etruscan Antiquities Legacy Antiques rJ1. 204 Sir Francis Drake \J San Anselmo, CA 1'0. Box 376 The Time Medfield, MA 02052·0376 Mailing a ddress: P .O. Box 909 Machine Co. Novato. CA 94948 Te l: (508) 359 - 0090 (41 5)898-1185 E-mail: Fragments@aoLcom Fine Archaeological Art and Coins Contact us for our complimentary HD ENTERPRISES catalogue of fine antiquities P.O. Box 282 . Flushing St •. .. Antiquities Queens, NY 11 367 .. Indian Artifacts & Pottery Visit us on the Internet at: (718) 544·2708 .. P re~Col u mbian Artifacts http://www.antiquities.net >- Ancient CoinS_.. and more! .. Buy- Sell- Tradc-Consign Attn: Hank Johnson II ' \ L I I ' P.O. Box 22082CL, Denver, CO 80222 Ph: ] 0]-695-1 ] 01 I · NI \ 1",\ , Onlinc Catalog: wwwhde-jnccom E-mail: mai@ jx.netcom.coID cBay Seller Name: h(tenlcrpriscs • Greek • Biblical • Rom",! _ Jlldaean • Byumlinc _ Antiquities

Company Web Site: www.heraklcs-inc.com VCoins Slore: www.vcoins.comfhcrakJcs I'e,,)' Siegel PO 80x 4806/1 Grcd.. R"n,.,,_ Byu nt,,,, COl"" d',J: Charloll~, NC 2IJ269 U"dun,J ),.", ;",1 (oj"" (704) $98-]]14

Edgar L. Owen, Ltd. Barry P. Murphy Your ad could be Fine Ancient Coins in this space for less Antiquities. World Art thall $25 per month! Send your adverti sing message to a targeled market of nearl y W 2,500 ancient coin enthusiasts. Huge Internel Gallery Advertise in the Major On-U ne All ctioll Unsold Items NOIII At Professional Directory! Bargain Reserve Prices Call Kerry at www.edgarlowell.com (717) 656·8557 [email protected]. net or email: Tel: 973-398-9557, Fax: 398·8082 PCB 714, Lake Hopa tcong. NJ 07849 Kerry @celator.com

October 2006 47 Professional Directory

( Books & Gold Coins) ( Coins ) C'-__..:::C-"'oins!"'-- __)

GOOD LIBRARIES Brian Kritt RUMilK ON ANCIENT COINS NUM ISMATICS Dealer in Ancient & Medieval Coins Specializing in Ancient WANTED ANCIENTGREEK& ROMAN Greek, Roman & Judaic Coins BYZANTINE We actively purchase desirable numis­ EARLY RUSSIAN matic books, catalogues and periodicals MEDIEVAL BALKAN in all fields, and also conduct frequent auctions. Send $1 0.00 for OUT next cata­ P.O.B. 6955, San Jose:, CA.. 95150-6955, USA logue or visit our web site to find books .,.rrWl, [email protected] for sale listed. and upcoming auctions. WW'I/.rudnik.oom

qEORqE FREDERICK KOLBE P.O. Box 558 Fine Numismatic Books Burtonsville, MD 20866 P. o. Dr~ 3100· Cratline, CA 92325 Td: (909/ 3:S8-6527. Fax: 1909/ 3)8·6980 (301) 236-0256. fax (301) 989-1796 email: GFK@numi5Iil.(om e-mail: BrianKritt@aoLcom web site: www.numislit.com

~J~]Jr:'l(lJr!Jt:lJt:lJr!JGlj(]Jt:lJr;lJr!j(JJr;lJr,lJr!j(]jr,ljr,lj(:!l DAVID R. SEAR ~ CHOICE ANCIENT & can supply autographed copies ~ COINS ~ of all his publications " " including the latest title ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES, VOL III Fred B. Shore Special dedication inscriptions on request The perfcct gift for yourself or the Cla.Hica/ Numismatics collector in your life. Ancient Greek, Roman and Parthian coins of the highest ORDERS MAY BE PLACED Italy. Bergamo quality bought and ~'old on my website: www.davidrsear.com Frederic II, 1215-1250. Sil.or GrOWl 1237 (LOg.) Ltv'­ Dr. Bu" R. City V,CW, ThQ",sen - 1988. 51«1 groy Ion •. by mail: P.O. Box 7314, fu •. Fin.lVF. PO Box 398 Porter Ranch, CA 91327 Schwenksville, PA 19473 by phone: (818) 993-7602 (610) 287-4820 by fa" (8 18) 993·6119 E-mail: [email protected]

