3/$7)2506 $1' 7(55$&(6 %ULGJLQJ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG *,6 LQ MRLQWOHDUQLQJ IRU ZDWHUVKHG PDQDJHPHQW ZLWK WKH ,IXJDRV RI WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV 3URPRWRUHV 3URI GU LU 1LHOV * 5|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¶FORFN LQ WKH DIWHUQRRQ DW WKH ,7& $XGLWRULXP ,7& 'LVVHUWDWLRQ 1R 'LVVHUWDWLRQV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV VHULHV DUH FRQGXFWHG DW WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH IRU $HURVSDFH 6XUYH\ DQG (DUWK 6FLHQFHV ,7& +HQJHORVHVWUDDW 32 %R[ $$ (QVFKHGH 7KH 1HWKHUODQGV &,3 ± '$7$ .21,1./,-.( %,%/,27+((. 'HQ +DDJ 7KH 1HWKHUODQGV 5KRGRUD 0 *RQ]DOH] ,6%1 3ODWIRUPV DQG 7HUUDFHV %ULGJLQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG *,6 LQ MRLQWOHDUQLQJIRU ZDWHUVKHG PDQDJHPHQW ZLWK WKH ,IXJDRV RI WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV 5KRGRUD 0 *RQ]DOH] 7KHVLV :DJHQLQJHQ 8QLYHUVLW\ ± :LWK UHIHUHQFHV ± :LWK VXPPDU\ LQ 'XWFK ,6%1 6XEMHFW KHDGLQJV SDUWLFLSDWRU\ *,6 VRFLDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI *,6 MRLQWOHDUQLQJ QDWXUDO UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW ZDWHUVKHG PDQDJHPHQW WHUUDFHG DJULFXOWXUH LQGLJHQRXV NQRZOHGJH &RYHU %DWDG ULFH WHUUDFHV %DQDXH ,IXJDR 3KLOLSSLQHV 3KRWRJUDSKHG E\ 7HW 1DS 0DQXHO To the Ifugaos, whose age-old rice terraces demonstrate to the world that simple, but joint, concerted action creates a beautiful and complex harmony of life in a fragile environment. Frequently-used local terms: baddang - workgroup for constructing and maintaining terrace walls and canals barangay - the smallest political-administrative unit in the Philippines lupun - council of elders mumbaki - priest / medicine man mun-unod - person in charge of monitoring terrace/irrigation canal conditions payoh - terraced field sitio - a neighborhood, several of which make up a barangay tomoná - agricultural leader ubbu - workgroup for planting and harvesting uma - swidden farm Frequently-used abbreviations: BSWM - Bureau of Soil and Water Management CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region CB-CO - community-based community organizer CB-NRM - community-based natural resource management CECAP - Central Cordillera Agricultural Programme CSDM - collaborative spatial decision making DBMS - database management system DEM - digital elevation model DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources DFD - data-flow diagram E-R - entity-relationship (diagram) GIS - geographic information systems GPS - global positioning system ILWIS® - Integrated Land and Water Information System (GIS software) INDISCO - Inter-regional Programme to Support Self-reliance of Indigenous and Tribal Communities through Cooperatives and Other Self-Help Organizations (an International Labour Organization programme) ITC - Ifugao Terraces Commission LMU - land mapping unit LUT - land use type LUR - land use requirements NGO - non-government organization NCGIA - National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (in USA) NIA - National Irrigation Administration NRM - natural resource management NSO - National Statistics Office PDI - Philippine Daily Inquirer PLA - participatory learning and action PPDO - Provincial Planning and Development Office PHC - Philippine Historical Commission PRRM - Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement SALT - sloping agricultural land technology SPOT - Système Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre (French satellite) Contents Preface xi Chapter 1 Wondering about a wonder: The problematic context 1 1.1 The wonder that is Ifugao 1 1.2 Behind the scene 2 1.3 Dating games 4 1.4 Family matters 5 1.5 Lessons from the past 5 1.6 The location 7 1.7 The people 9 1.8 Into the mainstream 9 1.9 Problematic present 11 1.10 Arena for action 13 1.11 Facilitating for convergence 15 1.12 The research journey 16 Chapter 2 Learning paths: Objectives and methods 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 The research problem 20 2.3 The research objectives 22 2.4 Research strategy 24 2.5 A mix of methods 27 2.6 Quantitative and qualitative research 29 2.7 Computers and people 31 Chapter 3 Shifting viewpoints: GIS in a different light 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 PRRM’s development intervention 36 3.3 A new technology at hand 37 3.4 The nature of the research output 40 3.5 GIS and constructivism 42 3.6 A space for participation 45 3.7 GIS melting pot 46 Chapter 4 Participatory GIS: State of the art 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Computers and communities 50 4.3 Changing concepts of participation 51 4.4 Participation in GIS 53 4.5 Changing information medium 55 4.6 Rediscovering