lHf LARGfST SfLF:cnON OF ISLAMIC & INDIAN CIRrnIf.D (;OlD C()IN~ OF Tm: WORlD Glenn Schinke COINS Numismatist Send/or our CUTrf!n( price list 0/ NGCllCGI peGS third·pIII1y certified & grruhd ancient Lookfor u.s ai: & world gold coins or visit our website: Oel. 14-15-Conlra Costa Coin Show, Hol- www.steinbergs.com iday Inn. 1058 Burnell Ave., Concord, CA Nov. 3-4- Sacramento Coin Show, Red Lion inn. 1401 Arden Way (next 10 Sears) Nov. IO-12-Ballimore Coin & Currency Convention, Halls A. B & C Nov. 16-19-Santa Clara Coin, Stamp & Price lists issued regularly, Collectibles Expo available upon request Dec. 1-3- Bay Slale Coin Show, Radisson STEPHEN ALBUM HOlel, Boston, MA STEINBERG'S P.O. BOX 7386 Numis"",'ic Gold Sp«ialisfS Sine< l.95Q .'.0. Box 3371 SANTA ROSA, CA. 95407 U.s.A . Rosemead, CA 91770 phone: 707-539-2120 (626) 446-6775 fax: 707-539-3348 Fax (626) 446-8536

48 The Gelator Professional Directory

( Coins ) ( Coins ) (~ ___C::::o::::in::::s,--_~)

Ancient & World Coins Specialist in Ancient Coins SPARTAN PONTERIO Roman, Greek and Large Thalers, NUf1fSf1ATfCS & ASSOCIATES, INC. 1486-1800, In Exceptional Quality PO Box 19 also stock World Millor Coins, Furlong, PA 18925 181 8 Robinson Ave. Medals, Crowns, Artifacts, San Diego. CA 92103 Books and Coin cases (215) 343·9606 Our inventory is among Free Illustrated Catalog (619) 299-0400 the finest in America (800) 854·2888 Occasional Lists Available Attractive, Low Priced Fax (6/9) 299·6952 Ancients E-mail: [email protected] JAMES E. BEACH Numiscellaneous Medieval ~ PNG #308 p.o. Box 113, Owo>so. MI48867 Antiquities ~ PN G ANA-lM (989) 634-5415' FAX (%9) 634-9014 --- [email protected] "No One Sells Better for Less"

Our un ique Classical Cash auctions allow you to PAY THE I' coins arc cheaper Roman, more bizarre thant.h'"~ " ""; ;ii~; :~i;; ;h;; I PRICE YOU Anglo-Saxon. Celtic ru ins an: the -WANT TO PAY Always Buying!!! sector of the ancient coins market. them so exciting and such good value? our fully iI/us/rated auction,< com";,, any Chris Rudd catalogue - 12 a over 4()() lOIS of ancient coins, amiquiries Visit our web-site at , and amiques in all price ranges. www.oldromancoins.com View our auctions al GB - 61Y. www.colocoinex.com (413) 519-5148 T ..·., 1263 735 007 or sendior catalog- 731777 Colosseum 210 Maple Street Coin Exchange, Inc. Springfield. MA 011 05 p.o. Box 21CL, Hazlet, NJ 07730 E-mail: (732) 264-1161 • Fax (732) 264-6467 [email protected] I,

CALGARY COIN GALLERY Coins ANCLENT & MEDIEVAL COINS Harlan J_ Berk, Ltd. Chicago's Full Seroice Dealer .-- Visu Nilus Coills at Since 1964 - OUf 42nd Year vcoins.COmilli/us "3 . Originator of the LO<>KJ<" IJj at: Oct. 14- Central Texa, Coi n Show. Round Buy or Bid Sales GREEK - ROMAN~ - BYZANTINE Rock. TX BRITISH - EUROPEAN - ISLAMIC OCI. 27-29-Texas Numismatic Associa­ Approx. $1,000,000,00 of Coins & CHINESE - PARTHIAN - SASSANIAN tion Fall Coin Show. E1 Paso, TX Antiquities In Every Sale JUDAEAN - INDIAN & MUCH MORE Nov. 18-19- New Orleans Coin Show, Metairie, LA (AS WELL AS THE MODERN WOIILD) 31 North Clark Street Nov. 24-26-Pasadena Coin Club Show, YOUR COIN SHOP Pasadena, TX Chicago. llIinois 60602 Dec. 16-17- Cow Town Coin Show, Fort ON THE INTERNET Worth. IX PH (312) 609-0018 Fax (312) 6()9.. 1309 www.vcoins.com/calgarycoin Serving Texa.~ full-time since 1995 E-Mail: [email protected] www.calgarycoin.com P.O. Box 12483 Austin, TX 78711-2483 "'~ www.harlanjberk.com.JfA. e-mail: [email protected] 1 [email protected] V ~.pY..:f

October 2006 49 Professional Directory

( Coins ( Coins ) ( Coins )

PRICE LIST OF ANCIENT COINS Fixed price offerings and We offer fre'll!em A"cielP' Bargoi" Price U,u on-line auctions of which coli/a in ""ia seieCliolP of/he fol/owing: exceptional ancient coins ATlCienl Greek Coin~ (sil ver & bronr.e) Greek Imperial Coins Rom~n Egyplia n Coins (I). VIsit Judaean & Bibl ical Coins ' Coi ns of the Rom.n Procura",,.,, Coins of the Twelve Caesars Roman Republic Coins' Roman Imperial Coins R)'umline Imperial Coins ' Early coins of Numismatic Dealer England. Scotland. & Ireland ' Anglo-Gallic Write for your free copy of our lares/ Bargain since 1%7 Price Lis/ of Andell/ Coins Dea/ers in Alleient evills sillee 1965 1\1 & R COINS 11405 S. Hllrlem Ave. Worth, IL 60482-2003 (708) 671-0806 or (708) 430-1445 Fax (708) 636-4247

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Specialists in NUMISMATIK Ancient, Medieval LANZ and World Coins MONCI-IEN Dr. Hubert Lanz Luitpoldblock, MaximilianspJatz 10 P.O. Box 2210 D-80333 Mlinchcn, Gcnnany North Bend, WA 441 S. Ashland TeL(49)(89)299070 ~~" :'<' 98045 FaJI. (49) (89) 22 07 62 ; ~ Lexington, KY 40502 • www.lanz.com ~.,. .... ". Tel. (425) 831-8789 (859) 269-1614 You can view our complete catalogs [email protected] Email: J [email protected] online for FREE.

Your ad could be Warden ; yorkcoins.com in this space for less Numismatics, LLC Roman than $25 per month! Anci e nt Briti s h Specialists on Coinages of E n g l i sh, S c o ttis h Send your advertising message & Iri sh Ha mm e r e d to a targeted market of nearly Greece, Rome, the Near East, CentraL Asia & India mail r,M.B. #387 7211 Austin Street 2,500 ancient coin enthusiasts. rorest Hills New York 11375-5354 pbon' (718) 544 0120 fax (7 18) 544 0120 Advertise in the ..,,,,,il amony@),orkcoins,com Professional Directory! Derek P.R. Warden Call Kerry at Classical Numismatist (717) 656-8557 P. O. Box 121 or email: Wyncote, PA 19095 USA [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] York Coins Tel.lFax: 215-884-6721 Antony IVilson Professional Numismarnt

50 The Gelator Professional Directory

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(__ ----'C""o""ins=- __~) C~ __....:C~o~ins~ __~)

tI?,;j Iph DeMarco Arv:io:nt Co~ Visit us on the web at VCoins P.O. Box 705, Murray Hill , NJ 07974·0705 USA Te~phon~AX(908)~7252 marcoios @corncast.net http://www.vcoins.com/ CELTIC, GREEK, ROMAN ralphdemarco and HAMMERED COINS bought & .mld-illustrared lis/ u/KHI reqllest P.O. Box 32, Hockwold. KIRK DAVIS Brandon, U.K. IP26 4HX Classical Numismatics TellFax: + 44 (0) 1842828292 Greek ' Roman' Celt ic email: mike. [email protected] Numismatic Literature website: hltpj/www.\IOS pcr4coil~~.oo . uk Illustrated Catalogues issued q uanerly Top doll ar paid for single coins or entire collections Ancient & Medieval Coins P/f;ast: cull or writt alld txprtss your iml'fl'SI Post Office Box 324 SRhinx . Claremont, CA 91711 USA Numismatics (909 625-5426 orientd Greek • ISlamic • Panhian www.vcoins.comlsphinx Your ad could be TEL 905·947·0954 in this space for less ymishri [email protected] than $17 per month! CANADA Send your advertising message to a targeted market of almost 2,500 ancient coin enthusiasts . Donald R. & Marcella Zauche Advertise ill the Support your Celator P.O. Box 2000 Westminster, MD 2 1158 Professional Directory! Advertisers (410) 857-2369: Cell (410) 292-0209