folk GIS 59 viii 4.7 GIS with communities 60 4.8 Computers and cognition 64 4.9 Towards a participatory GIS 66 Chapter 5 Ifugao’s changing landscape: The Social base of the terraces 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Village anatomy 72 5.3 Watershed and family 73 5.4 Of rice and men 75 5.5 Faded glory 78 5.6 A lost command 79 5.7 The ubbu’s ebb 81 5.8 Water rights and wrongs 82 5.9 Family and community 83 5.10 Tight coupling 85 5.11 A day on board 87 Chapter 6 Beyond pixels: GIS with the Ifugaos 91 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 Shifting boundaries 92 6.3 To DEM it or not 94 6.4 Developing a GIS with the Ifugaos 96 6.4.1 Information analysis— analyzing information need 97 6.4.2 Database modeling— model for a data : data for a model 101 6.4.3 Images of home 108 6.4.4 Knowing and seeing 112 6.5 Discussion 119 Chapter 7 To regenerate a watershed: Work teams and mapping 125 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Case 1 : Monitoring Bangaan’s watershed 126 7.2.1 The baddang of old 128 7.2.2 Continuous monitoring 130 7.2.3 New monitoring path 131 7.2.4 Mapping the terraces 133 7.2.5 Monitoring teams 136 7.2.6 Discussion 139 7.3 Case 2 : Reforesting Ducligan’s watershed 142 7.3.1 An organized lot 142 7.3.2 A burning issue 143 7.3.3 Greening Ducligan 146 7.3.4 Location for reforestation 148 7.3.5 Evaluation of options 152 7.3.6 Discussion 154 7.4 Summing up 155 ix Chapter 8 Conclusion: New channels 157 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Objectives revisited 158 8.3 Major landmarks 162 8.4 Final notes 168 Appendices 175 Bibliography 179 Samenvatting 185 About the Author 186 List of Tables Table 1.1 Ifugao’s population record culled from different accounts 4 Table 1.2 Summary report on the status of Magat reservoir 13 Table 3.1 Two ways of viewing the world in GIS 31 Table 3.2 Comparing constructivist learning and GIS-assisted learning 43 Table 4.1 Summary of surveyed literature on GIS applications with local participation 62 Table 5.1 Comparison of Ifugao’s old and new set-up of resource management 84 Table 5.2 Identified spatial entities 86 Table 6.1 Spatial data requirements for a GIS-assisted CB-NRM planning 101 Table 6.2a Identified spatial entities for watershed monitoring 104 Table 6.2b Identified non-spatial entities for watershed monitoring 104 Table 6.3 Composition of participants in aerial-photo and image interpretation 109 Table 6.4 Land use/Land cover change from 1951 – 1980 – 1997 118 Table 6.5 Confusion matrix between ground truth test pixels and classified image 121 Table 6.6 Summary of GIS-design learning experience with the Ifugaos 122 Table 7.1 Bangaan sitios and population profile as of May 1998 127 Table 7.2 Changes in the Ifugao baddang’s knowledge-action continuum 131 Table 7.3 List of (registered) cottage industries in Ifugao 145 Table 7.4 CDP-participants’ analysis of Ducligan’s 1996 failed reforestation 146 Table 7.5 CDP-participants’ reforestation site selection criteria 148 Table 7.6 Characteristics of the land in Ducligan (adapted from BSWM 1987) 148 Table 7.7 Ducligan’s preferred tree species for reforestation and LUR 150 Table 7.8 The LUTs and the limiting land characteristics for their requirements 153 Table 7.9 Soil sampling results on a Ducligan hilltop 153 List of Figures Fig.1.1 Frantic efforts to prop up the physical structure of the terraces 3 Fig.1.2 Location of the study area 8 Fig.1.3 A landslide in October 1998 buried houses on its path 11 Fig.1.4 Constructing a water-impounding “spring box.” 14 Fig.2.1 Different actors with different perspectives in Ifugao’s NRM 20 Fig.2.2 Knowledge-action path 25 Fig.2.3 Ifugao’s GIS-assisted learning context 25 Fig.2.4 A learning process 26 Fig.2.5 GIS-assisted knowledge process interaction in learning about the world 26 Fig.2.6 The action research cycle 28 Fig.3.1 An illustration of GIS data organization and analysis 38 Fig.3.2 Data flow in GIS 44 Fig,3.3 Space for local participation in developing and utilizing a GIS 46 Fig.4.1 Computers at the PRRM-Ifugao office available to the local community 50 Fig.4.2 GIS in joint learning about the environment 53 Fig.4.3 Traditional rites and rituals to the rice god gave way to modern congregations 57 x Fig.4.4 The jeepney is also as a venue for community knowledge exchange 58 Fig.4.5 12Volt DC – 220Volt AC power inverter 68 Fig.5.1 Approximate nomenclature in the organization of Ifugao village then and now 73 Fig.5.2 Profile of an Ifugao “water district” 74 Fig.5.4 Ifugao agricultural calendar 77 Fig.5.4 Apparent independent water districts following water catchment boundaries 80 Fig.5.5 Thirsty soil at the height of El Niño 82 Fig.5.6 Location of the reliable