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• www.ImperiaICoins.com CJ)av~:ts ~cNc!i Toll Free: 800-959-3996 Cold Spring, .\I N 5°320 B ...t Coin •• LLC (Member:AN .... AN$. ACCG) In New York/International: 1'7,'iir()(!r w,'h ,~irc! PO IkIx 510897 - Now B . ~ in . WI 53 , ~ , .os97 - USA Zach Beaslfly _ b6astooin"Ovooinl,com www ,~h.. ~iC(,~) in s.OOll l 212-763-1117 Saki., ...... yooinl .oorr;bea$l()()it1s Resean:n: lWo'W.beast(:(li""com E-mail: [email protected] 52 The Gelator Professional Directory

( Coins & Books ) ( Coins ) C__ -,Co:.:o",in:::s,-,&=S",h",oc::w",s_~)

Ancient Coins, :M&.M WBSS Antiquities, Literature Ltd. COllECTABLE & Related Collectibles! 'J{umismatics, SAlFS Bought, Sold and Auctioned! ANCIENT-MEDIEVAL-EARLY FOREIGN QUALITY COINS FOR EVERY BUDGET On~ oflhe Oldest Firms j ~ rile U,S. de~ ling in A"cjem CO;",! VISIT OUR TABLE AT THESE SHOWS: i"Ie",mioMl "," ,",'jar;"" of Prof,,,ionai "'.mi,mmi", mt",i>! , ' ,otc 1970. Oct. 14- 15- Pacific NW Numis. Association, All WOOf auclion catalogues. pnW [far,gd Doubletree Lloyd Center, Portland, OR l!!lll..l!pwming auction information Oct. Cty. Numis. Society, a.allable for frrt On_I ine! 14-IS-Johnson Fixed Price Lists Cooununily Or.. Lenexa, KS (Kansas City) Malter & Co. Inc. Public Sales· Appraisals Oct. 27 -29--Pennsylvanill Assn. Numismatists. 17003 Ventura Blyd., Sle. 205, Pinsburgh Expomart, Monroeville. PA Buying and Selling Nov. 3-4-indiana Slate Numismatic Assn .• .# Encino, CA 91316 Mamoll Liberty Hall. Iodianapolis, IN Ph. (818) 784-7772 Contact Lucien Birkler /~ Fax (818) 784-4726 POST OFFICE BOX 661 - I TOLL FREE (888) 784-2131 P.O. Bo)!. 65908 ~ HOPATCONG, NJ 07843 ~" E-mail: [email protected] Washington, D.C. 20035 (973) 398-0700 www.maltergalleries.com Tel. 202-833-3770 · Fa )!. 202-429-5275

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October 2006 53 Club & Society Directory

Ancient Coin Club Twin Cities Orange Count,Y of Chicago Ancient Coin Club Meets the 4 th Th ursday of the month OCACC at 7:30pm at Immanuel Lutheran Ancient Coin Club Church, 104 Snelling Ave., one block soulh of Grand Ave. in SI. The OCACC meet. on the 4th Sund.y of the month Paul, MN . Fo r more informati on, from 1: 3().4,30J'M al the Fountain v"lley J'ublic l.ibrary. The libruy islocaled al 17635 Los A!oroo; please contact the Club Secretary, Slret{ in Fountain Volley. PI ••se cont""t Brtn T.lfurd Art Noot, at 715/332-5443 or by e­ at (949) .63·3397 '" at btett@.

DAWN Dlncienl Xumismalic Denver Area World &ClefyoflPJashIn'l/on, 7)C cussion of Greek, Roman and Numismatists Biblical coins and antiquities. Usually meets the 30<1 Sunday of each Meels the 1 M Friday of each month at 7PM at Calvary Chapel located month at 2:00pm. Please join us for our programs and discussions of ancient nu­ al 9052 W. Ken Caryl Ave near So. mismatics and history. For more infor­ Ancient Coin Club Garrison Street in Littleton, Colo­ rado. For collectors of Ancient, Me­ mation, please contact First Consul Mike dieval and World coins. All are wel­ Mehalick at 301-552-2214, ofLos Angeles GENIOA VGVSll@comcastnetorvisit Meets the 2"d of the .QQ1IJ..elCall Bill Rosenblum al 303- Sunday 838-4831 for further information. http://answ.ancicnts.info. month at lpm at the Town Hall in the Ba lboa Mission Shopping Center in Gran­ VANCOUVERANCIENT ada Hills, CA. For more in­ COINCI,UB formation, p lease visit The Vancouver. BCAncient Coin http:/ / www.acda.Qrg. Club usually meets the third Sun­ dayofcach month from 2-4 pm at the McGi ll Branch of th e Burnaby Library, 4595 Albert San francisco Ancient Street, Burnaby, near Willingdon and Hastings. For Numismatic Society more information, contact Paul Meets the 2nd Saturday of each at 604-314-4 976 or email month at 2:15pm at Fort Ma­ son, San Francisco. Guests are welcome. For further informa­ Classical Numismatic AssociatiOl1 ofDebicateb tion, please contact the club at Society of the 13\j%al1til1e Collectors SF [email protected]. Delaware Valley Meets Saturday Noon at major Meets the 2nd Saturday of each events: January NYINC, Spring CSNS, Summer ANA, with guest month at I :OOpm at Camden PAN - The Pacific speaker and mntual display of trea­ County Library, 15 MacArthur sures. Annual dues are $5. Contact the Ancient Numismatists Blvd., Westmont, NJ 08108. For Empress at [email protected]. Dues Meets the 2'"' Sunday information, please call Dick to ADBC, P.O. Box 585, Okemos, MI of the month al1 :OOpm Shultz at (856) 667-0346. 48805-0585; (517) 349-0799. at the Bellevue Public Library in Bellevue, ~ WA. For further infor- mation write to PAN at Ancient Coin Wayne G. Sayles, P.O. Box 1384, Langley, WA Executive Director 98260. www.pnna.orglpan Collectors Guild P.o. Box 911 http://accg.us Join a Club & Enjoy Gainesville, MO 65655 417-679-2142 Your Hobby Even More!

54 The Gelator INDEX OF DISPLAY ADVERTISERS Celator Classifieds Album, Stephen...... 48 Amphora 43.51 Anaristotle.nct [121061 Freeport, NY 11520. [121061 H",ak"'. Numismatics. Inc. 47 Hemali<' Numismatic Auctions. Inc ...... 11 Imper"l Coins &. Ao1i1acl$ ...... " .... " ...... 52 144 Cclator Volumes 1994-2005 com­ Sylloge Numorum Graecorum The inclinatioos lnc .. "." ...... 47 New York International Numismatic Conv ...... 15 book, with special emphasis on the Bibli­ French coimlge from Pepin Ie Bref (752 -768) Nilus CointJKalmbach 49 through 1106 AD. Includes extensive tabid Numismatica Am Classica AG 12 cal period, covers both Old and New Tes­ Numismatik Lanz .... " ...... 50 tament period coinage - the Persian Em­ index of names, legends and significant Owen. Edga r L ...... " ...... 47 matters. 268 pages of text and coin Pars Coi ns 39.51 pire, Greek, Phoenician, Macedonian, Pegasi Numismatics ...... 5. 51 descri ptions ofo ver 15 French provinces and Peus. Dr. Bl>SSO Nachlolger 17 Seleucid, Ptolemaic, Judaic, Roman, Byz­ cities and Italy with 23 full-page photo-plates Phillips. Wayne C 51 antine and coinage at the time of Jesus. It Pooterio & Assoclates ...... 3. 18. 49 ofcoins. Hardbound, outof print and scarce. Professional NumiCh GmbH. H.D ...... " ...... 4.2 Ristow. John...... 47 heavy-coated stock; hundreds offuH color $75.ooppd. Sanford J. Durst, I(x)Woodcleft Rosenblum. Wilfiam M...... 6. 51 enlarged photos of coins throughout, plus 23 Ave., Freeport, NY 11520. [12106] Royat Athena Gatleries 41 Rudd. Chris 4.49 full-page color plates ofco ins; significant text, Rudnik Numismatics 48 The Electrum And Silver Coins Of Rynearson. Paul ...... 50 historical details, cross-referenced to the Bible Samus Numismatics. LLC ...... 53 ~ by Agnes Baldwin. Thorough cat­ and important numismatic references. Santa Clara Coin. Stamp & Coilectibles Expo ... "." ..... 36 Magnificent, gorgeous volume published alog by noted scholar on 6"'-4'" Centuries Sayles, Wayne G .• Antiquarian 45.50 BCE. Includes coins in leading collec­ Sch i n~e . Glenn ...... " ...... 48 at $150. Hardbound. A must-hilVe for ev­ Sear. David R 46 tions worldwide, magistrate's names, Shore. Fr&

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